E4524 V2 The Republic of Moldova Ministry of Economy SECOND COMPETITIVENESS ENHANCEMENT PROJECT CEP-II Environmental Management Framework Volume II Annexes Developed by Project Implementation Unit piu@mec.gov.md Chisinau April 7, 2014 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Contents Volume II Annexes Annex A. Environmental Screening Checklist ....................................................... 3 Annex B. Content of the Environmental Management Plan ................................ 15 Annex C. Environmental Screening Checklist for existing facilities ................... 19 Annex D. Environmental Audit Protocol for existing facilities ........................... 22 Annex E. Impacts, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation measures for sub- projects in Agricultural Production Sector ........................................... 24 Annex F. Impacts, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation measures for sub- projects in Agro-processing & Food production Sectors ..................... 49 Annex G. Impacts, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation measures for Contraction activities & sub-projects in Manufacturing Sector ........... 72 Annex H. Recommended Structure of a Pest Management Plan ....................... 105 Annex I. Reference Documents for World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) ........................................................................ 107 Annex J. Report on Consultation on the Draft EMF with Interested Parties .... 109 2 Environmental Management Framework Annex A. Environmental Screening Checklist Annex A/Form 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Part 1 (to be completed by Sub-borrower) 1. Project Name: 2. Brief Description of sub-project to include: nature of the project, project cost, physical size, site area, location, property ownership, existence of on-going operations, plans for expansion or new construction. 3. Will the project have impacts on the environmental parameters listed below during the construction or operational phases? Indicate, with a check, during which phase impacts will occur and whether mitigation measures are required. Mitigation Environmental Component Measures Terrestrial environment Soil Erosion & Degradation: Will the project involve ploughing/ plant cultivation on the slopes? Habitats and Biodiversity Loss: Will the project involve use or modification of habitats (pasturing on and ploughing up the steppe areas, cutting or removal of trees or other natural vegetation, etc.) Land degradation: Will the project applies pesticides? Land, habitats & ecosystems degradation: In case of cattle production, will the project contribute to land, habitats and ecosystems degradation? Land & soil degradation: Will the project involve land excavation? Generation of solid wastes, including toxic wastes? Biodiversity and Habitats Loss: Will the project located in vicinity of protected areas or other sensitive areas supporting important habitats of natural fauna and flora? Land Erosion & Degradation: agricultural crop production & plantation crop production - will the project presume appropriate agricultural practices? Biodiversity Loss: enlargement of area under the agricultural crop production Soil & underground water pollution Land degradation, water pollution & aesthetics: Construction Other impacts Air quality Will the project provide pollutant emmissions? Will the project generate specific air pollution (dioxins, furans, etc) Aquatic environment Water Quantiy: will the project involve water use? Water Quality / Pollution: Will the project contribute to surface water pollution Underground and Surface Water Pollution: Will the project applies pesticides and inorganic fertilizers contributing to surface water pollution? Loss of Biodiversity: Will the project involve introduction of alien species (e.g., in case of aquaculture projects)? Loss of Biodiversity: Will the project located in vicinity of protected area or wetlands supporting both local avifauna and birds on passage? 3 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Mitigation Environmental Component Measures Degradation of natural aquatic ecosystems Weeds, pests, diseases: will the project contribute to spreading of weeds, pests and animal and plant diseases? Sedimentation of water bodies Other impacts Socio-economic environment Will the project assure non-deterioration of human health, occupational safety and non-disturbance of residents living near project area? Does the project require public consultation to consider local people environmental concerns and inputs? Social impacts 4. For the environmental components indicated above, and using the information provided in the table below describe the mitigation measures that will be included during the construction (C) or operational (O) phase of the project or both (B) Phase Environmental Component Mitigation Measures (C, O or B) 5. Examples of Mitigation Measures (for more detailed description of listed below and other potential mitigation measures refer to Annexes C, D & E) Environmental Component Mitigation Measures Terrestrial ecosystems Soil Erosion & Degradation: Will the 1) Ploughing across the slope project involve ploughing/ plant 2) Contour tillage cultivation on the slopes stimulating soil 3) Avoid creation of new terraces since it is linked with loss of topsoil, erosion and landslides? etc. Habitats and Biodiversity Loss: Will the 1) Avoiding use of remained natural or semi-natural steppe areas for project involve use or modification of pasturing and crop production habitats (pasturing on and ploughing up 2) Avoid, where possible, cutting of trees and other natural vegetation, the steppe areas, cutting or removal of etc. trees or other natural vegetation, etc.) 3) Minimize loss of natural vegetation/ Maximal preservation of vegetation during construction Land degradation: Will the project 1) Use of less harmful (non-persistent) pesticides applies pesticides? 2) Not to apply more pesticides than needed 3) To ensure appropriate pesticides handling to avoid contaminated surface runoff, etc. In case of cattle production, will the 1) Not to exceed pastures’ capacity (on degraded lands this is 0,3 -0,5 project contribute to land, habitats and conv. cap/ ha; on good lands – 1,5 conv. cap/ per ha) and avoid ecosystems degradation? overgrazing 2) Where possible, use of stabling 3) To develop sawn pastures 4) Where possible, to fence grazing areas to use them subsequently, giving to others possibility to restore, etc. 5) Not to graze in natural areas in early spring and late autumn, etc. Land & soil degradation: Will the 1) To dislocate excavated topsoil to adjacent agricultural lands project involve land excavation? Generation of solid wastes, including 1) Wastes reuse and recycling toxic wastes? 2) Disposal on authorized landfills including on special toxic wastes disposal sites Biodiversity and Habitats Loss: Will the 1) Consideration of alternative locations, where possible project located in vicinity of protected 2) Careful timing of works and work seasonally, as appropriate: to avoid areas or other sensitive areas supporting construction during breeding season important habitats of natural fauna and 3) Where possible, to fence the area under construction to lessen flora? occasional disturbance on habitats and biodiversity 4 Environmental Management Framework Environmental Component Mitigation Measures 5) Use natural meadows and grasslands rather for mowing than grazing 4) Inform personnel about importance of adjacent environmentally important area, if any, etc. Land Erosion & Degradation: 1) Appropriate crop rotation: fallow land – wheat – maize – sunflower – Agricultural Crop Production & lucerne – lucerne (2 years long) – legumes (pea, haricot, etc.) / wheat Plantation Crop Production - Will the maize, etc./ or rye- maize-sunflower-Lucerne-Lucerne-legumes-rye, etc project presume appropriate agricultural 2) Plowing and tillage: plowing across the slope & contour tillage practices? 3) On lands which are subject to erosion preferable cultivation of plants with require dense sawing (e.g. wheat, rye, etc.) and avoid cultivation of tilled crops (e.g., maize, sunflower), 4) Orchards: creation of grass strips between the rows, deep cultivation between the rows, 5) Where possible, to prefer agricultural land arrangement as follows: areas with cultivated crops alternated with areas used for pasturing and orchards, etc. Biodiversity Loss: enlargement of area Where possible, to plant (or maintain) green corridors to ensure under the agricultural crop production movement of terrestrial fauna Soil & underground water pollution 1) Fuel and lubricants: use of specially arranged sites (with concrete floor) for their handling and storage to avoid their leakages into the soil and runoff into water bodies 2) Pesticides: see above 3) Use of special platforms and tanks with a waterproof bottom for accumulation of manure and preparing of organic fertilizers, etc. Land degradation, water pollution & 1) Careful selection of location for and planning of the project aesthetics: Construction 2) To minimize construction site’s size and design work to minimize land affected, 3) Where possible, to execute construction works during dry season to avoid excessive contaminated runoff 4) Properly arranged waste disposal sites 5) Cleaning of construction site, replacing the lost trees, re-vegetation of work area, etc. Other impacts? Other measures? Air quality Will the project provide pollutant 1) Use of approved methods and techniques to prevent and control emissions? emissions (e.g. absorption) 2) Where possible, enclosure of dust producing equipment, and use of local exhaust ventilation 3) Where possible, arrange barriers for wind protection (if raw material is stored and processed in open areas) 4) Where possible, use of fuels with a low sulfur content, such as natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas and use of low-sulfur raw material 5) Where possible, installation of dedicated filtration systems, etc Will the project generate specific air 1) Selection of materials or processes with no or low demand for VOC- pollutants (furans, dioxins)? containing products 2) Where possible to substitute the use of solvents and other materials which have a high VOC content 3) Where possible, to install and modify equipment to reduce solvent use in manufacturing process 3) Aquatic Ecosystems Water Quantity: will the project involve 1) To ensure natural flow of water/ minimum disruption of natural water use? streams flows 2) To install water meters to control and minimize water use 3) Avoid or minimize surface water abstraction in case downstream the wetland is situated. etc. Water Quality / Pollution: Will the 1) a. For small rural enterprises: to install local wastewater treatment project contribute to surface water facilities (e.g., septic tanks) pollution b. For big enterprises: not to exceed established limits of pollutants in effluents 2) To minimize water and mud collection 3) Where possible, to renovate existing sewerage system/ ensure 5 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Environmental Component Mitigation Measures connection to municipal sewerage system 4) To arrange properly waste disposal sites Underground and Surface Water 1) See above Pollution: Will the project applies 2) Where possible, to plant at least bush vegetation down slope to reduce pesticides and inorganic fertilizers pollutants surface runoff into water bodies contributing to surface water pollution? Loss of Biodiversity: Will the project 1) Where possible, to avoid introduction of alien species involve introduction of alien species 2) In case of use of already introduced alien species to ensure their non- (e.g., in case of aquaculture projects)? coming into natural ecosystems, e.g., during water discharge from the ponds, etc. Loss of Biodiversity: Will the project 1) Not to exceed established limits of pollutants in effluents and located in vicinity of protected area or emissions wetlands supporting both local avifauna 2) To avoid or minimize construction and operational activities during and birds on passage? breeding and migration periods, etc. Degradation of natural aquatic 1) Avoid application of pesticides in the strip with width of 300 m along ecosystems the natural surface water bodies, 2) Avoid cutting of trees and other natural vegetation along the water bodies 3) Avoid coming of alien species into natural water bodies, 4) Properly arranged waste disposals sites, etc. Weeds, pests, diseases: will the project 1) Avoid cultivation of plant mono-culture on agricultural lands contribute to spreading of weeds, pests 2) Appropriate pest management and animal and plant diseases? 3) Giving the priority to the agro-technical and biological measures for the control of weeds, pests, and diseases, 4) In cattle farms, to adhere established veterinary rules to prevent or minimize animal diseases, etc. Sedimentation of water bodies 1) To avoid excessive soil erosion: see above 2) Minimize soil processing 3) Provide retention/ sedimentation ponds, as necessary 4) To control reed harvesting ( to avoid over-harvesting) Other impacts? Other measures? Socio-economic environment Will the project assure non-deterioration 1) To ensure collective and individual protective measures (work of human health, occupational safety and clothes, masks, shoes), when needed. non-disturbance of residents living near 2) To adhere established occupational safety requirements as well as project area? simple rules, e.g.: a. water spaying twice a day during construction to avoid dust b. permanent ventilation of internal areas c. timing of work 3) To conduct regular instructing of personnel on health and occupational safety requirements 4) To restrict vehicle speeds and trough-traffic in residential areas, especially trucks 5) Restrict trough-traffic in residential areas 6) Work timing to minimize disturbance/ restrict construction to certain hours 7) Restrict movement of hazardous materials in residential areas/ regulation of transportation of materials; apply any load restriction required during and post construction periods 8) Incorporate safety and environment protection requirements in the project contract documents, etc. Does the project require public If yes, anticipated public concerns, e.g., project location, waste disposal consultation to consider local people sites, harmful emissions into environment, aesthetic arrangement of site environmental concerns and inputs? under construction activities etc. Social impacts Appropriate project design: location, methods of construction, use of safe technologies during operation period, work timing, careful decommissioning, etc. 6 Environmental Management Framework Annex A/Form 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Part 2 (to be completed by the PFI based on the findings of the environmental screening and scoping process) 5. Sub-project Environmental Category (A, B or C) _____ 6. Environmental Assessment required (yes or no) _____ 7. Type of Environmental Assessment (full EIA for Category A projects; partial EIA for Category B sub-projects) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Types of EA documents (EIA report and detailed Environmental Management Plan for Category A sub-projects; partial EIA, including site assessment and Environmental Management Plan for Category B sub-projects; Site Assessment and EMP checklists for small scale Category B sub-projects) _____________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What environmental issues are raised by the sub-project? ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. If an environmental assessment is required, what are the specific issues to be addressed? _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the time frame and estimated cost of conducting the environmental assessment? _______________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Environmental Screener: Date: 7 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex A/Form 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Part 3 Final Environmental Assessment Checklist (1) (to be completed by the CLD (in consultation with PIU ES and/or Ministry of Environment) based on review of the mitigation proposed and the environmental impact assessment (if required)) Was an Environmental Impact Assessment needed? (Y or N) ___ If yes, was it done? ___ Have national and World Bank requirements for public consultation been met and fully documented? (Y or N) ____ Was an Environmental Management Plan prepared? (Y or N) ________ Are the mitigation measures to be included in project implementation adequate and appropriate? (Y or N) ________ Will the project comply with existing pollution control standards for emissions and wastes? (Y or N) _____ If No, will an exemption be sought? _____ ______ Is an Environmental Monitoring Plan necessary? (Y or N) ___ If so, has it been prepared? (Y or N) ___ Approved by the CLD? ___________ What follow-up actions are required by the proponent, the PFI or the CLD? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Were public consultations held concerning potential environmental impacts of the proposed sub-project? (Y or N) _____ Were minutes recorded? (Y or N)_____ Dates Participants _______________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________ ________________________________________________________________ Project Officer: Date: Environmental Screener: Date: 8 Environmental Management Framework Annex A/Form 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Part 4 Final Environmental Assessment Checklist (2) (to be completed by the CLD (in consultation with PIU ES and/or Ministry of Environment) based on review of the mitigation proposed and the environmental impact assessment (if required)) Is the project documentation complete? If not what is missing? Are land use and resource use permits required? If so have they been received? Are discharge permits required for solid waste? If so have they been received? Are discharge permits required for wastewater discharge? If so have they been received? Is there a sanitary inspection required? Has a permit been issued? Has the environmental assessment been received and approved? Is there potential for soil degradation or contamination? If yes, have appropriate prevention or mitigation measures been planned and budgeted? Is there potential for water quality degradation or contamination? If yes, have appropriate prevention or mitigation measures been planned and budgeted? Is there potential for air quality degradation or contamination? If yes, have appropriate prevention or mitigation measures been planned and budgeted? Is there a threat to the biological environment? If yes, have appropriate prevention or mitigation measures been planned and budgeted? Is there potential for adverse impacts on the social environment? If yes, are there necessary prevention, mitigation or compensation measures planned and budgeted? Was the level of public involvement in design and planning and public consultation sufficient? Were public concerns raised in the consultation process adequately addressed? What is the desired level, frequency and scope of environmental monitoring during the construction phase? What is the desired level, frequency and scope of environmental monitoring during the operational phase? 9 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex A/Form 2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Field site visit checklist Project Name: Date/time of Visit: Rayon: Visitors: Current activity and site history  Who is the site contact (name, position, contact information)?  What is the area of the site to be used for project activities?  What are current users of the site?  What were previous uses of the site (give dates if possible)?  Are there any encroachers or illegal users of the site whose livelihoods or assets are going to be affected by the project? Environmental Situation  Are there sensitive sites nearby (nature reserves, cultural sites, historical landmarks)?  Are there water courses on the site?  What is the terrain or slope?  Does the site experience flooding, waterlogging or landslides? Are there signs of erosion?  What are the neighboring buildings (e.g. schools, dwellings, industries) and land uses? Estimate distances.  Will the proposed site affect transportation or public utilities? Licenses, Permits and Clearances  Does the site require licenses or permits to operate the type of activity proposed? Are these available for inspection?  