WTP436 Recent World Bank Technical Papers (continued) No. 397 Lovei, Phasing Out Leadfrom Gasoline: Worldwide Experience and Policy Implications No . 398 Ayres , Anderson, and Hanrahan, Setting Prioritiesfor Environmental MAnagement: An Application to the Mining Sector in Bolivia No. 399 Kerf, Gray, Irwin, Levesque, Taylor, and Klein, Concessionsfor Infrastructure: A Guide to Their Design and Award No. 40 I Benson and Clay, The Impact ofDrought on Sub-Saharan African Economies:A Preliminary Examination No. 402 Dinar, Mendelsohn, Evenson, Parikh, Sanghi, Kumar, McKinsey, and Lonergan, Measuring the Impact ofClimate Change on Indian Agriculture No. 403 Welch and Frernond, The Case-by-Case Approach to Privatization: Techniques and Examples No. 404 Stephenson, Donnay, Frolova , Melnick, and Worzala, Improving Women Health Services in the s Russian Federation: Results ofa Pilot Project No. 405 Onorato, Fox, and Strongrnan, World Bank Group Assistance for Minerals Sector Development and Reform in Member Countries No. 406 Milazzo, Subsidies in World Fisheries:A Reexamination No. 407 Wiens and Guadagni, Designing Rules for Demand-Driven Rural Investment Funds: The Latin American Experience No. 408 Donovan and Frank, Soil Fertility Management in Sub-Saharan Africa No. 409 Heggie and Vickers, Commercial Management and Financing ofRoads No. 410 Sayeg, Successful Conversion to Unleaded Gasoline in Thailand No. 411 Calve, Optionsfor Managing and Financing Rural Transport Infrastructure No. 413 Langford, Forster, and Ma lcolrn, Toward a Financially Sustainable Irrigation System: Lessons from the State of Victoria, Australia, 1984-1994 No. 414 Salman and Boisson de Chazournes, International Watercourses: Enhancing Cooperation and Managing Conflict, Proceedings ofa World Bank Seminar No. 415 Feitelson and Haddad, Identification ofJoint Management Structures for Shared Aquifers: A Cooperative Palestinian-Israeli Effort No. 416 Miller and Reidinger, eds., Comprehensive River Basin Development: The Tennessee Valley Authority No. 417 Rutkowski, Welfare and the Labor Market in Poland: Social Policy during Economic Transition No. 418 Okidegbe and Associates, Agriculture Sector Programs:Sourcebook No. 420 Francis and others, Hard Lessons: Primary Schools, Community , and Social Capital in Nigeria No. 421 Gert Jan Born, Robert Foster, Ebel Dijkstra, and Marja Tumrners, Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Applicationsfor Environmentally Friendly Cooling No. 422 Peter Quaak, Harrie Knoef, and Huber Stassen, Energy from Biomass: A Review of Combusion and Gasification Technologies No. 424 Jaffee, ed ., Southern African Agribusiness: Gaining through Regional Collaboration No. 425 Mohan, ed., Bibliography ofPublications:Africa Region, 1993-98 No. 426 Rushbrook and Pugh, Solid Waste Landfills in Middle- and Lower-Income Countries: A Technica l Guide to Planning, Design, and Operation No. 427 Marino and Kemper, Institutional Frameworks in Successful Waier Markets : Brazil, Spain, and Colorado, USA No. 428 C. Mark Blackden and Chitra Bhanu, Gender, Growth, and Poverty Reduction: Special Program of Assistance for Africa, 1998 Status Report on Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa No. 429 Gary McMahon, Jose Luis Evia, Alberto Pasco -Font, and Jose Miguel Sanchez, An Environmental Study ofArtisanal, Small, and Medium Mining in Bolivia, Chile, and Peru No. 431 Severin Kodderitzsch, Reforms in Albanian Agriculture:Assessing a Sector in Transition No. 432 Luiz Gabriel Azevedo, Musa Asad, and Larry D. Simpson, Management of Water Resources: Bulk Water Pricing in Brazil No. 433 Malcolm Rowat and Jose Astigarraga, Latin American Insolvency Systems: A Comparative Assessment No. 434 Csaba Csaki and John Nash, editors, Regional and International Trade Policy: Lessons for the EU Accession in the Rural Sector- World Bank/FAO Workshop, June 20-23, 1998 No. 437 Csaba Csaki, Michel Dabatisse, and Oskar Honisch, Food and Agriculture in the Czech Republic: From a "Velvet" Transition to the Challenges ofEU Accession WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER No . 