What environmental or other (e.g., health, forestry) authorities have jurisdiction over the site? Water Quality Issues  Does the proposed activity use water for any purposes (give details and estimate quantity). What is the source?  Will the proposed activity produce any effluent? (estimate quantity and identify discharge point)  Is there a drainage system on site for surface waters or sewage? Is there a plan available of existing drainage or septic systems?  How waste water is managed (surface water courses, dry wells, septic tanks)? Soils  What is the ground surface (agricultural land, pasture, etc.)?  Will the project damage soils during construction or operations?  Will the project affect the landscape significantly (draining wetlands, changing stream courses) Biological environment  Describe vegetation cover on the site.  Is there information about rare or threatened flora and fauna at or near the site? If yes, would the project have an impact or increase risk to the species?  Obtain a list of vertebrate fauna and common plants of the site (if available).  Note potential negative impacts on biota if project proceeds. Visual Inspection Procedures  Try to obtain a site map or make a sketch to mark details.  Take photos, if permitted.  Walk over as much of the site as possible, including boundaries, to note adjacent activities.  Note any odors, smoke or visual dust emissions, standing water, etc. 10 Environmental Management Framework Annex A / Form 3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Terms of reference for conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment study An environmental impact assessment report Categories A and B sub-projects focuses on the significant environmental issues raised by a sub-project. Its primary purpose is to identify environmental impacts and those measures that, if incorporated into the design and implementation of a project can assure that the negative environmental effects will be minimized. The scope and level of detail required in the analysis depend on the magnitude and severity of potential impacts. The Environmental Impact Assessment Report should include the following elements: a. Executive Summary. This summarizes the significant findings and recommended actions. b. Policy, legal and administrative framework. This section summarizes the legal and regulatory framework that applies to environmental management in the jurisdiction where the study is done. c. Project Description. Describes the nature and scope of the project and the geographic, ecological, temporal and socioeconomic context in which the project will be carried out. The description should identify social groups that will be affected, include a map of the project site, and identify any off-site or support facilities that will be required for the project. d. Baseline data. Describe relevant physical, biological and social condition including any significant changes anticipated before the project begins. Data should be relevant to project design, location, operation or mitigation measures. e. Environmental impacts. Describe the likely or expected positive and negative impacts in quantitative terms to the extent possible. Identify mitigation measures and estimate residual impacts after mitigation. Describe the limits of available data and uncertainties related to the estimation of impacts and the results of proposed mitigation. f. Analysis of Alternatives. Systematically compare feasible alternatives to the proposed project location, design and operation including the "without project" alternative in terms of their relative impacts, costs and suitability to local conditions. For each of the alternatives quantify and compare the environmental impacts and costs relative to the proposed plan. g. Environmental Management Plan (EMP). If significant impacts requiring mitigation are identified, the EMP defines the mitigation that will be done, identifies key monitoring indicators and any needs for institutional strengthening for effective mitigation and monitoring to be carried out. h. Appendices. These section should include: (i) The list of EIA preparers; (ii) References used in study preparation; (iii) A chronological record of interagency meetings and consultations with NGOs and effected constituents; (iv) Tables reporting relevant data discussed in the main text, and; (v) A list of associated reports such as resettlement plans or social assessments that were prepared for the project. 11 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex A/Form 4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST Environmental Management Plan Checklist (for small scale construction/rehabilitation sub-projects) ENVIRONMENTAL /SOCIAL SCREENING Will the site activity Activity Status Additional references include/involve any of the A. Building rehabilitation [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section B below following: B. New construction [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section B below C. Individual wastewater treatment system [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section C below D. Historic building(s) and districts [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section D below E. Acquisition of land1 [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section E below F. Hazardous or toxic materials2 [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section F below G. Impacts on forests and/or protected areas [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section G below H. Handling / management of medical waste [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section H below I. Traffic and Pedestrian Safety [ ] Yes [ ] No See Section I below ACTIVITY PARAMETER MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST A. General Conditions Notification and Worker Safety (a) The local construction and environment inspectorates and communities have been notified of upcoming activities (b) The public has been notified of the works through appropriate notification in the media and/or at publicly accessible sites (including the site of the works) (c) All legally required permits have been acquired for construction and/or rehabilitation (d) All work will be carried out in a safe and disciplined manner designed to minimize impacts on neighboring residents and environment. (e) Workers will comply with international good practice (always hardhats, as needed masks and safety glasses, harnesses and safety boots) (f) Appropriate signposting of the sites will inform workers of key rules and regulations to follow. B. General Rehabilitation and Air Quality (a) During interior demolition use debris-chutes above the first floor /or Construction Activities (b) Keep demolition debris in controlled area and spray with water mist to reduce debris dust (c) Suppress dust during pneumatic drilling/wall destruction by ongoing water spraying and/or installing dust screen enclosures at site 1 The project will support construction of new buildings only in the case when land acquisition is not necessary and there are no any resettlement issues; for such cases the investor should have the landownership title as well as has to prove the land at the moment of sub-projects application is not occupied or used even illegally 2 Toxic / hazardous material includes and is not limited to asbestos, toxic paints, removal of lead paint, etc. 12 Environmental Management Framework ACTIVITY PARAMETER MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST (d) Keep surrounding environment (side walks, roads) free of debris to minimize dust (e) There will be no open burning of construction / waste material at the site (f) There will be no excessive idling of construction vehicles at sites Noise (a) Construction noise will be limited to restricted times agreed to in the permit (b) During operations the engine covers of generators, air compressors and other powered mechanical equipment should be closed, and equipment placed as far away from residential areas as possible Water Quality (a) The site will establish appropriate erosion and sediment control measures such as e.g. hay bales and / or silt fences to prevent sediment from moving off site and causing excessive turbidity in nearby streams and rivers. Waste management (a) Waste collection and disposal pathways and sites will be identified for all major waste types expected from demolition and construction activities. (b) Mineral construction and demolition wastes will be separated from general refuse, organic, liquid and chemical wastes by on-site sorting and stored in appropriate containers. (c) Construction waste will be collected and disposed properly by licensed collectors (d) The records of waste disposal will be maintained as proof for proper management as designed. (e) Whenever feasible the contractor will reuse and recycle appropriate and viable materials (except asbestos) C. Individual wastewater Water Quality (a) The approach to handling sanitary wastes and wastewater from building sites (installation or reconstruction) must treatment system be approved by the local authorities (b) Before being discharged into receiving waters, effluents from individual wastewater systems must be treated in order to meet the minimal quality criteria set out by national guidelines on effluent quality and wastewater treatment (c) Monitoring of new wastewater systems (before/after) will be carried out D. Historic building(s) Cultural Heritage (a) If the building is a designated historic structure, very close to such a structure, or located in a designated historic district, notify and obtain approval/permits from local authorities and address all construction activities in line with local and national legislation (b) Ensure that provisions are put in place so that artifacts or other possible “chance finds” encountered in excavation or construction are noted, officials contacted, and works activities delayed or modified to account for such finds. E. Acquisition of land Land Acquisition Plan/Framework (a) If expropriation of land was not expected and is required, or if loss of access to income or damage to assets of legal or illegal users of land was not expected but may occur, that the bank Task Team Leader is consulted. (b) The approved by the Bank Land Acquisition Plan (if required by the project) will be implemented prior to start of project works. F. Toxic Materials Asbestos management (a) If asbestos is located on the project site, mark clearly as hazardous material (b) When possible the asbestos will be appropriately contained and sealed to minimize exposure (c) The asbestos prior to removal (if removal is necessary) will be treated with a wetting agent to minimize asbestos dust (d) Asbestos will be handled and disposed by skilled & experienced professionals (e) If asbestos material is be stored temporarily, the wastes should be securely enclosed inside closed containments and marked appropriately (f) The removed asbestos will not be reused Toxic / hazardous waste management (a) Temporarily storage on site of all hazardous or toxic substances will be in safe containers labeled with details of composition, properties and handling information (b) The containers of hazardous substances should be placed in an leak-proof container to prevent spillage and leaching (c) The wastes are transported by specially licensed carriers and disposed in a licensed facility. (d) Paints with toxic ingredients or solvents or lead-based paints will not be used 13 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project ACTIVITY PARAMETER MITIGATION MEASURES CHECKLIST G. Affects forests and/or Protection (a) All recognized natural habitats and protected areas in the immediate vicinity of the activity will not be damaged or protected areas exploited, all staff will be strictly prohibited from hunting, foraging, logging or other damaging activities. (b) For large trees in the vicinity of the activity, mark and cordon off with a fence large tress and protect root system and avoid any damage to the trees (c) Adjacent wetlands and streams will be protected, from construction site run-off, with appropriate erosion and sediment control feature to include by not limited to hay bales, silt fences (d) There will be no unlicensed borrow pits, quarries or waste dumps in adjacent areas, especially not in protected areas. H. Disposal of medical waste Infrastructure for medical waste management (a) In compliance with national regulations the contractor will insure that newly constructed and/or rehabilitated health care facilities include sufficient infrastructure for medical waste handling and disposal; this includes and not limited to:  Special facilities for segregated healthcare waste (including soiled instruments “sharps”, and human tissue or fluids) from other waste disposal; and  Appropriate storage facilities for medical waste are in place; and  If the activity includes facility-based treatment, appropriate disposal options are in place and operational I Traffic and Pedestrian Direct or indirect hazards to public traffic (b) In compliance with national regulations the contractor will insure that the construction site is properly secured and Safety and pedestrians by construction activities construction related traffic regulated. This includes but is not limited to  Signposting, warning signs, barriers and traffic diversions: site will be clearly visible and the public warned of all potential hazards  Traffic management system and staff training, especially for site access and near-site heavy traffic. Provision of safe passages and crossings for pedestrians where construction traffic interferes.  Adjustment of working hours to local traffic patterns, e.g. avoiding major transport activities during rush hours or times of livestock movement  Active traffic management by trained and visible staff at the site, if required for safe and convenient passage for the public.  Ensuring safe and continuous access to office facilities, shops and residences during renovation activities, if the buildings stay open for the public. 14 Environmental Management Framework Annex B. Content of the Environmental Management Plan Annex B/Form 1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CONTENT Part 1 General Remarks. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Category A projects should outline the mitigation, monitoring and administrative measures to be taken during project implementation to avoid or eliminate negative environmental impacts. For projects of intermediate environmental risk (Category B projects), EMP may also be an effective way of summarizing the activities needed to achieve effective mitigation of negative environmental impacts (description of Environmental Management Plan is provided in Annex B/Form 1 below). The Management Plan format provided in Annex B/Form 2 below. It represents a model for development of an EMP. The model divides the project cycle into three phases: construction, operation and decommissioning. For each phase, the preparation team identifies any significant environmental impacts that are anticipated based on the analysis done in the context of preparing an environmental assessment. For each impact, mitigation measures are to be identified and listed. Estimates are made of the cost of mitigation actions broken down by estimates for installation (investment cost) and operation (recurrent cost). The EMP format also provides for the identification of institutional responsibilities for "installation" and operation of mitigation devices and methods. To keep track of the requirements, responsibilities and costs for monitoring the implementation of environmental mitigation identified in the analysis included in an environmental assessment for Category A or B projects, a monitoring plan may be useful. A Monitoring Plan format is provided in Annex B/Form 3 below. Like the EMP the project cycle is broken down into three phases (construction, operation and decommissioning). The format also includes a row for baseline information that is critical to achieving reliable and credible monitoring. The key elements of the matrix are:  What is being monitored?  Where is monitoring done?  How is the parameter to be monitored to ensure meaningful comparisons?  When or how frequently is monitoring necessary or most effective?  Why is the parameter being monitored (what does it tell us about environmental impact)? In addition to these questions, it is useful to identify the costs associated with monitoring (both investment and recurrent) and the institutional responsibilities. When a monitoring plan is developed and put in place in the context of project implementation, the PIU will request reports at appropriate intervals and include the findings in its periodic reporting to the World Bank and make the findings available to Bank staff during supervision missions. Part 2 Description of the of the Environmental Management Plan The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The plan includes compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, cost-effective, or sufficient. Specifically, the EMP (a) identifies and summarizes all anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts (including those involving indigenous people or involuntary resettlement); (b) describes--with technical details--each mitigation measure, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (e.g., continuously or in the event of contingencies), together with designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures, as appropriate; (c) estimates any potential environmental impacts of these measures; and (d) provides linkage with any other mitigation plans (e.g., for involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, or cultural property) required for the project. Monitoring 15 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project 3. Environmental monitoring during project implementation provides information about key environmental aspects of the project, particularly the environmental impacts of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Such information enables the borrower and the Bank to evaluate the success of mitigation as part of project supervision, and allows corrective action to be taken when needed. Therefore, the EMP identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed in the EA report and the mitigation measures described in the EMP. Specifically, the monitoring section of the EMP provides(a) a specific description, and technical details, of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions; and (b) monitoring and reporting procedures to (i) ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures, and (ii) furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. Capacity Development and Training 4. To support timely and effective implementation of environmental project components and mitigation measures, the EMP draws on the EA's assessment of the existence, role, and capability of environmental units on site or at the agency and ministry level.3 If necessary, the EMP recommends the establishment or expansion of such units, and the training of staff, to allow implementation of EA recommendations. Specifically, the EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements that is responsible for carrying out the mitigatory and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training). To strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation, most EMPs cover one or more of the following additional topics: (a) technical assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment and supplies, and (c) organizational changes. Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates 5. For all three aspects (mitigation, monitoring, and capacity development), the EMP provides (a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and (b) the capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the EMP. These figures are also integrated into the total project cost tables. Integration of EMP with Project 6. The borrower's decision to proceed with a project, and the Bank's decision to support it, are predicated in part on the expectation that the EMP will be executed effectively. Consequently, the Bank expects the plan to be specific in its description of the individual mitigation and monitoring measures and its assignment of institutional responsibilities, and it must be integrated into the project's overall planning, design, budget, and implementation. Such integration is achieved by establishing the EMP within the project so that the plan will receive funding and supervision along with the other components. Resource: OP 4.01, Annex C - Environmental Management Plan. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTOPMANUAL 16 Environmental Management Framework Annex B/Form 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CONTENT Environmental Management Plan Format Institutional Environmental Mitigating Cost Phase Responsibility Remarks Impact Measure(s) Install Operate Install Operate Construction         Operation         Decommissioning         17 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex B/Form 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CONTENT Environmental Monitoring Plan Format What Where will When will Why is the Cost Institutional Responsibility How will the parameter is the parameter the parameter parameter Phase parameter be to be be be being Install Operate Install Operate monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? Baseline Construction Operation De-commissioning 18 Environmental Management Framework Annex C. Environmental Screening Checklist for existing facilities Annex C/Form 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST For existing facilities Part 1 (to be completed by Sub-borrower) 1. Sub-project title __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Brief Description of sub-project (nature of the project, project cost, physical size, site area, location, facility history, operational/production activities, technological processes etc.) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Inputs, output (products) and waste stream (row materials, natural resources (e.g. water) and energy used in operational/production activities, final products, effluents and technological wastes, secondary materials, waste disposal etc.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Key Environmental, Health and Safety aspects of the facility’s operation (potential impacts and risks caused by operational activities (e.g. industrial solid wastes, contaminated waste waters, air emissions, noise pollution), mitigation measures during operational/technological processes, preventive actions etc.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Regulatory Compliance Status (per local environmental and sanitary inspection conclusions) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Environmental authorizations, licenses and permits (as requested by the national legislation and relevant to proposed sub-project activities: check  and specify if any) a. State Ecological Expertise b. Special water use and waste water discharge authorization c. Air emissions authorizations d. Waste disposal permit e. License for special type of activity (specify) f. License for mineral resources usage g. Permit for usage of wild fauna and flora h. Sanitary operational authorization i. Sanitary and veterinary operational authorization j. Other as per national legislation (specify) 7. Environmental expenditures (for Environmental management and Environmental pollution and/or for Natural resources usage; please fill a table) Expenditure Item Total Calculated per Year, MDL Last payment, Date/MDL 1. 2. Sub-borrower: ________________ Signature: ________________ Date: _________________ 19 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex C/Form 1 For existing facilities Part 2 (to be completed by the PFI) 1. Sub-project category (B or C) 2. Environmental compliance with environmental standards (yes / no) 3. Environmental Auditing (conducted or not) 4. Environmental authorizations, licenses and permits (check  and specify if any) a. State Ecological Expertise b. Special water use and waste water discharge authorization c. Air emissions authorizations d. Waste disposal permit e. License for special type of activity (specify) f. License for mineral resources usage g. Permit for usage of wild fauna and flora h. Sanitary operational authorization i. Sanitary and veterinary operational authorization j. Other as per national legislation (specify) 5. Facility’s Environmental and Sanitary inspections (main conclusions regarding EHS compliance) 6. Payments for the environmental pollution (done or not) Project officer: _________________ Signature: _______________ Date: ______________ 20 Environmental Management Framework Annex C/Form 1 For existing facilities Part 3 (to be completed by the CLD) 1. Was an Environmental Auditing conducted? (yes / no) [ Da] 2. Was an Environmental Action Plan prepared? (yes / no) [Da ] 3. Will the project comply with existing pollution control standards for emissions and wastes? (yes / no) [Da ] If “no”, will an exemption be sought? [Da ] 4. Is an Environmental Monitoring Plan necessary? (yes / no) [Da ] If so, has it been prepared? (yes or no) [Da ] Approved by the PIU Environmental Consultant? [Da ] 5. Are all relevant environmental authorizations, licenses and permits obtained? (yes / no) [Da ] 6. Is the facility in compliance with the environmental standards? (yes / no) [Da ] 7. What follow-up actions are required by the proponent, the PFI or the PIU? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Conclusions: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ PIU Environmental Consultant: _____________ Signature: __________ Date: __________ 21 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex D. Environmental Audit Protocol for existing facilities ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT PROTOCOL OUTLINE for existing facilities (to be completed by Sub-borrower for Categories B sub-projects) Executive Summary 1.0 Nature of operation (2 pages) 1.1 Brief description of the facility 1.2 Key Environmental, Health and Safety aspects (potential impacts and risks caused by operational activities (e.g. industrial solid wastes, contaminated waste waters, air emissions, noise pollution), mitigation measures during operational/technological processes, preventive actions etc.) 1.3 Brief description of operational/technological processes 1.4 Facility Location and Description of Environs 1.5 Facility and Site History 2.0 Corporate Environmental, Health and Safety Management (1 page) 2.1 Organization of EHS Management (responsible person(s)/unit(s)) 2.2 Contingency Planning and Emergency Procedures 2.3 Staff Training and Supervision 3.0 Environmental Performance of the Company/Facility (3 pages) 3.1 National Regulatory Requirements, Polices and Procedures (list the Environmental relevant regulations) 3.2 Applicable WB/ Other Requirements and Standards 3.3 Inputs, products, and Waste Stream (Raw Materials Consumption and Sources (where appropriate); Water Consumption and Source (where applicable); Energy Consumption and Source; Intermediate products; Effluent Amounts and Quality; Emission Sources and Quality; GHG Contribution; Solid and Hazardous Wastes; Noise and Vibration; Electromagnetic Issues etc.) 3.4 Waste Management, Disposal of Wastes (describe the existing procedures and practices, list the relevant documents and contracts) 3.5 Management of Hazardous Materials (including PCBs and Asbestos) (describe the existing procedures, list the relevant documents and contracts) 3.6 Soil and Groundwater Contamination (describe existing risks and sources, mitigation measures, list the relevant documents etc.) 3.7 Environmental Monitoring Activities (e.g. Water&Soil quality monitoring (testing), effluent and emission control, internal and external environmental audit and inspection) 3.8 Regulatory Compliance Status (per local environmental inspection conclusions) 3.9 Environmental Expenditures (for Environmental management and Environmental pollution and/or for Natural resources usage; please indicate item and amount per year) 4.0 Public and Occupational Health and Safety Performance (1 page) 4.1 Local/National Regulatory Requirements (list the Labor safety and Public health relevant regulations (e.g. Labor Code)) 4.2 Applicable WB and/or other Requirements and Standards 4.3 Current H&S Monitoring Practice (e.g. monitoring program, internal/external inspections, supervisor visits, list the relevant documents etc.) 4.4 Summary of Regulatory Compliance Status (per local Labor safety and Public health inspection conclusions) 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations (1 page) 5.1 Regulatory Compliance (per local EHS inspection general conclusions and recommendations) 5.2 Environmental Management Issues 5.3 Health and Safety Issues 5.4 Stakeholder Dialogue and External Reporting 5.5 EHS Performance Monitoring Protocol 5.6 Environmental Action Plan 5.7 Required further actions/studies 22 Environmental Management Framework Annexes: (i) Photo/video/CD log; (ii) Copies of Environmental Authorizations, Permits and other Documentation; Copies of Environmental and of Sanitary Inspection Protocols; (iii) Copies of made environmental payments; etc. Sub-borrower: __________________________ Signature: __________ Date: _____________ Environmental Consultant: _______________ Signature: __________ Date: _____________ 23 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex E. Impacts, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation measures for sub- projects in Agricultural Production Sector E-1 Mammalian livestock production* E-2 Poultry production* E-3 Annual crop production & plantation crop production* E-4 Aquaculture* E-5 Seeds E-6 Pedigree seeds E-7 Fertilizers application E-8 Pesticides application E-9 Agricultural machinery (tractors, winnowers, sowing machines, etc.) E-10 Vehicles E-11 Buildings for crop stock, machinery and other agricultural needs E-12 Land preparation E-13 Fuel & Lubricants’ Storage and Handling E-14 Fencing E-15 Veterinary service *Resource: Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. World Bank Group, 2007. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines 24 Table E-1. Mammalian livestock production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE TO HIGH Contribution to soil, surface Animal wastes can be either Damage to environment Wastes should be managed and Animal waste management water and groundwater liquid, slurry, or solid, disposed appropriately systems involve the pollution from generated depending on the collection, transport, storage, wastes solids content treatment, and utilization Solid waste includes waste (rather than disposal) of the feed, animal waste, and waste to reduce such adverse carcasses. impacts  Waste Feed Livestock feed includes hay, To maximize the efficiency of grain and silage. the operation and minimize wasted feed Other wastes include various kinds of packaging, used cleaning materials, and sludges from septic tanks Most of the animal waste is generated at housing, feeding, and watering locations  Animal Waste Migration of contaminants to - To arrange manure storage Manure may be used as a and pollution of surface facilities to prevent soil, surface fertilizer on agricultural land water, groundwater and air water and groundwater pollution after careful assessment of - Minimize the surface area of potential impacts due to the manure in storage presence of hazardous - Locate manure stacks away chemical and biological from water bodies constituents - Place dry manure or litter in a covered or roofed area; - Check for storage systems leakage regularly (e.g. inspect tanks for corrosion of seams) -Conduct manure spread only as Ensure that manure is applied part of well planned to agricultural land only strategy that considers potential during periods that are risks to health appropriate for its use as plant 25 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-1. Mammalian livestock production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required nutrient (generally just before the start of the growing season) Animal Carcasses Mammalian meet processing -Reduce mortalities through Animal carcasses should be proper animal care and disease properly managed and quickly prevention; disposed to prevent the spread -Store carcasses until collection, of odors using cooling if necessary to prevent putrefaction; - Where no authorized collection of carcasses is available, on-site burial may be one of the only viable alternatives, if allowed by the competent authorities Contribution to surface and Livestock operations generate Effluents due to runoff from To reduce discharges to surface Techniques for treating underground water pollution/ on-point source livestock housing, feeding, water and groundwater from industrial process wastewater Wastewater Some facilities may also and watering, waste mammalian livestock operations: in this sector include: include point sources which management facilities, and - Reuse water used for cleaning - Sedimentation for suspended typically require collection and areas of land application of milking equipment to clean solids reduction treatment prior to final manure the milking parlor; - Biological treatment, discharge - Reduce water use and spills typically anaerobic followed from animal watering by by aerobic preventing overflow treatment, for reduction of -Implement buffer zones to soluble organic matter (BOD); surface water bodies, avoiding - Biological nutrient removal land spreading of manure within for reduction in nitrogen and these areas; phosphorus; - To reduce water consumption, - Chlorination of effluent especially where it may be a when disinfection is required limited natural resource Air pollution/ Air Emissions Air emissions include Ammonia gas has a sharp and - Consider the siting of new The livestock account for 9% ammonia, methane, odors, and pungent odor can act as an facilities taking into account of anthropogenic CO2 dust (e.g. form feed storage, irritant when present in high distances to neighbors and the emissions (mostly from loading, and unloading) enough concentrations. propagation of odors; deforestation / land use - Control the temperature, changes for grazing and 26 Table E-1. Mammalian livestock production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required humidity, and other pasture for feed crops), 37% of environmental factors of manure anthropogenic methane storage to reduce emissions; emissions (mostly from enteric - Consider composting of fermentation by ruminants), manure to reduce odor and 65 percent of emissions; anthropogenic nitrous oxide - Reduce emissions and odors emissions, the majority of during land application activities which from manure. by applying a few centimeters Methane has 23 times the below the soil surface and by global warming potential selecting favorable weather (GWP) of CO2, while nitrous conditions (e.g. wind blowing oxide has 296 times the GWP away from inhabited areas); of CO2. By improving - If necessary, apply chemicals livestock production (e.g. urinase inhibitors) weekly efficiency, producers can both to reduce conversion of nitrogen increase profits and reduce to ammonia methane emissions. Methane - Control the temperature, can also be produced from humidity, and other microbial action in manure environmental factors of manure storage to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions; - Implement pasture/grazing management techniques to reduce nitrous oxide and methane emissions; - Install dust-collection systems at dusty operations, such as feed Dust reduce visibility, cause grinding;  Dust respiratory problems, and - Prevent overgrazing of facilitate the transport of pastureland; odors and diseases - Implement fugitive-dust- control measures, such as wetting frequently traveled dirt roads, as necessary Soil and water pollution/ Pesticides may be applied Pesticides and their Pesticides should be managed to Integrated Pest Management Pesticides directly to livestock or to degradation products may avoid their migration into off- (IPM) inter alia include: 27 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-1. Mammalian livestock production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required infra-structures. enter groundwater and site land or water environments - Maintain structures to keep Pesticides can also be used to surface water in solution, in by establishing their use as part out pests (e.g. plug holes, seal control predators emulsion, or bound to soil of an integrated pest gaps around doors and particles. management. windows); Some are s known to cause If the application of pesticides is - Use mechanical controls to chronic or acute health warranted, spill prevention and kill, relocate, or repel pests; hazards for humans as well as control measures consistent with - adverse ecological impacts the recommendations applicable to pesticides and other potential hazardous materials should be followed. Other impacts  Environmental Livestock access to creeks, Contaminating the water with - Prevent animals’ access to damage rivers, and other natural water animal waste, destroying surface water bodies using sources; riparian habitat, eroding the fences, buffer strips or other stream banks physical barriers;  Overgrazing Alteration of the vegetation Soil losses and a reduction in -Prevent overgrazing of composition and associated soil productivity pastureland through use of: organisms in rangelands o Rotational grazing systems based on seasonal and local ecosystem resilience (e.g. riparian zones); o through properly evaluated pasture capacities, which are from 0,3 conv. cattle capita per ha on degraded lands to 1,5 conv. cattle capita on good lands; - Use of stabling; - Not to pasture in early spring  Soil erosion and late autumn; - Use of livestock trails to reduce soil trampling and gully formation 28 Table E-1. Mammalian livestock production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required  Loss of Biodiversity -Prior or more intensive land use for livestock production, survey the area to identify natural and modified habitat types and ascertain their biodiversity value; - Ensure that any natural or modified habitat to be converted to livestock production does not contain critical habitat, - Ensure minimum disturbance to surrounding areas when managing livestock Animal diseases Animal diseases can enter a Some diseases can weaken or - Control farm animals, facility with new animals, on kill large numbers of animals equipment, personnel, and wild equipment, and on or people at an infected facility or domestic animals entering the facility; - Vehicles that go from farm to farm should be subject to special precautions such as limiting their operation, etc. - Sanitize animal housing areas; - Identify and segregate sick animals and develop procedures for adequate removal and disposal of dead animals Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW– MODERATE; Risk: LOW Table E-2. Poultry production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE TO HIGH Soil, groundwater and surface Solid waste generated during Contribution to soil pollution, water pollution/ Wastes poultry production includes surface water and waste feed, animal waste, groundwater pollution carcasses, and sediments and 29 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-2. Poultry production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required sludge from on-site wastewater treatment. Other wastes include various kinds of packaging, used cleaning materials, etc. Poultry feed primarily consists Contamination of storm water of corn and soy, although runoff, primarily due to other grains, pulses, root organic matter content crops, and substances of  Waste Feed animal origin The feed is - Protect feed from exposure to typically supplemented with rain and wind during processing, amino acids, enzymes, storage, transport and feeding; vitamins, mineral - Maintain feed storage, transport supplements, and may contain and feeding systems in good hormones antibiotics, and working condition; heavy metals - For waste feed which can not be recycled due to potential biosecurity issues, alternative Manure contains ammonia, disposal methods should be Collection, transport, storage, nitrogen, phosphorus, and secured in consultation with treatment, utilization and other excreted substances such local health authorities disposal of the waste. Manure as hormones, antibiotics, and is sometimes composted, but  Animal Waste heavy metals, as well as Air emissions of ammonia - Match feed content to the can also be stored in stacking bacteria and pathogens and other gases - a potential specific nutritional requirements sheds, roofed storage areas, risk of contamination to of the birds in their different outside and either covered or surface or groundwater production / growth stages; uncovered, or occasionally in resources through leaching - Ensure that manure storage ponds until it is ready for and runoff facilities are arranged to prevent transport to a disposal site or Pollution soil, water and food manure