436 Europe and CentralAsiaEnvironmentally and Socially Sustainable Rural Development Series Legal Impediments to Effective Rural Land Relations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia A Comparative Perspective Editedby Roy Prosterman TimHanstad The World Bank Washington, D.e. , , « » - 2000 , . . , Copyright Clearance , Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, 01923, U.S.A., 97 4470. , . , , 202-522-2422. « » (. ) 68 . . NQ 436/ . .: « », 2000 . - 312 . (). , , , , . , , -, , , . The Intemational Bank Reconstruction and Oevelopme Washin © « ISBN 5-7777-0113-2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 . , . , , , , , . , . , . , , , . , . () . , , , , , » ) . ( Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development D 6 , , , , , ( , , , . , . ()- , , . , , , , : ( . , , 1990. , , . , , , , , : ( ( ) , () , , , , : , , -, , , , , , . 8 , , , - . . , , : ) ) ; ) , , ; , , ; . , . , , , , , , , , , , ( , .' , I , , , 2. 13 « » . 14 « . 9 . . 1. , , : ) ; ) . . . , , . . , , , , , , 5 , . J , : ) ) (, , ); ) ; ) . , - (, ). 4 . 6 « », . 8 «» », . 10 « » . 11 « » . 5Frank Place et al., Land n Security and Agricu/tura/ Perjormance in A/rica: Overview in Searcl1ing For Land Tenure Security in Africa 15,19 (John W. Bruce and Shem .Migh 10 () . , . - - . , , , . «», . 6 , . .20. 7 . 8Jack L. Knetsch, Land Use: , Controls, and , LAW DEVELOPMENT: CASES AND MATERIALS FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA 302 (1993). 9. . « » , , . , , 1) ; 2) ; 3) , , , ; 4) , ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) (.. ); 8) ; 9) 1) , ; 11) . .. , Ownership, OXFORD ESSAYS IN JURISPRUDENCE 107, 112-28 ( , , . . Michael ll : in the Transition [ to Markets , 111 Harvard Law Review 89 (1998). , . 11 , : 1) ; " 2) ; 3) ; 4) , ; 5) 6) . " Place, . .5, . 21. 11 , . , ( ). , , . , . . , . . : ; ; ( . 12. GERSHON FEDER AL., LAND POLICIES AND AGRICULTURA THAILAND (1988), . JOHN W. BRUCE & SHEM . MIGHOT-ADHOL LAND TENURE SECURIY IN AFRICA 15 (1994); . ROY PROSTERMAN CINA'S RURAL LAND SYSTEM: FIELD REPORT 2 (Rura1 Development Instit 12 . . , , . , , . , , . . , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , 16 . , , . 13WILLIAM TIESENHUSEN AL., LAND TENURE ISSUES IN INDJNESIA 2 USAID). 14Steven Hendrix, Ownership Insecurityin Nicaragua, in Property Law in Latin America with (1993). 15. FRIEDRICH , ROAD SERFDOM (1994). 16Geshon Feder and IOaus Deininger, he Evalutian / the Warld Bank'sLand 3, 8-1 ( , , , 15-16 1998 .). , , , ( ), , 13 . -, , . . -, . , . , , , ( . , , . , . , , . , (. . 7« ») . ROY L. PROSTERAN & JEFFREY . RIEDINGER, DEMOCRAIC DEVELOPMENT7-71 (1987). 17. CATHERINE FARVACQUE AND PATRIC MCAUSLAN, PERFORMING UR AND INSTIUTIONSIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Wor1d Bank Urban 5,1992). 14 . 6 « »), ( . . »), ( . .10« , , ( . . 11 « - ), 14,« »). , , , , ( . .13 « « » ). , - - . «» , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , . , , , . . 15 , , , . 18 . , . , . . . . . , . : ; ; , . 1 .II ( ) - , , , . . , . , , . , . ' !HERNANDO D SOTO, OTHER (1990). 16 . . , . , ; ; , . . 4. , . , , , . , , . , .. . . , , . - . 19. W. Lawrence Church, Lega/ Systems, INSTIUTIONS IN AGRICULTURAL DE (Melvin G. Blase d., 1971). 20. . 14 « 17 , , , , , , , , - . , , (stare decisis - « », .) . , , , . . , - - , , v v v v , - 21PETER D CRUZ, COMPARAIVELAW IN CHANGING WORLD 31 (1955). , , , . JOHN HENRY MERRYMAN, CIVIL LAWTRADIION2 , , , , . . ( ) . , . , , , . . DCruz , .31-40. 22D Cruz, . . 26-27. , . : ) , , , , . , , , , . . 2) , . 27, 101-102. 18 , , , , . , . - - , , , . , . , . , , , . 24 , .185. 25 , , , , , UGO MATTEI , COMPARATIVE LAW 203 (1997). , , , . . JOHN HAZARD LEGAL SYSTEM (1977); MERRYMAN, . . 21.; SYPONWICH, CONCEPT (1990); QUIGLEY, Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition, AMERICAN JOURNAL LAW 781 (1989). , , 1) 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , . 26D Cruz, . . 21, . 183-185. 27Vattei, . . 25, . 203. 19 . , , , . ." , . . 1. ? , , ) , , , «» - . . , . ." , 2' , . 205-207. 29 . Ann Seidman and Robert Seidman, Dra/ting Legislation / Development: Lessons [ AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE LAW 1,10-13 (1996). 