contamination of surface land application area. resources water and ground water (e.g. use Manure may be used as a of concrete floors, etc.) fertilizer on agricultural land - Keep waste as dry as possible, after careful assessment of including by minimizing amount potential impacts due to the of water used during cleaning ; presence of hazardous - Minimize the surface area of chemical and biological manure in storage; constituents 30 Table E-2. Poultry production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required - Locate manure piles away from water bodies, Land spread manure directly - Check for leakage regularly after batch cleaning and only (e.g. inspect tanks for corrosion during periods that are of seams), appropriate for its use as plant - Place dry manure or litter in a nutrient (generally just before covered or roofed area; start of the growing season)  Poultry Carcasses Poultry carcasses should be properly and quickly managed as they are a significant source of disease and odors, and can attract vectors. - Reduce mortalities through proper animal care and disease prevention; - Where no authorized collection of carcasses is available, on-site burial may be one of the only viable alternatives, if allowed by the authorities Contribution to surface Runoff from poultry housing, Contamination of surface -Reduce water use and spills Possible techniques for and groundwater feeding, and watering; from water and groundwater with from animal watering by wastewater treatment: pollution/ Wastewater waste storage and application nutrients, ammonia, preventing overflow - Sedimentation for suspended of manure, may generated sediment, pesticides, - Install vegetative filters to trap solids reduction non-point source effluents due pathogens, and feed sediment; - Biological treatment for to runoff additives, such as heavy - Install surface water diversions reduction of soluble organic metals, hormones, and to direct clean runoff around matter (BOD); antibiotics. areas containing waste - Chlorination of effluent Effluents from poultry - Implement buffer zones to when disinfection is required; operations typically have a surface water bodies, as - Dewatering of residuals and high content of organic appropriate to local conditions composting or land application material, as well as nutrients and requirements; of wastewater treatment and suspended solids - Avoiding land spreading of residuals of acceptable quality manure close to waterbodies -To reduce water consumption, especially where it may be a limited natural resource Air pollution/ Air Emissions Include primarily ammonia, To minimize emissions odors and dust 31 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-2. Poultry production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required  Ammonia and Odors Ammonia gas deposition into - Consider the location of new surface waters may contribute facilities taking into account to euthrophication. distances to neighbors and the Release of ammonia gas also propagation of odors; reduces the nitrogen content - Consider composting of and, therefore, the fertilizermanure to reduce odor value of the manure emissions; - Reduce emissions and odors during land application activities by applying a few centimeters below the soil surface and by selecting favorable weather conditions (e.g. wind blowing away from inhabited areas); - If necessary, apply chemicals (e.g. urinase inhibitors) weekly to reduce conversion of nitrogen to ammonia  Dust Reduce visibility, cause - Implement fugitive dust-control respiratory problems, and measures (e.g. wetting vehicle facilitate transport of odors parking lots and frequently and diseases traveled dirt roads, as necessary) Water and soil pollution/ Pesticides may be applied Pesticides and their - Maintain structures to keep out Pesticides should be managed Pesticides use directly to birds or to infra-. degradation products may pests (e.g. plug holes, seal gaps to avoid their migration into Pesticides can also be used to enter groundwater and around doors and windows); off-site land or water control predators. surface water in solution, in - Use mechanical controls (e.g. environments by establishing emulsion, or bound to soil traps, barriers, light, and sound) their use as part of an particles. Pesticides may, in to kill, relocate, or repel pests; Integrated Pest Management some instances, impair the - Use predators to control pests. - (IPM) uses of surface waters and Protect natural enemies of pests groundwater. Some pesticides by providing a favorable habitat are known to cause chronic or (e.g. bushes for nesting sites and acute health hazards for other indigenous vegetation) that humans as well as adverse can house pest predators; ecological impacts - Use good housekeeping practices; 32 Table E-2. Poultry production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required - Consider covering manure piles with geotextiles (which allow water to enter the pile and maintain composting activity) to reduce fly populations; - If pesticides are used, identify in the IPM plan the need for the pesticide and evaluate their effectiveness, to ensure that the pesticide with the least adverse impact is selected Animal Diseases Animal diseases can enter a Some diseases can weaken or To minimize the potential for the facility with new animals, or kill large numbers of animals spread of poultry pathogens: equipment, and on people. at an infected facility. Both - Establish sound biosecurity poultry manure and carcasses protocols for the entire poultry contain pathogenic organisms operation that control animals, which can infect humans, for feed, equipment, and personnel, example viruses such as entering the facility Avian Influenza (strain - Prevent the interaction of wild HN51), and parasites such as birds with feed, as this parasitical worms interaction could be a factor in the spread of avian influenza from sparrows, crows, etc. - Vehicles that go from farm to farm (e.g. transport of veterinarians, farm suppliers, buyers, etc.) should be subject to special precautions such as limiting their operation to special areas - Sanitize bird housing areas; - Identify and segregate sick birds and adequately remove and Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW– MODERATE; Risk: LOW 33 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-3. Annual crop production & plantation crop production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Water Consumption Water intake for irrigation: Stress on water resources - Select crops compatible with Water management for annual water availability in the area; crop production should aim to - Maximize the use of available optimize crop yield, while precipitation (“rain harvesting”), conserving the quantity and where feasible, by: quality of water resources o Reducing runoff by methods such as conservation tillage, terraces, and raised ridges that follow the land contour o Reduce seepage losses in channels o Control weeds on inter-row strips and keep them dry o Avoid over and under- irrigation to decrease potential for soil salinization o Maintain border vegetation in canals and drainage systems Soil erosion and loss of Poor management especially Soil degradation Soil loss prevention practices: productive capacity due to excessive use of Soil erosion may be enhanced - Use crops suited or adapted to machinery and over-intensive by heavy rainfalls, storms, the local climate and soil farming practices and steep or long slopes, and conditions; may contribute to subsequent - In areas with steep slopes, sedimentation of surface carefully consider planting zones water bodies and the direction of planting in relation to land contours to avoid erosion caused by precipitation or irrigation; - Use stone barriers, vegetative cross-slope barriers, terraces, or drainage and diversion canals to prevent wind and water erosion; - Use appropriate machinery to avoid soil compaction caused by 34 Table E-3. Annual crop production & plantation crop production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required excessively heavy equipment; - Use plant cover or intercrops and shelterbelts to reduce erosion from wind and heavy rain; - Increase the organic matter content in the soil by applying organic matter such as crop residues, compost, and manure to protect the soil physically from sun, rain, and wind and to feed soil biota; - Consider adding lime to soil maintain stable pH levels Soil, groundwater and surface Application Contamination of soil, The preference should be given Pesticides should be managed water pollution/ Pesticides groundwater and surface to alternative pest management to avoid their migration into water by pesticides/impact on strategies, with the use of off-site land or water human health and synthetic chemical pesticides as environments biodiversity a last option. Pesticide Application If pesticide application is warranted, then the following measures are recommended: -Train personnel to apply pesticides; -Review the manufacturer’s directions on maximum recommended dosage or treatment, and apply the minimum effective dose; -Avoid the use of banned and obsolete pesticides; - Use only pesticides that are labeled in accordance with approved standards and norms; - Use certified application equipment; 35 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-3. Annual crop production & plantation crop production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required - Establish untreated buffer zones or strips along water sources, rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, and ditches to help protect water resources -Store pesticides in their original packaging, in a dedicated, dry, and well aerated location ; - Mixing and transfer of pesticides should be undertaken by trained personnel in areas, dedicated for this purpose; - Purchase and store no more pesticide than needed Surface water pollution/ Nutrients input from area Eutrophication of surface - Balance nutrient application, Nutrients under the crop production water/ dissolved oxygen including considering the use of (mainly from mineral depletion reduced or no soil tillage fertilizers) techniques, nutrient recycling, one-pass soil preparation and sowing; - Use crop rotation methods to enable cultivation of leguminous plants with nitrogen fixation capabilities; - Use plants to cover the soil, especially during a fallow period to reduce loss of nutrients; - Incorporate organic waste materials into soils rather than burning; - Avoid excess fertilization; - Assess soil acidity, which is important for achieving maximum uptake of phosphates; - Not to apply solid or liquid manure directly onto grazing areas or edible crops 36 Table E-3. Annual crop production & plantation crop production Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Loss of biodiversity Soil degradation, Loss of Genetic Resources - Where possible, maximize fragmentation and disturbance and Variability reuse of residue from the of habitats, etc. previous crop on the soil surface; - Reduce soil preparation to maintain the natural soil structure; - Utilize field borders to provide wildlife corridors around fields used for annual crop production; - Provide buffer zones on farmland bordering natural or semi-natural habitats; - Promote the use of organic agricultural practices to the extent feasible Soil pollution/ Crop residues Often relate to pesticide -Recycle crop residues and other and other solid waste containers and obsolete, organic materials by leaving the expired pesticides materials in the fields, plowing, and / or composting; -Manage expired and unwanted pesticides as hazardous wastes Air pollution/ Air emissions Fuel combustion by-products -Manage emissions from farm resulting from the operation of equipment both mobile and mechanized equipment or stationary; from combustion by-products - Reduce particulate matter from the disposal or emissions by avoiding burning; destruction of crop residues. - Avoid unintended emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which may arise from open burning of pesticide treated agricultural wastes Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW– MODERATE; Risk: LOW 37 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-4. Aquaculture Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Construction phase Threats to biodiversity - Construction project cycle of Conversion of natural - Assess soil properties prior to If there is not enough clay, an aquaculture facility habitats during construction pond construction to ensure that then the ponds may - Alteration of the natural the bottom-sealing layer of the demonstrate high seepage rates hydrology of rivers or soil with percolation and require additional wetlands rates/porosity low enough to expenditure or eventual - Changes to stream hydrology satisfactorily hold pond water abandonment. caused by the construction of -Survey the project area to High seepage rates can also barriers to flow identify natural and modified pollute groundwater required habitats and ascertain their for other purposes in the biodiversity importance; vicinity with use for drinking - Design facilities so that as water a major concern much as possible of the natural vegetation habitat is left intact (e.g. through the use of vegetated buffer zones and habitat corridors) ; -Design the pond depth to reduce the need for chemical control of aquatic weeds and reduce thermal stratification Soil Erosion and Pond-based aquaculture Affect aquatic systems during - Construct pond and canal Sedimentation system construction activities, levees with a 2:1 or 3:1 slope primarily the mobilization of (based on soil type) as this adds soils and sediments stability to the pond banks and reduces erosion; Avoid pond construction in areas that have a slope of more than 2%, as this will require energy-intensive construction and maintenance; - Stabilize the embankments to prevent erosion; - Reduce excavation and disturbance of soils during construction; 38 Table E-4. Aquaculture Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required - Carry out construction work during the ‘dry’ season to reduce sediment runoff that may pollute adjacent waters; - Install temporary silt fences during construction to slow down and catch any suspended sediments Operation phase Threats to biodiversity - Construction project cycle of - Alteration of aquatic - Ensure that the area to be used an aquaculture facility habitats and substrates for aquaculture does not represent a habitat that is sensitive areas  loss of genetic - Collection of larvae, fry, or Ensure that the area to be used resources juveniles for aquaculture for aquaculture does not production; represent or includes high Potential release of artificially biodiversity value, such as propagated seed into the wild known sites of critically stock; endangered or endangered - Sustainability of fish meal species, or important wildlife and fish oil ingredients for fish breeding, feeding, and staging and crustacean feeds; areas; - Development of antibiotic -Be aware of the presence of resistance in pathogenic critically endangered or bacteria that can then spread endangered species in the areas from farms to wild stock already used for aquaculture production, and implement management processes that take them into account  Introduction of alien Interactions with the wild Introductions can disturb the - Farming of sterile fish; The widespread seeding of an species existing ecological balance; - Preventing the escape of alien genotype is of cause loss of species species from pond-based considerable concern both as biodiversity; cause loss of aquaculture systems; regards species biodiversity genetic diversity of the wild - When necessary, consider and genetic biodiversity 39 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-4. Aquaculture Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required populations; reduce fitness of chemical treatment of water wild population through released from hatcheries (e.g. breeding with genetically with chlorine at acceptable altered escapees; and result in concentrations for the receiving the transmission or spread of waters) to destroy escaping fish diseases larvae or juveniles - To ensure that the pond embankments are high enough to contain the pond water and prevent escape of the species during periods of heavy rainfall and potential flooding - Preventing the escape of species from open water aquaculture systems. - Provide adequate marking of the fish farm system Contamination of Aquatic Aquaculture activities, Affect aquatic systems during - Regularly monitor feed uptake Pond ecosystems have a Ecosystems particularly pond-based operation activities, the to determine whether it is being limited capacity to recycle system release of effluents consumed and adjust feeding organic matter and nutrients, rates accordingly; and increasing the stocking  through contaminated Release of effluents or Contamination of water by -- Spread feed as evenly as rate removes this capacity, wastewater discharges communication to receiving nutrients (creation of possible; resulting in the build-up of water from unconfined process euthrophication zones), -Perform slaughter and - organic matter, nitrogenous and storage tanks (such as suspended solids , etc. processing in an area where the waste, and phosphorus both in ponds and lagoons) Particulate effluent is contained; the water mass and on the organic matter and erosion of - Avoid discharging waters from bottom of the pond pond floor, walls and ponds while they are being discharge channels harvested with nets; The management strategy is to - If feasible, use partial draining (i) reduce the amount of techniques to empty ponds contamination of the effluent; that have been harvested; (ii) prevent pond effluent from - After harvest, hold the entering surrounding water remaining water in the pond for bodies; and (iii) treat the a number of days before effluent before its release into discharge, or transfer to a the receiving waters to reduce separate treatment facility. contaminant levels. 