30 - , . . l Rubin, Growing Legal Economies, 27 CORNELL INERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 1 (1994) ; .. Brie Frameworks/or Markets in Eastern , 7 TRANSNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 35 (1 31. Steven dix, Legislative Re/orm 0/ Property Ownership in Kazakhstan, 15 DE . REVIEW 159,160 (June 1997); GianmariaAjani & Ugo Mattei, Codifying Property Law i 20 , , . , , , . 2. , , ( ) . ( ) . ,34 .35 . . , , : ) Some Suggestions from Comparative Law and Economics,19 HASINGS INT COMPARAIVELAW REVIEW 117,123-126 (1995). 32Farvacque & McAus1an, . . 17, . 54. , . 3' , , , , , . . 35 , , . , , 21 ) , . , , ( ), , stare decisis ( ? , , 111. , , . : ) ; ) ; ) . , . , , , , , . . . , . , ( , ) , . 22 1. « , . . , , , , , . , I . , , . Robert . Ellickson, Property in Land, 102YALE LAW JO (1933). « » ( ) « » ( , ) . , . , , , . . , , . . , , , . , , ) . (<<») , (<<») , . . , , , . DANIEL WACHTER, FARMLAND DEGRADATION IN DEVELOPIN ROLE OF PROPERTY RlGHS AND AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND TIL INTERVENTION 27-28 (Land Tenure Center, Ul1iversity fWisjsi-disl1, LTC 23 . . , . , , , , . . , . , . I . IV, II III , . , .' 19 . 2 . . 1 « », 9 . J , , ( ), . «» 15 . , - . , . : , . , , , , , 24 ( ) . . , . . : ) ; ) ; ) , , . / . , . . 7 « » . , , , . . -, , 98% , . , , , 4 19 . 1848. , . . . , . , . AXEL AEREM, LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON PRIVATE OWNER NORWAY 1( ) ( , 25 ( . 7 « »), ( . 10) ( , , ) ; ) ; ) . . -, , « , ». , , , , , , , .6 - , , . , ( , ), (, -, , . , , . - , , , ( ), 5 . 6Jack Knetsch, Land Use: Va/ues, Contro/s , LAW DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 302 (Euston & William Neilson eds., 19 26 . , , . , , . . . , . , . . . , , , 196. , , - ( , . . . , 7 , .302. 27 , . -, . . -, , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , . 8 , , , 80% , . JOHN W. BRUCE, LAND TENURE ISSUES AND STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN 92 (LAND TENURE CENTER, UNIVERSIY OF WISCO 145) (March 1986). Rights Systes and Agricultural Developent in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2:2 RESEARCH O John W. , et l .,Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa (1993); Thomas African Agrarian Systems (1993). 9 . ERIC REFOR OF RURAL LAND ARETS IN LATIN AERICA N CARI PLANT, LAND RIGHTS FOR INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES IN DEVELOPI 111 - LARMOUR, ., CUSTOMARY LAND TENURE: REGISTRATION AND DE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ( New Guinea National Research Institute Monog ACQUAYE & R. CROCOMBE, EDS. , LAND TENURE AND RURAL PRODUCI ISLANDS (University ofSouth Pacific, Institute ofPacific Studies and UNFAO, 1984). 28 . . -, , , -, ? , . , « » . " . , , 12 , ." , , , , « » , , . 15 , , 11 Zvi Lerman, Changing Land Re/ations and Faring Structures in Forer/y Sociali AGRICULTURAL LANDOWNERSIPIN TRANSIION ECONOMIES 58 (Gene W «» . , , , . . 12. . 7 « » 6 « » 13Lerman, . . 11, . 58. 14Zvi Lerman & Karen Brooks, Land Reform in Turkmenistan, LAND REFORM IN UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE 162 (Stephen Wegren ed., 1998) ( - Land Reform 15,.173-175. 29 . ( , , « . ." , , . . , , 21 , . 16 , . 4. 4 : «8 , , , , , » . 17 « » (3 199 1998 . , . 18 « », . 10. (20 1990 .) ( ( ).] 1. , . 23. 111Ju1ia Eckert & George Elwert, Land in Uzbekistan, [ G Zusammel1arbeit (GTZ) Sector Project: Re1evance of Land (February 1996). , ( 1988). 21 , . 21. 30 « » . . , , , . _ , . , . " : 1. , ; 2. , . " , , « » . , ) 22Be/arus: Recent Deve/opments in Land Legis/ation, EAST/ WEST EXECUIVE G ( 2) « » (23 1992 .). 24. Steven . Hendrix, Legis/ative Re/orm / Property Ownership in Kazakhstan, 15 DEV REVIEW 159,161 .2 (June 1997). 25 NQ2395-1 « » (21 1992 .). 26 , . 9. 31 , , , . , , , ) , . . . , -, : , ; , , , . ." - , . " , 27 « » . 2~ . 29 . 30 . 31 (1995). , 1995 . . 32Wi1liam .Meyers & Natalija Kaz1auskiene, Land Reform in Estonia, Latvia, and . 14, .104. 33 . 32 , , . , , . -, , , . , , . , . , - . , , . D. 34 STEPHEN HODGSON & CORMAC CULINAN, COMPARAIVE SURVE ADMINISTRAIVEMEASURES RESTRICT, REGULATE OR BENEFI FRO OF LAND FOREIGNERS 46, 47 (Food and Agricilture Organization ofthe United Na 35 , . 6. 36 Csaba Csaki and Zvi Lerrnan, Land Refor and Restructuring in Hungary in the 1990s, 14., .234-235. 37 , . 47. 38 NQ 229 « », 3 (21 1991 .). 39 , . 22. 411Meyers & Kazlauskiene, . . 32. 33 , , ." , , . , , . , , . . « » ( , . 10(1) « » . 41 , . 92. 42 , . 105. 4)Csaki & Lerman, . .36., .234-235. 44. . 8 « ». 45. . 6 « ». 46 96-104, 34 , ( ) , 2 . : , ; , . . , , , . (.. , . , . () , 252(3) « 47 " , 4000 , « 4000 . «» , , ( , , . 35 , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . . , , . 49 . 511 NQ 86 « » (29 1991 .) . NQ 86 , . 51 NQ 708 « » (4 1992 . 52 NQ 1767 « » (27 1993 .). NQ 1767 , , ; ; . 53 NQ 337 « 1996 .) . , , . . 36 , 58 , . , , , . 59 . , , . , , . , , . . , 60- . , », , , ).j (1995), . . 31. 55 Hendrix , . .24., .164. 56 . 57 Peter . loch & Kathryn Rasmussen, Land Reform Kyrgyzslan,. Land Reform , . . 58 . , , , , . , , , , 5' , ll , 8 . , (186,8 . ), (87,3 . ) , (20 ,8 . ) (12,4 . ) (8,5 . ) . FAO Prod tabIe 1 (1995). 37 , « » , , . 63 , , . , , , . " , . " 611 Garrett Hardin, The ,'dgy oftlle . 162 SC1ENCE 1243 (1968). 61 . DANIEL W. BROMLEY & MIC HAEL . CERNEA, MANAGE PROPERTY NAT URAL RESOURCES (World Bal1k Discussiol1 Paper 57, 1989). » , . . . . 1., . 13 , ; ) ; ) ; ) . . EL1NO R OST ROM , GOVERN ING EVO LUI ON OF INSTIUTIONS FOR COLLECIVE ACT ION 63 (1991) . 62 Hendrix, 24, . 164. 6 J , . 1 6 3 . 64Bloch d Rasmussel1, . . 57, . 131. 65 , , . ( ) , . . . OptiOllSf Ol' tlle Ref onll ofG!'azin (Po1icy for Livestock in Mongolia PoIicy tis Paper No , 38 . 0,5% . 0,5% , . 2% , , , , ." , « , u u : , 69 . 93% , , (Jewisl1 National Fund). .) (Israel Land Authority, ILA). 99 , 196 . " 1949 . , (British Mand , « » . ( ) 1901 . 60 . , .14. 66 Ministry / Agricu/ture / the Governmen t / Kyrghyzstan: Report CONSULTANTS LTD. 9. 67 . . 6 « » . 7 « ». ., Lerman & Brooks, . . 14., . 182. 69 . 711Evelin Gordon, Sharol1: Lands Sold rather than Leased, JERUSAL 1996, . 8. 39 , ; ) , , .' , - . . , , u . : , , , Servit Services «< »), . , , , , u , . , , u 7\ : « », 19 1960 . -hukki No. 312, July 29, 1960, . 56; f.gv . il: 70/00/ con sit/laws/bas.5. 7253 AMERICAN JURISPRUOENCE 20 Mines and Minerals sec. 172. 73 , sec. 174. 74CIVIL OF GERMANY Book 3, sec. 905. 75CIVIL OF FRANCE, art. 552. 76MINING OF FRANCE, art. 131. 40 , . 79 . " , , . " , , , , , », , , ." , , .84 . . , . . , , . , 77 , art. 7. 7 - CONSTIUTION OF PORTUGAL, art. 84. 79MINING OF CILE, Law 18248 (Sept. 26, 1983). . l - CONSTIUTION OF CILE art. 19. MARINDALE-HUBBEL 1NTERNATIONAL DIGEST CHL-8 (1998) . - CONSTIUTION OF MEXICO art. 27. 84 ; MARINDALE-HUBBEL INTERNATIONAL LAW DIGEST POR-6 (1998 CILE. 41 , .85 , . - , , , « , . (8 ), , . 8 , , ~ 89 90 , 91 ( ) , ' 5 STEPHEN HODGSON & CORMAC CULLINAN, COMPARATIVE SUI~V ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES RESTRICT, REGULATE, OR BENEFI FRO OR USE OF LAND FOREIGNERS 1 (Food and Agricu1tura1 Organization ofthe Uni 86 Isoshi Kajii, Development / StlUctural Policy - Centering the Agricultural Land Le AGRICULTURAL POLICY RESEARCH CENTER, CHANGES IN JAPAN 'SAGRARIAN 87 ! . Dombek & Cynthia Button, Agrarian Land Law, . 199-200. " 7 UNIED STATES ANNOTATED secs. 3601-8. 89 IOWA ANNOTATED secs. 567.1, 567.2 (West 1997). 91' MINNESOTA STATUTES ANNOTATED sec. 500.221 (West 1997). 91 MISSOURI ANNOTATED STATUTES sec. 442.571 (West 1997). 42 . , , , . , , , 1973 .9 5 , . " . , . , , . , « » . , , , ." . , , , 92ILLINOIS COMPILED STATUTES ANNOTATED sec. 50/3 (West 1997). 93James R. , Jr., Psst, Buddy, W ? mi d Poli Federal d State Laws Gvig Fig wshi ofUitd States Real Estate, 27 VAN OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW464 (1994). 94 , . 467. 95MINNESOTA STATUTES ANNOTATED sec. 500.24.3. (West 1996). 96. . 6 « ». 97IsabelIe Couturier, Rural Land Law in ( 1998) ( ) . . 43 v 1 . , , . , 2. , , ." , , , . 102 , , , . v 103 , 9' . DANIEL W. BROMLEY AND MICHAEL . CERNEA, MANAG PROPERTY NATURAL RESOURCES, (World Bank Discussiol1 No. 57, 1989 AL., LIVESTOCK AND ENVIRONMENT: FINDING BALANCE 92-94 (199 99 . Bromly, . 60., . 15-19; STEVEN W. LAWRY, LAND TENURE, SMALLHOLDER LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IN BOTSWANA (Land 78, March 1983) .49-51 . 11" HENNING STEINFELD AL., LIVSTOCK - ENVIRONMENT INTERAC OPTIONS 46 (1997). 101 , .47. 102 , . 31. ]11] , . 31. 