40 Table E-4. Aquaculture Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required -Plan the rate and mode of Aquaculture operations in application of fertilizers to large water bodies, however, maximize utilization and prevent are open to the surrounding over-application; environment and do not have - Conduct pond fertilization to the second or third options, avoid or minimize consequences therefore any contamination of potential runoff due to floods takes effect immediately or heavy rain and avoid application to overflowing ponds Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW Table E-5. Seeds Mitigation/prevention Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Remarks required Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Soil, groundwater and surface Surface water pollution by Avoid excess fertilization (for water pollution/ Use of nutrients resulting in other fertilize-related measures chemical fertilizers, and waterbodies eutrophication refer to Table E-3 Annual Crop pesticides Water and soil pollution by Production & Plantation Crop pesticides/ impact on human Production); health and biodiversity - Avoid the use of banned and obsolete pesticides - Use only pesticides that are labeled in accordance with international standards and norms (for other pesticide- related measures refer to Table E-3) Risk for introduction of Transfer of introduced genes to Genetic drift into other areas - Use certified crop seeds that genetically modified plant other species (possibly weedy where GMOs are not wanted do not contain seeds from seed or invasive), unanticipated invasive alien species; impact on beneficial insects, or -The introduction of GMO increased pest resistance. crops should be assessed for Another concern related to the compliance with the existing introduction or export of plants host country regulatory 41 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-5. Seeds Mitigation/prevention Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Remarks required and plant products is the framework for such potential for introduction of introductions pests Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW– MODERATE; Risk: LOW Table E-6. Pedigree seeds Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE – HIGH Prevention/ Mitigation Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Remarks required Risk of introduction of Genetic drift into other areas - Use certified crop seeds that GoM has a policy of banning genetically modified where GMOs are not wanted; do not contain seeds from GMOs however there is little organisms enhanced by input Development of pesticide invasive alien species; control on their entry into the of pesticides resistant weeds -The introduction of GMO country crops should be assessed for compliance with the existing host country regulatory framework for such introductions Water and soil pollution Increased use of high levels of Soil and water contamination Determination and application In general terms, high chemical fertilizers and leading to modified aquatic of optimum quantities and yielding varieties (HYV) pesticides. ecosystems. scheduling for fertilizers; require large inputs to Development and achieve expected results – implementation of the plant species and varieties Integrated Pest Management would have to be examined (IPM) program; on a case by case basis; close Use of organic farming liaison with MAIA required. techniques (for other fertilizer- Currently, organic farming and pesticide-related measures techniques are commonly refer to Table E-3) used currently and may be applied, where needed Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW – MODERATE; Risk: MODERATE 42 Table E-7. Fertilizers application Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE TO HIGH (cumulative impact) Direct Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Soil degradation/ Reduction Reliance on chemical fertilizers Modified soil structure and-Apply organic matter, such as To develop application rates in soil organic content which do not have an organic reduction in soil moisture manure, to replace chemical and best land husbandry and component – less reliance on fertilizers to the extent holding capacity; increase in crop rotation plans compost material and manure practical; soil acidity. In the long run, for meeting soil fertility -Incorporate manure into the possible loss of productivity as requirements. soil or apply between growing a result of insufficient soil moisture; loss of soil’s natural crops to improve plant fertility utilization of nutrients and thereby reduce nutrient loss etc. Air pollution Emission of greenhouse gases Contribution to global warming - Where feasible, use biofuels from chemical fertilizers. resulting in climate change instead of fossil energy to reduce net GHG emissions; - Adopt reduced tillage options to increase the carbon storage capacity of soils Water pollution Nutrient enrichment of water Eutrophication of water bodies -Time the application of crop To develop and implement bodies from fertilizer runoff Modified aquatic ecosystems nutrients using meteorological the most appropriate to the information to avoid, where area land and crop practices feasible, application during or Impact form a single close to precipitation events; husbandry will not be -Use appropriate technical significant but cumulatively, equipment for spraying manure; over many husbandries -Establish buffer zones, strips, within the same watershed or other “no-treatment” areas the impact could be along water sources, rivers, significant streams, ponds, lakes, and ditches to act as a filter to catch potential runoff from the land Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW – MODERATE Table E-8. Pesticides application* Significance of Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (cumulative impact) Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remark Diseases/ Illness Improper handling, application Increased healthcare costs; lost Proper handling and use of and storage of pesticides. work time; lost family income. pesticides; 43 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-8. Pesticides application* Significance of Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (cumulative impact) Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remark Consumption of crops with Proper storage of pesticides; high levels of pesticide Use only approved pesticides; residues Sanitary measures (proper cleaning, washing etc.) (for other measures refer to Table E-3) Soil contamination Residual pesticides in soil. Loss of soil productivity; long Use of approved pesticides and term loss / altered soil micro- recommended application fauna important to soil / plant rates, scheduling and mode of relationships. application (for other measures refer to Table E-3) Loss of biodiversity Pesticide ingestion by fauna. Loss of fauna Use of approved pesticides and recommended application rates, scheduling and mode of application (for other measures refer to Table E-3) Water pollution Ground and surface water Impaired health of local and Use of approved pesticides and International waterways may contamination. downstream water consumers; recommended application be affected. increased health costs; lost rates, scheduling and mode of Pesticide use not likely work time; lost family income application (for other measures significant on a single Damage to aquatic ecosystems refer to Table E-3) husbandry but cumulatively on Loss of biodiversity. many farms within the same watershed, impact could be significant Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: MODERATE; Risk: HIGH * Note: More detailed description of the pesticides application and handling is presented in the Table E-3. Annual crop production & plantation crop production Chapter “Pest Management Issues” in the main text. Table E-9. Agricultural Machinery (tractors, winnowers, sowing machines, etc.) Significance of Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE TO HIGH Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Soil and water pollution Contamination from machine Loss of soil productivity Good practices to be carried out This is a minor impact and fuels and lubricants. Decrease of crop production by equipment operators awareness to operators to Deterioration of potable water Agricultural machinery should refuel under safe conditions is quality be kept in good conditions all that would be required. 44 Table E-9. Agricultural Machinery (tractors, winnowers, sowing machines, etc.) Significance of Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE TO HIGH Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Fuels and lubricants are to be stored and handled in devoted areas, etc. Air pollution CO2 releases Contribution to greenhouse To ensure that all machinery gasses and global warming. engines are efficient and well maintained Soil erosion Tillage against the contour Increase surface runoff Tillage on the contour To advise farmers on proper contributing to increased tilling techniques with tractors surface waterbodies alluviation Reduced soil percolation capacity, etc. Soil compaction Use of heavy machinery Soil erosion and alluviation of Ensure equipment of a size that Large farms require more waterbodies suitable for soil conditions machinery Poor water permeability of the soil profile/ decrease of soil moisture, etc. Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW Table E-10. Vehicles Potential Overall Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks 2 Air pollution CO emissions Contribution to global Efficient engines warming/ climate change. Where possible, to use biofuel Soil and water pollutin Use, handing and storage of Leakages into soil and To maintan engine a good fuel and lublicants groundwater condtions to avoid machine oil leakages To use specially organized sites for handling and storage of fuel and lublicants For other measures refer to Table E-13 Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW 45 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table E-11. Buildings for crop stock, machinery and other agricultural needs Potential Overall Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Soil degradation/ Loss of Improper location of Reduced income from lower Location of buildings in sites This is not likely to be an productive topsoil buildings amount of crop production with low soil productivity; important consideration Proper design to minimize area under construction For other measures refer to Table E-1 Construction activities Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW Table E-12 Land preparation Significance of Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE TO HIGH Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Soil erosion Land preparation during rains Loss of topsoil and soil - Appropriate contour Should be implemented Cultivation against the productivity ploughing; jointly with use of other good contour Decrease of soil moisture - Optimal ploughing schedules husbandry practices Long fallow period followed Waterbodies alluviation to ensure minimal time for including maintenance of by ploughing Impact on aquatic ecosystem exposed soil. cropping residues (i.e. no modified Appropriate agricultural open burning), etc. Increased impact of floods practices (e.g. shallow tilling and drought and minimum tillage) For other measures refer to Table E-3 Annual Crop Production and Plantation Crop Production Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: HIGH Table E-13. Fuel & Lubricants’ Storage and Handling Potential Overall Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Loss of productive land Improper location of Reduced income from lower Location of buildings on sites This is not likely to be a buildings. crop production. with low productivity; major consideration. efficient design to minimize space required. Water pollution. Improper disposal of used Pollution of ground and Construction to include 46 Table E-13. Fuel & Lubricants’ Storage and Handling Potential Overall Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks lubricants and improper surface water results in impermeable flooring and handling of fuels and deterioration surface water bunds to prevent leachate and lubricants used for drinking water runoff Leachate of fuel and supply, affects aquatic lubricants into groundwater ecosystems & associated and surface runoff to water biodiversity bodies Soil contamination Improper storage and Loss of soil productivity. Proper storage and handling of Leaded gasoline is prohibited handling of fuels and Lost revenue fuel; for use in Moldova lubricants Deterioration of water quality Containment of fuel containers Improper disposal of waste used for domestic and within concrete bounded area; lubricants irrigation water supplies proper disposal of waste Impact to human health lubricants. Impact to livestock though improper watering; Altered and damaged aquatic ecosystems Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW Table E-14. Fencing Significance of Overall Potential Impacts: Low Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Social disruptions Exclusion of certain people Prolonged legal procedures Consultation with affected This is not likely to be a or groups from land to which and ill feelings within groups or people ensuring equal problem; they have had traditional community voice for women; Public consultation should access either for use or for Where required, establishment identify any potential passage of easement conditions. problems; Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE Table E-15. Veterinary services (associated with Mammalian Livestock and Poultry Production activities) Significance of Overall Potential Impacts: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Potential Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Possible human diseases Ingestion of meat products Lost job & and income Use of organic methods of Only approved drugs and 47 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project containing hormones, livestock husbandry; hormones should be used. antibiotics and other Minimal application of only chemicals indeed necessary drugs Soil and water contamination. Insecticides used in dip tanks Contaminated soil and water Proper containment and Antibiotics and other is not used for cultivation disposal of dip tank liquids to chemicals used in veterinary. Contaminated of water for avoid soil and water irrigation purposes; contamination. Impact on downstream aquatic ecosystems For other measures refer to Tables C-1 Mammalian livestock production & C-2 Poultry production Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE 48 Annex F. Impacts, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation measures for sub- projects in Agro-processing & Food production Sectors F-1 Poultry & meet processing* F-2 Slaughter-houses F-3 Poultry & meat packing F-4 Dairy* F-5 Vegetable oil processing* F-6 Sugar manufacturing* F-7 Food and beverage processing* F-8 Breweries* F-9 Vegetable processing and canning* F-10 Frozen food production F-11 Flour milling F-12 Warehousing F-13 Markets * Resource: Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. World Bank Group, 2007. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines 49 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-1. Poultry & meet processing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Soil, groundwater and surface Slaughtering and rendering Poultry: the carcass yield is, Poultry: Provision of adequate water pollution/ Solid organic activities on average, 75% of the live slurry storage capacity for wastes and by-products bird weight excreta until it is transported for disposal or for use as agricultural fertilizer Meet: Waste products and Meet: continuously collect by- by-products of slaughtering products dry and segregated processes The quantity of by- from each other, along the length products from cattle often of the slaughter-line and exceeds 50%of the animal’s throughout animal by-products live weight, and 10 to 20% treatment; optimise bleeding and for pigs the collection of blood; use Special Risk Materials sealed, storage, handling and (SRM) charging facilities for animal by- products Animal and birds diseases Birds: Highly Pathogenic Batch of birds delivered to the Other birds and human Poultry: Birds must be stored Avian Influenza (HPAI) slaughterhouse is suspected of diseases. separately to avoid contact with infection with Highly healthy birds Pathogenic Avian Influenza - HPAI should be suspected (HPAI) when the dead-on-arrival frequency is abnormally high, and in connection with other symptoms - If HPAI is confirmed, the entire carcass of the dead birds should be handled as high risk material and transported safely to a rendering facility. - The slaughterhouse should be cleaned and disinfected, and a minimum operational shutdown of 24 hours should be applied etc. 50 Table F-1. Poultry & meet processing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Livestock: bovine spongiform Livestock: should be separated encephalopathy (BSE), etc. and transported to external facilities in separate containers for treatment and final disposal. - Tissue of a livestock treated as Special Risk Material should be destroyed through incineration with a minimum gas temperature of 850oC; - Collecting animals not approved by veterinary inspection and segregating them from animal materials sent by the slaughterhouse for off-site rendering Soil and water pollution/ Poultry and meat processing Surface water, groundwater Poultry: Sludge Treatment and operators and soil pollution - Reuse of high-quality, low risk Disposal by-products; - Disposal of fat at landfills if it cannot be used for biogas production Livestock: -Reuse materials that may be separated from pretreatment processes in the manufacture of high-quality by-products (e.g. pet food or technical fat for manufacturing); -If no other alternatives are feasible, dispose of fat at landfills 51 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-1. Poultry & meet processing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Surface and groundwater Poultry processing activities Poultry & Meet: Poultry: pollution/ Wastewater Effluents with high content of - Organic materials to collect organic matter, nitrogen, separately for recycling; phosphorus, residues of -Ensuring that leakage from chemicals, pathogens animal by-product storage containers is avoided; -Use of dripping trays to collect blood to transport to the blood tank rather than into the wastewater stream; Application of appropriate tank and equipment cleaning procedures -Choosing cleaning agents and application rates that do not have adverse impacts on the environment, or on wastewater treatment processes and sludge quality for agricultural application Meet process activities Meet: - Prioritize the removal of solid waste before it enters the wastewater stream; - Collect blood for use in food, feed or in the pharmaceutical industry; -Prevent direct runoff to water courses, especially from manure storage areas, etc Water Consumption Poultry & Meet processing Stress on water resources - Optimizing water consumption operations for rinsing and cooling without jeopardizing food safety; -Prefer a dry cleaning process areas before cleaning with water 52 Table F-1. Poultry & meet processing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air emissions Poultry & meet processing Poultry:  Odor -Maintenance of clean live bird handling areas by removing fecal matter and dead birds on a daily basis; -Reducing the inventory of raw carcasses, waste, and byproducts and minimizing any storage to short periods of time in a cold, closed, well-ventilated area. - Dead birds, waste, and byproducts should not be stored in open spaces, where possible Meet: singeing, scalding, Meet: Odor may often be the Meet: wastewater treatment and most significant form of air -Consider the location of new rendering pollution facilities, taking into account proper distances to neighbors and the propagation of odors; Pasteurize organic material before processing it to halt biological processes that generate odor; -Clean pens and livestock yards on a timely basis; -Empty and clean fat traps frequently Meet: -Clean and maintain a sufficient  Dust level of humidity in pens and livestock yards; Reduce fugitive dust by minimizing surface areas with exposed soil surfaces, and by planting hedges or erecting fences to minimize wind turbulence, etc. 53 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-1. Poultry & meet processing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Prevention/ mitigation Sources/ causes Consequences Remarks impacts required Energy Consumption Heating of water and Stress on natural resources Poultry & Meet: producing steam for process - Control of water levels and applications, cleaning recirculation of water; purposes and operation of - Improvement in cooling mechanical and electrical efficiency by insulating equipment, refrigeration, and refrigeration room / areas and air compressors doors; installation of an automatic door closing mechanism, etc. Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW Table F-2. Slaughter-houses (this item is combined with a Poultry and Meet Processing) Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to threat to human health) Potential Impacts Cause Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Contaminated meat Poor sanitary conditions Consumers become ill; lost Provision of protective including lack of protective work days; lost productivity clothing; effective use of clothing and ineffective and income; abattoir’s disinfectants; effective sanitary maintenance; processing of sick reputation leads to lost inspections leading to required and diseased animals. business. standards being met; effective regulatory animal and meat inspection. Contaminated groundwater Improper disposal of animal Contaminated drinking water Ground waste bone, meat and Current ban on using such and surface water manure and offal as well as (E. coli) resulting in illness offal into flour for animal feed flour as animal feed in other bones and other non-useable (possibly death), lost (see remarks); blood can be countries due to threat of animal parts including blood. productivity and income. used for blood sausage; other spongiform encephalitis water and blood waste must be (BCE-mad cow disease) collected and treated before which can result in deadly proper disposal into municipal Jacob Kreifeldt disease in waste treatment systems; humans for those consuming manure should be recycled or meat of infected animals. allowed to mature in an impervious containment – mature manure can be applied as fertilizer for crop production 54 Table F-2. Slaughter-houses (this item is combined with a Poultry and Meet Processing) Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to threat to human health) Potential Impacts Cause Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks or on pastures. Odour Manure; refrigerants (NH3); Nuisance to nearby residents. Avoid escaping NH3; maintain animals and carcasses. good sanitary conditions; dispose of manure in a timely fashion. Ozone depletion Refrigeration and freezing units Increase in UV rays resulting in Convert refrigerants from MD is party to the Vienna utilizing Freon or ammonia. skin cancer if proper protection ozone depleting substances Convention and the Montreal is not taken; can also affect (NH3 and chlorofluorocarbons) Protocol on ozone-depleting plant health. to a hydrofluorocarbon substances. Lowering of groundwater Large volumes of water used in Exhausting of groundwater Water apportioning; efficient Of particular concern when table washing. resources use of water including planning a new abattoir that recycling. water resources are sufficient to meet needs of present and future users Injuries Knives and saws used in the Lost productivity, work days Safety instructions; safety processing; large and heavy and income. clothing where appropriate (e.g. animal carcasses can fall and hard hats). cause injury. General Remark For sites with more than one activity to minimize consumption and emission levels the BAT is for slaughterhouses to have processing plants and meat poultry cutting plants on the same site Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Environmental Risk: MODERATE Table F-3. Poultry & meat packing (this activity is often combined with a Poultry and Meat Processing) Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to threat to human health threat) Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Contaminated meat Poor sanitary conditions Consumers become ill; lost Provision of protective including lack of protective work days; lost productivity clothing; effective use of clothing and ineffective and income; disinfectants; effective sanitary maintenance; processing of Meat packing enterprise loses inspections leading to required contaminated meat from reputation resulting in lost standards being met; effective 55 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-3. Poultry & meat packing (this activity is often combined with a Poultry and Meat Processing) Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (due to threat to human health threat) Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks slaughter-house sales, lost revenue and loss of regulatory animal and meat job inspection; assurance that carcasses and meat joints delivered are free of contamination and have been refrigerated adequately Contaminated groundwater Improper disposal of bones and Illness Ground waste bone and fat into Current ban on using such and surface water fat flour for animal feed (see flour as animal feed in other remarks). countries and other places due to threat of spongiform encephalopathy (BSE-mad cow disease) which can result in deadly Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) disease in humans for those consuming meat of infected animals Disease Improper disposal of wastes Lost workdays and income. Appropriate disposal of waste. into municipal disposal sites providing ideal habitat for vermin. Illness Canning uses lead solder for Lead (Pb), a carcinogen, is Use tin (Sn) for soldering or can seams. cumulative in humans. adopt other appropriate sealing methods. Solid waste Canning material scrap. Wasted resource. Recycle back to processor. Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE Table F-4. Dairy Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Contribution to surface water Silk solids (e.g. protein, fat, Significant organic content, To prevent contamination of pollution/ Wastewater carbohydrates, and lactose) high salinity levels; other wastewater: Salting activities during cheese pollutants: acids, alkali, and -Avoid milk, product, and by- detergents, etc. as well as product losses; 56 Table F-4. Dairy Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required pathogenic microorganisms -Install grids to reduce or avoid and viruses the introduction of solid materials into the wastewater drainage system; -Adopt best-practice methods for facility cleaning systems, using approved chemicals and / or detergents with minimal environmental impact and compatibility with subsequent wastewater treatment processes Soil, groundwater and surface Production processes Nonconforming products and -Where possible and subject to water pollution/ Solid Waste product losses, grid and filter sanitary requirements, segregate residues, sludge from solid process waste and non- centrifugal separators and conforming products; wastewater treatment, and -Optimize product filling and packaging waste packaging equipment to avoid product- and packaging-material waste; -Optimize the design of packaging material to reduce the volume of waste - Plastic waste from packaging cuttings can be reused, or should be sorted as plastic waste for off- site recycling or disposal, etc. Air Pollution/ Air Emissions Dairy processing activities Fine milk powder residues in Installation of exhaust  Dust the exhaust air from the spray ventilation equipped with dry drying systems and bagging powder retention systems (e.g. of product cyclones or bag filters)  Odor Dairy processing -Ensure wastewater treatment facilities are related to on-site facilities are properly designed wastewater treatment facilities, and maintained for the in addition to fugitive odor anticipated wastewater load; emissions from - Keep all working and storage 57 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-4. Dairy Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to human health threat) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required filling/emptying milk tankers areas clean; and storage silos - Empty and clean the fat trap frequently (e.g. daily emptying and weekly cleaning); -Minimize stock of waste and by-products and store for short periods in cold, closed, and well- ventilated rooms Energy consumption Dairy processing facilities Stress on natural resources -Reduce heat loss by : Approximately 80% of the consume considerable - Using continuous, instead of energy requirements are for amounts of energy batch, pasteurizers; thermal uses to generate hot - Partially homogenizing milk to water and produce steam for reduce the size of heat process applications (e.g. exchangers; pasteurization, evaporation, - Improve cooling efficiency and milk drying) and cleaning purposes. The remaining 20% is used as electricity to drive processing machinery, refrigeration, ventilation, and lighting Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE Table F-5. Vegetable oil processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Soil, groundwater and surface Vegetable oil processing -Use uncontaminated sludge and The amount of waste water pollution/ Solid waste activities generate significant effluent from on-site wastewater generated depends on the and by-products quantities of organic solid treatment as fertilizer in quality of the raw materials waste and by-products. agricultural applications; and the use or reprocessing of . Other solid wastes from the -Dispose of contaminated sludge the discarded materials into vegetable oil manufacturing from wastewater treatment at a commercially viable by- process include soap stock and sanitary landfill or by products spent acids from chemical incineration. 58 Table F-5. Vegetable oil processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required refining of crude oil; spent - Reduce product losses through bleaching earth containing better production control (e.g. gums, metals, and pigments; monitor and adjust air humidity deodorizer distillate from the to prevent product losses caused steam distillation of refined by the formation of molds on edible oils; mucilage from edible materials) degumming; and spent catalysts and filtering aid from the hardening process Contribution to surface water Oil washing and neutralization -Use emulsion breaking pollution/ Wastewater (waters contain organic, high techniques to segregate high content of suspended solids, BOD and COD oils from organic nitrogen, and oil and wastewater; fat, and may contain pesticide - Use grids to cover drains in the residues from the treatment of production area and to prevent the raw materials solid wastes and concentrated liquids from entering the wastewater stream; - Select disinfection chemicals to match the cleaning operation being applied on the process equipment to the type of problem; - Apply cleaning chemicals using the correct dose and application; -When feasible, replace phosphoric acid with citric acid in degumming Water consumption Vegetable oil facilities require Stress on water resources - When economically viable, significant amounts of water consider the use of physical for crude oil production refining instead of chemical (cooling water), chemical refining to reduce water neutralization processes, and consumption; subsequent washing and - Recover condensate from 59 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-5. Vegetable oil processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required deodorization heating processes and reuse; - Close the cooling water circuit and re-circulate cooling waters Air pollution/ Air Emissions Vegetable oil processing Combustion byproducts such To prevent and control dust:  Particulate matter Dust: - from processing of raw as NOx, SOx, PM, volatile - Ensure proper maintenance of materials, including cleaning, organic compounds (VOCs), cleaning, screening, and crushing screening, and crushing and greenhouse gases (CO equipment to reduce emissions and CO2) of fugitive dust; - Reduce odor emissions with a caustic, alkaline, or ozone scrubber system  Volatile Organic Use of oil-extraction solvents, To prevent and control VOCs: Compounds (VOCs) normally hexane - Ensure the efficient recovery of solvent by distillation of the oil from the extractor;  Exhaust Gases - Management strategy is a reduction in energy demand, use of cleaner fuels; - Application of emissions controls, where required, etc. Water and energy consumption Heating of water and Stress on water and other To use energy and water save producing steam for process natural resources technologies and machinery applications (especially for soap splitting and deodorization) and cleaning processes Refrigeration and compressed air Illness Cold pressed oil contains high Severe diseases resulting in Use alternative pressing process amounts of fatty acids and lower labor efficiency and pesticide residues. income Injuries Open machinery Lost productivity, work days Safety instructions; safety and income. clothing where appropriate (e.g. hard hats); protective guards on all machinery. 60 Table F-5. Vegetable oil processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE Table F-6. Sugar manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Soil, groundwater and surface Mainly, from primary - Use beet leaves and roots as an The amount of waste water pollution/ Solid waste treatment of raw materials: energy-rich feed; generated depends on the and by-products leaves from beet, press mud, - Collect waste products, (e.g. quality of the raw materials plant with the raw material beet tops from the washing themselves and on the initial Other solid wastes from the process) for use in by-products cleaning in the field. sugar manufacturing process or as animal feed; The generation of higher include spent filter material - Convert beet pulp into feed quality waste can provide (e.g. for cattle); opportunities for reprocessing - Remove soil and earth from the of otherwise discarded raw beet while in the field and before materials into commercially transport to reduce the risk of viable by-products (e.g. paper spreading pesticide residues; making and particle board -Compost organic solids from manufacturing) press mud to make high-quality organic manure for agricultural production Contribution to surface water Wastewater has a high content - Reduce the organic load of Techniques for treating pollution/ Wastewater of organic material and wastewater by preventing the industrial process wastewater subsequently a high, entry of solid wastes and in this sector include particularly because of the concentrated liquids into the preliminary filtration for presence of sugars and organic wastewater stream: separation of filterable solids; material arriving with the beet o Implement dry pre-cleaning of flow and load equalization; Wastewater resulting from the raw material, equipment, and sedimentation for suspended washing of incoming raw production areas before wet solids reduction using materials may also contain cleaning clarifiers; biological treatment, crop pests, pesticide residues, o Allow beet to dry on field if typically anaerobic followed and pathogens possible, by aerobic treatment, for o Prevent direct runoff to reduction of soluble organic watercourses, especially from matter, etc. 61 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-6. Sugar manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Water Consumption Sugar manufacturing requires Stress on water resources tank overflows considerable quantities of high Application of water saving quality water for raw material technologies, where possible cleaning, sugar extraction, final sugar washing, and cooling and cleaning equipment. Steam is essential to the evaporation and heating of the various process steps in sugar processing Air pollution/ Air emissions - Dust is generated from Particulate Matter and Dust: unpaved access roads and - Use wet scrubbers to remove areas, and sugar drying or dust from drying and cooling of packing activities sugar; - Odor emissions are generated - Reduce fugitive dust from from beet processing activities roads and areas by cleaning and and storage facilities. maintaining a sufficient level of - Beet factory juice humidity; clarification produces a sweet - Install ventilation systems with odor, which can be irritating. filters on transport systems for - Inadequate cleaning of the dry sugar and on sugar packing raw material may result in equipment fermented juice, which will Odor: also create a foul smell - Keep beet processing and storage facilities clean to avoid the accumulation and fermentation of juice; - Use wet scrubbers to remove odors with a high affinity to water (e.g. the ammonia emitted from the drying of beet pulp); - Ensure that vapor from the carbonation section is emitted from a stack of sufficient height Energy Consumption Sugar manufacturing facilities Stress on water and other Industry specific measures: Reducing energy consumption 62 Table F-6. Sugar manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required use energy to heat water and natural resources - Ensure even energy will have a positive effect on produce steam for process consumption by management of air emissions applications and cleaning batch processes (e.g. centrifuges, purposes vacuum pans) to schedule energy demand and equalize steam demand on the boilers; - Combine drying of beet pulp with the main energy system in the facility; - Select the operating conditions of the boiler and steam turbine system to match the heat-power ratio of the utility system to that of the facility Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW Table F-7. Food and beverage processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Soil, groundwater and surface Raw materials Environmental pollution - Minimize inventory storage water pollution/ Solid waste Food and beverage processing time for raw materials to reduce activities generate significant losses from putrefaction; volumes of organic solid waste - Monitor and regulate in the form of inedible refrigeration and cooling systems materials and rejected products during storage and processing from sorting, grading and activities to minimize product other production processes loss, optimize energy Where meat products are the consumption, and prevent odors; raw material, solid waste - Monitor and optimize process generated during processing yields, e.g. during manual may include organic materials grading or cutting activities, and that have the potential to encourage the most productive significantly impact food employees to train others in 63 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-7. Food and beverage processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required safety due to the proliferation efficient processing; of pathogenic microorganisms - Clean, sort, and grade raw foodstuffs at an early stage in order to reduce organic waste and substandard products at the processing facility - Collect and reuse rejected raw materials for manufacturing other products; - Provide leak-proof containers for collected solid and liquid waste- Surface and groundwater Effluents from food and The effluent load should be Techniques for treating pollution/ Wastewater beverage processing may have reduced by preventing raw industrial process wastewater a high biochemical and materials, intermediates, product, in this sector include grease chemical oxygen demand by-product and wastes from traps, skimmers or oil water resulting from organic wastes unnecessarily entering the separators for separation of entering into the wastewater wastewater system floatable solids; flow and load stream, and from the use of equalization; sedimentation for chemicals and detergents in suspended solids reduction various processes, including using clarifiers; biological cleaning, pathogenic bacteria, treatment, typically anaerobic pesticide residues, suspended followed by aerobic treatment, and dissolved solids such as for reduction of soluble fibers and soil particles, organic matter; composting or nutrients and microbes, and land application of wastewater variable pH treatment residuals of acceptable quality may be possible Water consumption Food and beverage processing Stress on water resources - Minimize water consumed activities, e.g. washing, during production processes: internal transport of raw o Optimize product conveying materials using water, cooling systems to reduce contact of raw of blanched foods, and general material and product with water; equipment cleansing - Optimize process line 64 Table F-7. Food and beverage processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required operations to avoid spills of raw materials and water, reducing the need to wastewater treatment and associated energy consumption; - Reuse water streams in the production processes to the maximum extent possible while avoiding water contamination or compromising food safety: o Adopt best-practice methods for plant cleaning chemicals and (or) detergents with minimal environmental impact and compatibility with subsequent wastewater treatment processes Thermal energy consumption Heating, cooling, refrigeration Stress on natural resources o Insulate refrigeration room/areas and use of automatically closing doors and airlocks o Insulate refrigeration rooms / areas -Optimize plant processes for energy efficiency o Reduce the size of refrigeration rooms where feasible, but still taking food safety into consideration o Avoid refrigeration of fruits, vegetables and byproducts intended for animal feed by storing outside in clean covered areas or in containers, when climate conditions and plant design allow 65 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-7. Food and beverage processing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air Emissions  Particulate matter Particulate matter may arise To prevent and control from solids handling, solid particulate matter emissions: reduction and drying. - Cover skips and vessels, and stockpiles, especially outdoors; - Where enclosure is not feasible, use sprays, windbreaks, sweeping, sprinkling, and other stockpile management techniques to suppress dust;  Odor Odor may be released by To prevent and control point thermal processing steps such source odor emissions: as steam peeling, blanching - If the plant is in close and dehydrating and by proximity to residential areas microbial action in stored solid consider the use of wet scrubbers waste. to remove odor emissions. In meat processing, odor may Recommended techniques to also be emitted from cooking prevent and control fugitive and smoking activities emissions of odor include: - Minimize storage duration for solid waste to avoid putrefaction; - Operate facilities under partial vacuum to prevent fugitive odor emission; - Regular inspection of chilling and freezing equipment to monitor loss of refrigerants Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE Table F-8. Breweries Overall Potential Impact: LOW 66 Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Energy consumption Brewery processes are Stress on natural resources - Install energy and water meters Specific energy consumption relatively intensive users of to measure and control in a brewery can vary from both electrical and thermal consumption throughout the 100-200 mega joules per energy. facility; hectoliter (MJ/hl), depending - Use high-gravity brewing, on size, sophistication, etc. where beer is produced at greater than sales strength and diluted to the finished product alcohol content before packaging; -Control and optimize evaporation in wort boiling - Optimize heating of tunnel pasteurizers and consider pasteurization unit control; - Optimize refrigeration system operations; - Optimize the operation of large electric motors by: o Examining opportunities to install variable speed drives, particularly for secondary refrigerant and water pumps Water consumption In addition to water for the Stress on water resources - Limit water used in worth More than 90% of beer is product, breweries use water cooling to the volume needed for water and an efficient brewery for heating and cooling, mashing; will use between 4–7 liters of cleaning packaging vessels, - Allow the storage level of water to produce 1l liters of production machinery and recovered water tanks to beer process areas, cleaning fluctuate, thereby using storage vehicles, and sanitary water. capacity. Water is also lost through wort - Implement water conservation boiling and with spent grains measures in the bottle washers - Optimize cleaning plants and procedures to avoid unnecessary losses of water and cleaning chemicals, etc. Contribution to surface water To reduce organic load: pollution/ Wastewater - Undertake procedural improvements to reduce the 67 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-8. Breweries Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required amount of residual beer; - Avoid overfilling of fermenting vessels which causes loss of partially-fermented worth and yeast; - Ensure sedimentation of caustics from the bottle washer Soil, groundwater and surface Beer production results in a - Optimal use of raw materials to These residues have a water pollution/ Solid waste variety of residues, such as increase yield and reduce commercial value and can be and by-products spent grains generation of wastes, including: sold as byproducts to the o Optimizing milling of the grist agricultural sector o Optimizing lautering, incl. sufficient sparging of the spent grains; o Recovery of beer from surplus yeast o Collection and reuse of residual beer; o Collecting and reusing yeast from the fermentation process as a by-product Air pollution/ Air emissions Odor and dust are the most significant air emissions from breweries.  