44 , .! " , ( ) . ( ( , 2 = 1 4. , . , , . , , , . , , . 5. , , . 109 , , IIJ4 Bromley, . . 61, . 15,37-39. 1IJS T aM , .15-19. 1116 . GLENN G. STEVENSON, COMMON PROPERTY ECONOMICS 103-106 (19 !IJ7 T aM . JIJSSteinfe1d, . . 60., . 47. !IJ9 . Bromley, . 60, . 2-39. 45 .!" , .!" 7. ) , . 111 - , , , .! " ) . , , . , , 114 . "" , . 31-34. 111 Stevenson, . . 106, . 135-136. 112 , . 125, 126. 11.1 . 114 . Stevenson, . 106., .125-126; Steinfeld, .100, .32-33. 46 , . , , . , , . , , . , , , , , . . : ) , , ; ) , ; ) , , , - . , , , . ( of Ld gmt, BLM), . 1934. , . 115 . . 126-127. 1IbTaM . 117ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING COMMONS , EVOLUION OF I COLLECIVE ACTION 61-65 (1991). 47 , , . , , . - 1'1 «- ». 1 -- , , . , . , , , , . , 200 .!" , , 10-2 11" Bruce . , Re/orming Livestock Grazing the PubIic Domain: Ecosystem Manag Guidelines New Path/or Range Management, 27 Nrtl1wst School of Law (o JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 513,522-23 (1997). 119 Todd . , PubIic Range/ands Re/orm: New Prospects/or Collaboration and Loca/ Advisory Counci/s, 69 UNIVERSIY OF COLORADO LAW REVIEW 633,636 (1998) . 1211 J. ' and udd-F<, The Right to Graze Livestock the Lands: th Western Grazing Rights, 30 LAW REVIEW 505,507 (1993-94). 121 Olil1ger, . 11..119, .636. 122 Gary . , U.S. LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY 154 (1998) . l2J , .163-172. 124 0linger, . 11.119, . 639. 125 . 48 , , , . · . 126, , , 127 . · , , , . , , · , . · , . , , , , , , . : , . 126 . . 6 « » . 11« 127. , , .7 « ». 49 , , . · , , , . · 2-- . · , , , : , . , . · , . : , , , « 50 , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) 4) ; 5) 6) , ; 7) ; 8) . 51 , , . , « » , , - . : , . : ; , , . , , , ; 51 , , . , , , , 76% ." .' 58% .' 1Csaba Csaki& Zvi Lerman, Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in Hungary During the 1 IN FORMER SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE 237 ( . We Lal1d Reforl11). Grows Famling Jssues, FINANCIAL IMES LIMIED, April6 , 1990. 3 ( (Citizel1s' Network ( Affairs),, ) 52 , , : « » ., , 11. . , , , . , « » ." 17 1998 , « ... » . " , , , « ... , » ." 1998 .) , - . , 86% . · (1996) ( - ) ( j , , . 6 Land Reform, . . 1. 7 . , , . 13. ' . 111 , . 4. , 17 , , , . . 11 « », . 1(1) (1988) . 53 99 . 15 . , , «» , », : , ; ; , , , ? », . . , « » , 1997 . ( . " , ~ ~ ~ 18 , , , , ." 12 , . 55. 13 NQ 23 « ( » (1994). " . 15 NQUP-297 « 13 » (199 16 , . 4, 48 (1997). J7 , . 83, 87. , . 104(3). 19 , . 1. 54 . , , , . " , , ."'3 , , , . .' '40 , v , . . , . " , , « » . '6 ' 1{1 , . 11 ( , - , 1997 . , 1998 . , , , , - . 21 . « ( ) » , . 5 (1990 ). Ng 2287 « » (24 22 , .266, 267 (1994) . , « », . 13 (30 1994 .) . 23 () , . .21., 10. 10 , , , . 24 « » , . 20, 27 (1990) . 15 , .7. s 26 Peter . Bloch, Pickil1g thePieces: /A!bal1ia Radica! Re/oml ,BLand 55 ", . 1996 . 50% , 1998 . 32 , , 7% ." , , , . . , ( ) , . « () », 27 , .194. 2 , . 246. 29 . 311 NQ VII-369 « , » (10 1991.) . 31 « » (3 1995 2 NQ 01-327 « , ( 1998 .) . 4. ) 4 , . . 56 , 26 14% , u u . , . 50% 40 , . , , , . , , . . , . J5 « () » . 5 (1991). ) NQ708 « », . 20-23 , 26 , 1992 .); NQ 1767 « », , 5 (27 1993 .) . .1 7 , . . 4. ), BRADLEY ROREM & RENEE GIOVARELLI, AGRARIAN REFORM IN RUS 23 (Rura1 Development Institute Reports Foreign Aid and Deve10pment N 95, October 1 ) 9 Agricultural Companies { Remain in State Property, I Hungarian News Agency , Februar 411 WORLD BANK, ESTONIA AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY POLICY AGRICULTURE POLICYNOTE N 10, February26, 1997). 41 . 57 . « » , 1998 . , 436 ( ) ." 53 ( 2452 510 . . ( 75 . .) ", , , , . 68 , , 30 1998 ." , . F. , , , . 90- , , 42 « » (1997). 43 . « », . 4 , NQ2- (23 NQ 2 « (, ) , » (5 44 45 . 4. , , , 31 58 G. . , . 49 , , , . , . v 50 , 10% , 50% , « » , , , . "7 . « » "8 . . , (1996) ( HARDING, COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA Series, No. 109,11Wor1d Bal1k, Ju1y 1995). "9 , , , , , , . . Gelpern, The Laws in - ! : , 14 UN IVERSIY OF PENNSYLVA INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW315 (1993). 511ESTONIAAGRICULTURALAND FORESTRY POLICY D, . . 40., .8 ,9 51 . 59 " 98% 53 99% " 99% " 93% " 91% . - , , . , 92% . , 99 , . . 1997 . ;2 UNIED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR, BUREAU OF LAND MA LANDS STATISIICS: 1992 (1992). 53 Federal of Statistics, published in Land und Forstwirschaft, Fischerei, F Bodennutzung der Betriebe , S. , 1 (1995) (Germany). , , , . , , . ;4 Isoshi Kajii, Rura1 Land in Japan ( 1998) ( ) . ;; GENERAL AGRICULTURAL CENSUS (lta1y), . Agostini, Rura1 Land ( ). 56 Isabelle Couturier, Rural Land Law in France ( 1998), ( ) . (91%) . 9% . . 60 . Act) 1862 . (», - 160 ( 64 ) ." u .62 D. . , . « ». . , , , , ; , (, ). , . 57 ROGER BRISTOW, LAND USE PLANNING IN HONG KONG 160 (1984). 5~ . 59 Crown Lease Ordinance, Laws ofHong Kong, 40, Issue 13. 6" . Crown Land Resumption Ordinance, Laws ofHong Kong, 124, Issue 9. 61 Act to Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlers the Public Domain ( Homestead A 1,2 ( 20,1862). 62 . PAUL W. GATES, ISTORY OF PUBLIC LAND LAW DEVELOPMENT 799 (1 61 . . . 10 « ». G. , . Vm g sgstz « < ») , , 1949 . -: , ; .64 , , . " 6 1,3 . 6 . . II, , . . 6) Gesetz zur Regelung offener Vermogensfragen , . 29.3.1991 (BG 81. 1S.957) sec. 1. . 1 , [: East Real 11 Sum /il2, 1991, 13 MICHIGAN 10URNAL OF INTER NATIONAL LAW 832 6' Lei1a Sfeir Lueschen, Collective in in tlle Economic Studies, 33 (Summer 1994). 65 . 66 Agrarbericl1t of the Federa1 Gvm t , No . 234 (1996), u. . Law in Germany ( 1998) ( ULRIC H . KOESTER AN O KAREN . BROOKS, AGRIC ULTURE ANO GERMA (World k Oiscussion No. 355, 1997). 62 , (Alaska Natiol1al [ Act, ANILCA/ u , , . , , , (, , ) . IV. , . , , : . , · , 67 . Cooley, The Evolution / Alaska Land Policy,B ALASA RESOURCES DEVELO 1980'S 13 (. Morehouse ed., 1984). 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( , , . , , 209 - ( , , .9' - . , u . ~ . 94 . , : (91-97%), (81%), ( (74,5%) (66%). 95 (41%) ", . 97 : 65% 16% , 10% - . , .) . Nogucl1i, . .71, .20. 91 - , , , . Kelly, . .19 , .320. 92Youngman & l, . .49, .127. , . 209-11 . 94 , . 127. 95 , . 42. 96 . 97, . .1, .253. 210 , , , , , . . , , . , , 0,5%. , 20 100% , 0,1-0,5% .: " . 160 . , 160 . - , v \0\ . 0,6 2,4 % . \02 , 9i ll , . .65, . 122. " & 1 , . .49 , .133-40. 100 ll, . .65 ,. 119. 1111 Youngman & 1, . .49 , .81. 1 II 2 , ..118 . 211 , , u 7%. 105 , . , 0,3% , 30 . , u 106 . , , , 1986 . , . (, ), , . - , . , ( ») , . 103 FTA News/etter igh/ights E/ectronic Fi/ing, Farm , 92 NOTES , 0,84% at Senate Agricu/ture n/ Hearing Possible Reforms ( Aid Agribusiness, 95 1995. 11" 1990 . . Anchordoguy, . . 69, . 106. 10; & Malme, . .49 , . 150. 1116 , 0,5%, . . , , . ( ) , , . Noguchi, . .71, .18-20. 212 , , , , 47 50 , .!" , , , . ~ ~ 110 . , 10-20 . , 111 . , , . . , «» , 1117 : ) ; ) ; ) , ; ) . 27; and JANE . MALME, PREFERENIAL PROPERTY TREATMENT lnstitute of Land Policy 1993). (5), . . 6, « 111'Youngman & l, . .49 , . 9. 1119David L. Chicoine et al. The EfJects /Farm Property ]Programs Farm Finan ECONOMICS 516 (1982), J. Centner, Preserving Rural-Urban F the Rural Environment: Looking ! Selected German Institutional Responses, 11 AR INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARAIVELAW 27 (1997). 1111 , , . 111 lh, . . 51, . 549, . 117. 112 . .. W1SCONSIN STATUTE sec. 71.09 (11) (1998). 213 , . . , u 10 118 - . , , , « » 1974 ., , , .! " 1990 . « » . , , ( ) 11.1l, . .50 , . 28. 114 , . . 51, . 548 . 113; . 26 Uitd States Code sec. 57(2) (1998), , : , . . 115 Church, . . 51, . 548, . 113. 116 , . 548, .110. 117 1965 udsgstzbltt 1 1861-95; 1970 Beatrice , The Impact of tl1rough the German System , 18 EUROPEAN REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ECO (1991). llS , . 1 9 9 . 119 ugm & l , . . 49, .19. 1211hdgu, . .69, .105-06. 214 . 124 - , , u u 121Nishimura, . .88. 1991-1993 . : « » . 1,075 1,025 1 , 0 7 5 1,15 1,05 1 , I 5 1,3 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,15 1,5 1,2 , 1991 . 1990 ., . , .96. J23See Renard, . .67, .148; Youngman & 1, ..49 , .126. I . , , . , . , . , - , , LANDOWN ERS I P AND TAXATION IN AME RICAN AG RICULTU RE 193- 84 ( 1995). : . , , , . - . J u 1 i . Greenwood & Jif . Whybrow, Property Tretment / Agricultu Canada: lmplications/ or Land Use Policy, 11 PROPERTY JOURNAL 159, 161 (1992) , 215 , . ( ) , - . , , , , , , . . 77,, 1986 ., . 1986 . . : " - . Church,. .51, ., .23. , - . 1990 . , . , - , 86% . Naoto , Proposa/sfor Liberating Land for Housing, OPINIONS PRICE PROBLEMS, 30, Anchordoguy, . .69, .103. , , « , 60% , , , . , . 103-04. 125 . ull, .49 , .135-36. 126- , , . F, , , (), ( ) 216 . 129 . . . , , (, , ), , , . 1993 .!" F. , , , , , 127 Youngman & Malme , ..49 , .135-36. , .128. 129 , , , . , , , . 130 , . 214. 131 . 1993 . , . , . Ott, . . 9, . 4. , , , , (, , , . . 217 , , , « » , . 134 , , . . , 1987 r.135, 19 , « ») , , . ! " 1997 . ( 675 . ) , , , 132 Youngman & l, . .49 ,. 41,204. 133 . Grimm, Rural Land Law in Germany ( 1998) ( ) . 1)4 Nishimura, .. 88, .656- 57, 689-90. « , , , . , », , , , . , . 20% , , 6,6% . . ( ) , , . Noguchi, . .71, .21. Centner, . .109. 0/ 1) 6Ron Durst & James k, Changing Burdens NAT I0N STAlSlCS SERVICE 5, 7-8 (March 6,1998). ( 1997 . , 2006 . 600 .) 137 , 1,3. . . 218 , 50 . , . , 20%, .!" G. , , , . . 7, « IV. , , , III . : , , . · , ( , , . , . 10, « : . . u lJ8INTERNAL REVENUE , sec. 2032 (1998). 139Isabelle Couturier, Rural Land Law in France ( 1998) ( ) . 219 : - . · ( ) . . · , . : . . · , , ( ), , . , . : ( ), . » . 220 · , . · ) . : . , ( · , . , - , : . , , . · . 221 · , . , , , , · , , « », . · , , ( ). · , . , . · , , . (, , , , ), , . . : . 222 : , , . . · , , , . · , . · , , (, , , ) , , . : , , , . , . , , . 223 ), , (.. , ). · , , , « , . , , « . . , . . , , . 1. , , , . 2. , , , . 3. . , ? 224 8. . 9. , « , . 10. , : , . 11 . . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. , . 16. , , , , , 17. , 225 , , , , ) , , . , , , . 11. , , . , , , . , . . , . . , ; ) 226 ' 1993 . 1996 . , , ( - , 1993). 279(1) . 279(2) , , , , , 279(3) , , , . , 281 (1993 .). , , , , , ».' « ( ) « » , I , . 17, . 279-283. « 1 » « , . 17 2 , .17, . 279(5). 3 , . 281 (2). 227 , , . -, « », . -, , , , . -, , 282 , ) . . , , 16 , , . 59 , , , . , , , , . 4. 1993 « , » . ' , . 17, . 282. 6 , 1997 .) 228 . D. . 72 , « » , . 44-48 , , . ; , , ; , , . . , , . 21 « » .' . 6 1991 . « « < 29 75 , , , 7 « » 20 1990 . ( , ~ , . 21. 229 2. , , . 3. . 4. . 5. .10 46.2(5)« . 47 , « » . , , , , 11 . , , . " . " 9 « 46.1( - ). "' , . 46.2(1-5). 1I , . 47.2-3. 12 , . 49.3. " . 230 , ; 4. ; 5. , , , ; 6. ; 7. , , , - , , 61.15 : ; , 50% , ); , , , , , , , . 16 53, . 14 , . 49.2. 15 , . 51(1-7). 16 , . 51(1-4). 231 6. . 7. ." , , , ." , . , , ", ", 14 .'2 - , ." - .24 ", 17 , . 53.1(1-7). I , . 52.3. 19 , . 55.1. 20 , . 56.1. 21 , .60.1. , , . 22 , . 55.2. 23 , . 55.3. 2. , . 55.4. 25 , . 53.3. 232 , ." , , . 59.1., , , , ." ( ) , . " « » , . 26 , .52.2. 21 , . 56.4. 2~ , . 56.2. 29 , . 56.3. 311 , . 61.1. 31 , . 61.2. J2 , . 61.3. JJ , . 59.1. 34 . 35 , . 68. )6 , . 59.2. 233 . . . , , ." « » . , , , . " , , , , . . u ~ , « J7 MICHAEL KIAY. 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() .. . · ; , , .. · , ( ). 293 ). · , , . . , 294 : . · . · , , ). · , , , . · , , . . : . · , ( , , : · . : . 295 , . , , , . · , , . · . : . · , . , , . · , . : . · , , , . · , , ) . · , , , . : . 296 : · , , , , . · - , , , , - , , . : . · , . · , , , · (). . .5« : · , . · , , , 297 · () ( , , . · , , , . · () , , . : , . · ( , , . : , , . · ; . : , . · , , 298 . , ( 12 · , , (45). · . · , . · , · , . , . : , · ; . · (.. ) . : , · (). , 299 : E~ . . · , (2-:-5). 300 · , ). · , , , . · , , , , , , , ). : (), ·, , (), , . · , , , , . . : . ·, , . · , . 301 , ), · , , , , , , . : , , , · , , , · , , . · , , , , , . , , : . · , . 302 · ) . , . : , . · , , . · , . · , , . 303 . · , , . · , . · , : - . · ( ) . · , . : . · , , ( ), , . , . : ( ), . 304 · ) . : . · , . , - , . : . · . . : - . · , . , , , , · , , « » , . · , , 305 , , ), , . . : . · , . · . : . · , , , . · , · , (, , , ), , . : , , 306 · , , , « , . , . , « . 307 . · , . · , , , . , . : . · , , , . : · , · . , . . · , , 308 : , , . : · . , , , , . : . · , , , , , : ) , ; ) , ; ) . · . , , . .., .. ~ f·" 309 . · , . , , , . · , , , . : , , . · , , , , , . : · , . · , , . : . · , 310 . · , . : . · , ; · , , , . . · , , , , . · , , , , , . 311 : . : .. : u. N 064365 26.12.95. 25. 07.2000 . 6084/ 8 . . . 39 000 « ,> , , 101831,-, ., 9. .: (095)917-80-46, : 917-92-59 - : ozimarin@glasnet.ru http ://vesmir.tsx.org : , , , , (Rura1 Deve10p : - , - - . WORLD BANK Moscow 3, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya ul. 123242, Moscow, Russia Telephone: (095) 745 7000 Facsimille: (095) 254 8368 Recent World Bank Technical Papers No . 362 Foley , Floor, Madon, Lawali, Montagne, and Tounao, The Niger Household Energy Project: Promoting Rural Fuelwood Mark ets and Village Management of Natural Woodlands No. 364 Josling, Agricultural Trade Policies in the Andean Group: Issues and Options No. 365 Pratt , Le Gall, and de Haan , Investing ill Pastoralism: Sustainable Natural Resource Use in Arid Africa and the Middle East No. 366 Carvalho and White, Combining the Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Poverty Measurement and Analysis: The Practice and the Potential No. 367 Colletta and Reinhold, Review of Early Childhood Policy and Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa No. 368 Pohl , Anderson, Claessens, and Djankov, Privatization and Restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence and Policy Options No . 369 Costa-Pierce, From Farmers to Fishers: Developing Reservoir Aquaculturefor People Displaced by Dams No. 370 Dejene, Shishira, Yanda, and Johnsen, Land Degradation in Tanzania: Perceptionfrom the Village No. 371 Essama-Nssah, Analyse d'une repartition du niveau de vie No . 372 Cleaver and Schreiber, Inverser la spriale: Les interactions entre la population, l'agriculture et l 'environnement en Afrique subsaharienne No . 373 Onursal and Gautam, Vehicular Air Pollution: Experiencesfrom Seven Latin American Urban Centers No . 374 Jones, Sector Investment Programs in Africa: Issues and Experiences No . 375 Francis, Milimo, Njobvo, and Tembo, Listening to Farmers: Participatory Assessment ofPolicy Reform in Zambia sAgriculture Sector No. 376 Tsunokawa and Hoban, Roads and the Environment: A Handbook No. 377 Walsh and Shah, Clean Fuels for Asia: Technical Options for Moving toward Unleaded Gasoline and Low- Sulfur Diesel No. 378 Shah and Nagpal , eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Kathmandu Valley Report No. 379 Shah and Nagpal , eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Jakarta Report No. 380 Shah and Nagpal , eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Metro Manila Report No. 381 Shah and Nagpal, eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Greater Mumbai Report No . 382 Barker, Tenenb aum , and Woolf, Governance and Regulation of Power Pools and System Operators:An International Comparison No. 383 Goldman, Ergas, Ralph, and Felker, Technology Institutions and Policies: Their Role in Developing Technological Capability in Industry No. 384 Kojima and Okada , Catching Up to Leadership: The Role of Technology Support Institution s in Japan sCasting Sector No. 385 Rowat, Lubrano, and Porrata, Competition Policy and MERCOSUR No. 386 Dinar and Subramanian, Water Pricing Experiences:An International Perspective No. 387 Oskarsson, Berglund, Seling , Snellman, Stenback, and Fritz , A Planners Guidefor Selecting Clean-Coal Technologiesfor Power Plants No . 388 Sanjayan, Shen, and Jansen , Experiences with Integrated-Conservation Development Projects in Asia No . 389 International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Planning the Management, Operation, and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems:A Guidefor the Preparation of Strategies and Manuals No. 390 Foster, Lawrenc e, and Morris, Groundwater in Urban Development:Assessing Management Needs and Formulating Policy Strategies No. 391 Lovei and Weiss, Jr. , Environmental Management and Institutions in OECD Countries" Lessonsfrom Experience No . 392 Felker, Chaudhuri, Gyorgy, and Goldman, The Pharmaceutical Industry in India and Hungary: Policies, Institutions, and Technological Development No. 393 Mohan , ed., Bibliography ofPublications:Africa Region, 1990-97 No. 394 Hill and Shields, Incentivesfor Joint Forest Management in India:Analytical Methods and Case Studies No. 395 Saleth and Din ar, Satisfying Urban Thirst: Water Supply Augmentation and Pricing Policy in Hyderabad City, India No. 396 Kikeri , Privatization and Labor: What Happens to Workers When Governments Divest? 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