Odor The wort boiling process is the To reduce odor emissions from main source of odor emissions worth boiling from a brewery.  Dust The main sources of dust Dust generated from the Dust arising from malt and emissions are the use and unloading of raw materials and adjuncts may be used as storage of grains & sugar transport of malt and adjuncts animal feed should be conveyed to the mash or adjunct kettle and the extract recovered Probable Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE 68 Table F-9. Vegetable processing and canning Overall Potential Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Water pollution Residue from vegetable and Damage to aquatic ecosystems Compost vegetative waste. fruits allowed to be dumped (high organic resulting in into surface waters. dissolved oxygen depletion). Soil, groundwater and Raw material, canning Recycle metal back to metal surface water pollution/ material scrap, etc processor. Solid waste Diseases/ illness Canning uses lead solder for Lead (Pb), a carcinogen, is Use tin (Sn) for soldering or can seams cumulative in humans adopt other appropriate sealing methods. Injuries Open machinery Lost labor efficiency &income Safety instructions; safety clothing where appropriate (e.g. hard hats); protective guards on all machinery. Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE; Risk: LOW Table F-10. Frozen food production Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE (primarily due to human health threat) Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Emission of greenhouse Refrigeration and freezing units Contribution to global warming Convert refrigerants from gases utilizing Freon/or ammonia & increase in UV radiation ozone depleting substances to hydrofluorocarbon Food contamination Poor sanitary conditions Consumers become ill; lost Provision of protective including lack of protective work days; lost productivity clothing; proper washing up clothing and ineffective and income; enterprise’s with disinfectants; effective maintenance; contaminated raw reputation leads to lost business sanitary inspections leading to materials required standards being met; effective inspection of raw materials Injuries Open machinery Lost productivity, work days Safety instructions; safety and income clothing where appropriate (e.g. hard hats); protective guards on all machinery Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE; Risk: MODERATE 69 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table F-11. Flour milling Overall Potential Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Soil and water pollution/ Wheat husks left from milling Recover bran; Solid waste dumped at municipal disposal Use for animal feed site Injuries Open machinery. Loss of labor efficiency and Safety instructions; safety income. clothing where appropriate (e.g. hard hats); protective guards on all machinery. Illness Flour dust Respiratory irritation Provide masks to workers Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE; Risk: LOW Table F-12. Warehousing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Only those during siting, construction and decommissioning phases. Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE; Risk: LOW Table F-13. Markets Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Illness Vermin (rats) Regular inspection of markets Spreading of disease resulting Market stall keepers in in lost workdays, sales and and extermination of vermin; Bishkek mention presence of income maintenance of high sanitary rats due to unsanitary standards; conditions. Unrefrigerated meat and dairy Lost labor efficiency and Refrigeration of meat and dairy products. income products Air pollution Refrigeration and freezing units Contribution to ozone depletion Convert refrigerants from utilizing Freon/or ammonia ozone depleting substances (NH3 and chlorofluorocarbons) to a hydrofluorocarbon. Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE; Risk: LOW - MODERATE 70 71 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Annex G. Impacts, Causes, Consequences and Mitigation measures for Contraction activities & sub-projects in Manufacturing Sector G-1 Construction activities G-2 Construction material extraction* G-3 Cement and lime manufacturing* G-4 Ceramics manufacturing* G-5 Glass manufacturing* G-6 Textile manufacturing* G-7 Tanning and leather finishing* G-8 Soap and detergent manufacturing G-9 Printing* G-10 Sawmilling and manufactured wood products* G-11 Board and particle-based products manufacturing* G-12 Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology manufacturing* G-13 Semiconductors and other electronics manufacturing* G-14 Pulp and paper mills manufacturing* G-15 Surface treatment of metals and plastics* G-16 Metal, plastic and rubber products manufacturing* G-17 Foundries* *Resource: Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. World Bank Group, 2007. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines 72 Table G-1. Construction activities Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Planning Phase: Loss of biodiversity Poor location analysis not Loss of flora and fauna. Location in areas that are not taking into account important high priority for biodiversity biophysical values. protection. Loss of cultural features Poor location analysis not Loss of important cultural Location in areas of little or no Public participation is a providing consideration to sites and structures. cultural significance. requirement for all EIAs and cultural values. if properly conducted during EIA will ensure input required to select appropriate alternative sites. Socially unacceptable Poor location analysis not Nuisance factor to local Location in areas where noise, Public participation is a taking into consideration local communities; loss of peace odor or aesthetics will not be a requirement for all EIAs and communities’ lifestyle, and quiet; loss of access to problem; location to be if properly conducted during movement patterns and other areas or sites (e.g. school selected which doesn’t EIA will ensure input values. children may have to walk interfere with important access required to select appropriate greater distances due to loss of (e.g. to schools). alternative sites (and modus direct route to school. operandi) for enterprise. Construction Phase : Soil erosion Vegetation and topsoil is Further soil erosion off-site Ensure awareness by workers; If possible construction removed for initial and downstream; increased adopt appropriate soil should occur in dry periods construction and access, sediment loads in receiving protection techniques; ensure or seasons, particularly in exposing bare soil that is streams resulting in aquatic exposed soil surfaces are kept situations where soil erosion vulnerable to erosion, habitat changes. to a minimum and for short could be a problem. particularly in rainy periods. periods of time; conserve topsoil, recover and replant when construction is completed. Soil pollution Spilled and dumped fuels, and Loss of soil productivity. Environmental awareness; other chemicals. Contaminated groundwater. training in handling and Ineffective on-site sewage storage of fuels, lubricants and treatment during construction chemicals; provision of proper phase. on-site storage facilities. Water pollution Spilled and dumped fuels and Contaminated groundwater Same as above. other chemicals. and surface water resulting in Provision of waste containing contaminated drinking water toilets which waste can be and in the case of surface transferred to a municipal Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-1. Construction activities Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks water, damaged aquatic treatment facility. ecosystem. Noise and dust Vehicles and construction Nuisance factor to Operations during normal machinery; dirt access roads. neighboring communities. working hours only; access roads to be watered during dry periods. Loss of habitats and Construction activities Noise pollution, disturbance -To avoid or minimize biodiversity on natural ecosystems, etc. construction and operational activities during breeding and migration periods - Consideration of alternative locations, where possible - Careful timing of works and work seasonally, as appropriate: no construction during breeding season - Where possible, to fence the area under construction to lessen even occasional disturbance on habitats and biodiversity -Inform personnel about importance of adjacent environmentally important area, if any Solid waste Littering of unused Unsightly and remnant Effective disposal of materials construction materials and construction materials could and garbage in designated workers personal garbage. pose a safety hazard. waste disposal sites. Loss of access Construction site may have Nuisance and possibly During planning phase ensure Public participation during formerly been used as an economic hardship. that local people are aware of planning phase should access for local population restrictions during identify this and similar (and vehicles) for various construction and alternative conflicts. sections of the community. arrangements for access are provided. Injuries Inadequate safety procedures Injury / death resulting in lost Ensure construction workers for workers; inadequate work days (for construction are given safety instruction; signage and construction workers and general public; ensure safety officers on site; 74 Table G-1. Construction activities Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks activities exposed where lost income. ensure effective signage for public can interface with such. the public and ensure that all exposed construction areas are barricaded from public access. Decommissioning Phase: (it is unlikely that any of the enterprises will undergo decommissioning in a 25-50 period from initial start up or refurbishment but if such should occur then the listed impacts should be considered). Same as above for See above See above See above construction plus: Waste Concrete, blocks, steel, glass Public safety hazard. Removal and recycling or will result from demolition; Waste of resources. effective disposal of all toxic old equipment will be materials; complete dismantled. demolition after recycling useful materials; removal to a designated and environmentally safe disposal site and burial of clean and inert materials. Aesthetics Unsightly site (as are many Following removal of all industrial sites from former materials (see above), site to Soviet times). be formed (topsoil where relevant and feasible) and landscaped, where appropriate, to suit surrounding areas. Soil erosion As for construction phase above. Safety As for construction phase above. Table G-2. Construction material extraction Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air Emissions The principal source of air Impact to human health, -Land clearing, removal of  Particulate matter emissions is fugitive dust from damage to environment topsoil and excess materials, 75 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-2. Construction material extraction Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required o Dust earth works and materials location of haul roads, tips and handling and transport stockpiles should be planned activities: crushing–grinding, with due consideration to drilling, blasting and transport meteorological factors; -Dust emissions from drilling activities should be controlled at the source by dust extractors, collectors; -Internal roads should be adequately compacted; -A speed limit for trucks should be considered; Exposed surfaces of stockpiled Other Air Pollutants materials should be vegetated Vehicles and other combustion -Alternatives to blasting,  Combustion by- sources installed in the -If blasting is necessary, products quarrying site planning of the blasting (should be implemented; Blasting activities -The correct burning of the  Toxic and nontoxic explosive should be ensured by gases minimizing the presence of Explosions excess water and avoiding  NO2, CO and NO incorrect or incomplete mixing of explosive ingredients Water consumption Diamond-wire cutting Stress on natural resources - Reduce water consumption; activities, aggregate-washing through recirculation and reuse, plants, and dimension stone implementing closed-circuit quarrying activities systems from sedimentation ponds to the quarrying process Hydrology Flow diversions, water intake, Alteration of surface water - Quarry pond dredging activities and changes to the drainage regime should be designed and pattern implemented to minimize drawdown with consideration of potential impacts to surface and groundwater resource flow 76 Table G-2. Construction material extraction Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required and availability, including potential ecological impacts Wastewater Dewatering of the quarrying -Construction of a dedicated Construction materials pit, diamond-wire cutting and drainage network; extraction operations do not surface water runoff -Reduce water consumption typically generate point sources of effluents or emissions Hazardous Materials Use, storage and transfer of Soil and surface water & Operational design and planning varying quantities of fuels and groundwater pollution should include procedures for lubricants; the reduction of waste production; Impurities and trace Acidic runoff -Topsoil, overburden, and low- components included in the quality materials should be exploited (waste) rocks (e.g. properly removed, stockpiled asbestos or heavy metals or near the site, and preserved for minerals rehabilitation; -Hazardous and non- hazardous waste management plans should be developed and adopted during the design and planning phase Solid waste generation Surface and groundwater - Cleanup and maintenance in pollution, soil pollution receiving areas can reduce this waste and allow material spills to be collected and added to the raw materials; - Paving the receiving areas; - Cleanup and maintenance in receiving areas can reduce this waste and allow material spills to be collected and added to the raw materials Noise and Vibrations  Noise Al extraction activities, Hearing loss (hypoxia) --Installation of proper sound including construction barriers and (or) noise 77 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-2. Construction material extraction Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required material and dimension stone containments quarrying. drilling, breaking, -Use of rubber-lined or crushing and handling– -Installation of natural barriers at moving, screening, and facility boundaries (e.g. transport. In dimension stone vegetation curtains or soil quarrying, flame-jet cutting is berms); a specific noise source -Optimization of internal-traffic routing, particularly to minimize vehicle-reversing needs; -A speed limit for trucks should be considered  Vibration Mainly blasting activities; -Vibration and overpressure crushers and plant screening control with appropriate drilling equipment; minor emissions grids; are commonly associated with -Development of blast design, use of rock hammers including a blasting-surfaces survey, to avoid over confined charges Land conversion Excavation activities at Topographical and land- -Selection of appropriate low- Opportunities to create construction materials cover changes; impact extraction (e.g. ecologically valuable habitats extraction sites clearing of preexisting excavation, quarrying, and should be considered (e.g. vegetation dredging) methods; small lakes and pools with a -Establishment of buffer zones complex shoreline and shallow from the edge of extraction water zones, after dredging or areas, considering the areas for natural succession characteristics of the natural habitats and the type of extraction activities; -To reduce the consumption of land area and, consequently, the loss of soil; - The land should be appropriately rehabilitated. --Hydrological systems should 78 Table G-2. Construction material extraction Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required be restored Land instability Large-scale spoil-material Landslide or collapse that - To undertake a geological and disposal, water ponds, or could cause catastrophic hydro-geological survey ; mined land incidents in surrounding -Geological and geotechnical populated area control programs in large areas, specifically focused on long- term land stability; -Geo-technical monitoring of slopes, disposal sites Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW - MODERATE Table G-3. Cement and lime manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air Pollution/ Air Emissions Handling and storage of Contribution to global -Use of a simple layout for (Particulate matter, NOX, SO2,, intermediate and final warming/ Wide range of materials handling operations to CO2 emissions) materials, and by the operation health impacts (mortality, reduce the need for multiple of kiln systems, clinker coolers respiratory disease, transfer points and mills cardiovascular disease, eye · Storage of crushed and irritation, and others) preblended raw materials in covered or closed bays · Implementation of routine plant maintenance and good housekeeping to keep small air leaks and spills to a minimum; · Conduct material handling (e.g. crushing operations, raw milling, and clinker grinding) in enclosed systems maintained under negative pressure by exhaust fans. · Implementation of automatic bag filling and handling 79 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-3. Cement and lime manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required systems to the extent possible · Using electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) or fabric filter systems (bag houses) to collect and control fine particulate emissions in kiln gases Energy consumption and fuels Kilns, coolers, fuels Exhausting of natural - Use of dry process kilns -For new systems, optimizing resources - No toxic emissions are energy efficiency in the design generated from the firing of of the installation, unit or waste in cements kilns; system and in the selection of -Adequate monitoring should be processes for existing systems, conducted when waste fuels are optimizing the energy being fired at cement plants efficiency of the system through its operation and management, including regular monitoring and maintenance Soil and water pollution from Utility operations for cooling Threat to human health and Reduce water consumption wastewater purposes in different phases of damage to aquatic the process (e.g. bearings, kiln environment rings) Solid waste generation Clinker production waste, Air, soil and water pollution Appropriate waste water mainly composed of spoil management rocks, which are removed from the raw materials during the raw meal preparation; kiln dust removed from the bypass flow and the stack, if it is not recycled in the process Noise Raw material extraction, Hearing loss (hypoxia) - Selecting equipment with lower grinding and storage; raw sound power levels - Improving material, intermediate and the acoustic performance of final product handling and constructed buildings, apply transportation; and operation sound insulation of exhaust fans. - · Limiting the hours of operation for specific pieces of 80 Table G-3. Cement and lime manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required equipment or operations, especially mobile sources operating through community areas · Re-locating noise sources to less sensitive areas to take advantage of distance and shielding Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: MODERATE; Risk: HIGH Table G-4. Ceramics manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air Emissions Storage and handling of raw Human health impacts Arrange barriers for wind materials and during firing or protection (if raw material is spray drying of ceramics stored in open piles;  Particulate matter Handling of raw materials; -Use of wet dust separators to drying, and finishing treat emissions from spray operations drying and glazing processes in  SO2 emissions Depends on the sulfur fine ceramic manufacturing. content of the fuel and certain -Use of fuels with a low sulfur raw materials (e.g. gypsum, content, such as natural gas or pyrite, and other sulfur liquefied petroleum gas; compounds) -Use of low-sulfur raw material -Reducing the nitrogen content Contribution to surface water Preparation and casting units, -Reduce water consumption; pollution from wastewater and various process activities -Use dry off-gas cleaning (e.g. glazing, decorating, systems; polishing, and wet grinding -Where practical, install waste glaze collection systems; -Install slip conveying piping systems; - Dewatering and disposal of 81 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-4. Ceramics manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required residuals in landfills, or if hazardous in designated hazardous waste disposal sites Waste generation Process waste originating Surface and groundwater Enhancements related to such BATs to reduce solid process from the manufacture of pollution, soil pollution activities as : losses/solid waste ceramic products mainly - Increasing the lifespan of -Feedback of unmixed raw consists of different types of plaster molds; materials sludge, including sludge from - Installing electronic controls Feedback of broken ware into process wastewater for the firing curve (to optimize the manufacturing process treatment, and process sludge the process and reduce the -Use of solid process losses resulting from glazing, amount of broken ware); in other industries plaster, and grinding - Installing spray booths that -Electronic controlling of activities. Other process allow reclaiming of excess firing applying optimized wastes include broken ware glaze; setting from process activities: -Reduce waste generation; solids from dust treatments; -Internal reuse of cuttings, spent plaster molds; spent broken ware, used plaster sorption agents (limestone molds, and other byproducts, and limestone dust); and including sludge packaging waste - Recycle, as raw material, dust collected in abatement systems and through different process activities, in addition to cuttings and other process losses Energy consumption Operational process Stress on natural resources -Improve design of kilns and dryers -Applying a fuel switch in the kiln firing process Noise Operational process Hearing loss (hypoxia) -Using silencers and slow rotating fans -Situating windows, gates and noisy units away from neighbors -Sound insulation of windows and walls 82 Table G-4. Ceramics manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required -Closing windows and gates -Good maintenance of the plant Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: MODERATE Table G-5. Glass manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air Emissions Container press and blow Affects environment and -To consider product light machines generate most human health weighting in containers and emissions due to contact tableware; between molten glass (the -Increased cullet utilization; “gob”) and equipment -Optimization of furnace design lubricants. and geometry; -Use of fuels with low sulfur content;  Particulate matter Melting process: -Consideration of material charging patterns, grain size,  Dust Raw materials transportation, and moisture optimization; handling, storage, and mixing - End-of-pipe prevention and Raw materials, cullet, fuels control techniques to reduce  NO2 High furnace temperatures, dust and NO2 emissions; and the oxidation of nitrogen -Maximizing cullet use to contained in fuels increase energy efficiency and  Greenhouse gas Linked with the type of glass, to limit the use of carbonate (CO2) emissions the type of fossil fuels used, raw materials; -Reduction in the amounts of sodium or calcium sulfate in the  SO2 emissions Depends on the sulfur batch materials content in the fuel and in the raw materials Contribution to surface water Processing Aquatic environment -Reduce water consumption; In general, emissions to the pollution/ Wastewater deterioration - Screening and sedimentation water environment are for suspended solids reduction relatively low and there are 83 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-5. Glass manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: LOW Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required using settling basins few major issues that are - Dewatering and disposal of specific to the glass industry. residuals in landfills, or if Water is used mainly for hazardous in designated cleaning and cooling and can hazardous waste disposal sites be readily recycled or treated using standard techniques Solid waste generation Surface and groundwater - Paving the receiving areas; Most activities of the glass pollution, soil pollution - Cleanup and maintenance in industry produce relatively receiving areas can reduce this low levels of waste waste and allow material spills to be collected and added to the raw materials Noise High pressure in the cooling- Hearing loss (hypoxia) -Enclosure of units mold process, raw material --Sound insulation of windows preparation, pressing and and walls granulation processes, -Closing windows and gates cutting, grinding -Carrying out noisy (outdoor) activities only during the day -Good maintenance of the plant Energy consumption Stress on natural resources -Melting technique and furnace design; -Combustion control and fuel choice; -Cullet usage; -Waste heat boilers Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW Table G-6. Textile manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to toxic chemicals in effluent discharge) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Hazardous materials Pretreatment, dyeing, and Environmental pollution -Potentially hazardous  Chemical Selection other processes to provide the surfactants should be replaced 84 Table G-6. Textile manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to toxic chemicals in effluent discharge) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required and Use final product with desired by biodegradable, where visual and functional possible; properties - Appropriate storage and handling of hazardous materials Contribution to surface water Wet operations, which are Damage to aquatic - Control water usage; Wastewater from textile pollution/ Wastewater conducted during different environment -Use of readily biodegradable; manufacturing is typically parts of the textile -Optimization of mechanical alkaline and has high BOD manufacturing process removal of water prior to the (from 700 to 2,000 mg/l) and drying process; COD loads Pollutants in -Use of organic solvent textile effluents include washing for non-water soluble suspended solids, mineral lubricants; oils (e.g. antifoaming agents, - The oil separated should be grease, spinning lubricants, collected to limit effluent non-biodegradable or low contamination; biodegradable surfactants -Use of hydrogen peroxide other organic compounds, bleaching agent, instead of including phenols from wet sulfur- and chlorine-based finishing processes (e.g. bleaches; dyeing), and halogenated -Use of automatic systems for organics from solvent use in dosing and dispensing dyes; bleaching. Effluent streams -Conduct dyeing in high from dyeing processes are temperature conditions typically hot and colored and may contain significant concentrations of heavy metals Water consumption Use of freshwater, Exhausting of natural Using mechanical dewatering wastewater/sludge resources equipment to reduce water production, and energy used content of the incoming fabric. in heating -Use of water flow–control devices to ensure that water only flows to a process when needed Air pollution/ Air emissions Coating and dyeing Damage to environment and -Use of emissions control operations, include drying, human health techniques (e.g. absorption and 85 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-6. Textile manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to toxic chemicals in effluent discharge) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required printing, fabric preparation chemical scrubbing) and wastewater treatment residues  Dust Bale breakers, automatic -Enclosure of dust producing feeders, separators and equipment, and use of local openers, mechanical exhaust ventilation, etc. conveyors, pickers and cards  Volatile Organic Stented frames, which are -Use printing pastes with no or Compounds and used in drying. low VOC emissions; other chemicals -Installing and modifying equipment to reduce solvent use; -Adopting water-based methods for removing oil and grease from fabric instead of using volatile solvents Odors Dyeing and other finishing -Substituting odor-intensive processes, and use of oils, substances with less impacting solvent vapors, compounds; formaldehyde, sulfur -Installing and modifying compounds, and ammonia equipment to reduce use of odorous chemicals Energy consumption Drying and curing operations Stress of natural resources -Water temperature control and in activities involving (optimum at 65° C) and dryer wet treatments automatic humidity control using sensors typically leads to energy reduction. - Consider efficient combination of operations, such as scouring and bleaching, to save energy and water Contribution to surface water Manufacturing wastewater Damage to environment -Solid and liquid wastes should pollution through generation contains trials, selvedge, be effectively recycled or of solid and liquid waste trimmings, cuttings of reused within the process or fabrics, spent dyes, pigments, externally 86 Table G-6. Textile manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to toxic chemicals in effluent discharge) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Prevention/ mitigation Consequences Remarks impacts required printing pastes -Dewatering and disposal of residuals in designated hazardous waste landfills Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW – MODERATE; Risk: MODERATE - HIGH Table G-7. Tanning and leather finishing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to toxic chemicals in effluent discharge) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Contribution to surface water The main releases to water Damage to aquatic Containment and treatment pollution/ Wastewater originate from wet processing environment facilities to ensure that effluent in the beam house, the lanyard, discharges are within the and the post-tanning established limits operations Water Consumption Large tannery uses large Stress on water resources - Water re-use In tanneries with poor water amounts of water. - To improve the matching of management only 50 % of the water flow to the requirements of water consumed is actually the process and to use 'batch' used in the process.. With a versus 'running water' washes; combination of batch washing - The use of short-float and short floats, savings of techniques can be achieved water consumption up to 70 % either by modifying the can be achieved, compared equipment to utilize short floats, with a conventional process or by installing modern tannery machines Air pollution/ Air Emissions The main releases to air are Damage to environment and -Consider water-based (organic solvents, VOC, due to the dry-finishing human health formulations (containing low sulfides, ammonia, dust, and processes, although gaseous quantities of solvent) for spray odors) emissions may also arise in all dyeing; other parts of the tannery. -Implement organic solvent- saving finishing techniques; - Use of adequate ventilation, followed by wet scrubbing; 87 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-7. Tanning and leather finishing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH (primarily due to toxic chemicals in effluent discharge) Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required - Use of a centralized system, employing cyclones, scrubbers, and / or bag filters, as needed -Ventilate tannery areas and control exhaust from odorous areas Soil and underground water The main sources of solid -Reduce inputs of process agents pollution arising form solid wastes originate from fleshing, to the practical extent; waste splitting and shaving. -Segregate different waste/residue fractions to facilitate recovery and re-use; -Dispose of non-recoverable and non-recyclable waste and sludge by appropriate methods Hazardous Materials Tanning and leather finishing - Where possible, substitution of (biocides, halogenated organic processes hazardous materials; compounds, etc.) -To maintain an inventory of inputs and outputs, their fate in processes and releases -To measure appropriate parameters to monitor the environmental releases Energy consumption Forced drying of leather is Exhausting of natural Considerable reductions in among the most energy resources energy consumption can be intensive processes in the achieved by optimizing the tannery mechanical dewatering processes prior to drying Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW – MODERATE; Risk: MODERATE - HIGH Table G-8. Soap and detergent manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Construction phase Dust, noise, mud due to use Site preparation and Affect humans To minimize area under of heavy machinery construction of building construction activities, 88 Table G-8. Soap and detergent manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Scheduling of work activities To keep noise level within permissible level to not disturbed neighbors Generation of excavated soil, Site preparation and May be dumping into bare All solid wastes should be debris, construction wastes construction of building lands, water bodies and drains collected and properly disposed Hazardous material (fuel, Site preparation and Soil & water pollution, fire lubricants, et.) construction of building hazards Operation phase Air pollution (dust, VOC Combustion of fuel Emission values to comply with established limits Odor Nuisance to the nearby Channeling of flue and odor inhabitants gases at possible extent Solid & hazardous wastes Processing Visual impacts & Risk of Appropriate disposal of The secondary containment contamination of surface water hazardous wastes and their shall have a storage capacity further neutralization Petroleum of 110% of the capacity of hydrocarbons and other storage tank chemicals to have secondary containment Contribution to surface water Processing Phosphor the most significantly Effluent values to comply with The EC, on the base of Art. pollution/ Wastewater contributes to eutrophication established limits 16 Regulation (EC) No (the most significant,- which remains one of the most 648/2004 of the European phosphates) important threats to fresh and Parliament and of the Council marine waters of 31 March 2004 on detergents, concerning the use of phosphates, recalls Member States may proceed with measures to replace phosphate-based detergents where this can be justified on environmental grounds (currently, in Europe only in 6 counties are 100% used P-free detergents; these are Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Italy, Ireland, 89 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-8. Soap and detergent manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Potential Impacts Causes Consequences Mitigation Required Remarks Netherlands, Belgium, In Slovenia -95% use) Hazardous material Processing Appropriate handling and storage of hazardous material to minimize risk of pollution and accidental spill Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: NONE; Risk: LOW Table G-9. Printing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air Emissions Evaporation of the fountain, Damage to environment and - Use of approved methods and (Volatile Organic Compounds from lacquering with solvent- human health techniques to prevent and control (VOC), other toxic based lacquers laminating with emissions compounds, particulate matter) solvent-based adhesives, -Selection of materials or flexography, screen-cleaning processes with no or low demand operation in screen printing, for VOC-containing products, etc. - Installation of baffle separators, where possible Contribution to surface water Photo and plate processing - To minimize the generation of Wastewaters from the pollution/ wastewater activities wastewater:: industrial process may contain - Use of water-developed films metal compounds (e.g. silver and water-developed plates; and mercury), cleaning - solutions may contain than parallel rinse processes pigments, acids, and solvents to reduce the amount of clean (e.g. toluene). water used; Acid plate-etching chemicals - disposal of residuals in used in gravure may contain designated hazardous waste nitric acid, erchloroethylene, landfills and butanol Soil and underground water Waste generation -Reduction in the generation of pollution / Wastes hazardous and nonhazardous waste 90 Table G-9. Printing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Appropriate management of hazardous wastes: handling, disposal, neutralization Energy consumption Printing process Stress on natural resources -Minimize energy consumption BAT is to: when optimizing waste gas -Seek opportunities to recover treatment in all sites and use any surplus energy in all sites Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: MODERATE Table G-10. Sawmilling and manufactured wood products Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required The major environmental Utilization of forest resources While not managed properly In sawmilling and manufacturing impact of sawmilling and damage environment of wood products, forestry wood products manufacturing impacts are minimized by concerns the management of maximizing wood conversion forest resources efficiency Solid waste generation Solid waste generation is - Optimizing primary log The use of modern equipment directly related to the breakdown technology and and trained staff may increase conversion efficiency of techniques; conversion efficiencies to 70 roundwood to sawn lumber or - To establish the optimum percent other final products. cutting pattern; -Use of relevant technology to Conversion efficiencies from maximize utilization of sawn round wood to sawn lumber boards; are often below 40 percent -Operator training and Opportunities for recycling of monitoring to ensure awareness wood waste may exist through and implementation of measures use of waste as inputs for to improve conversion secondary products in other -Maximum waste recycling: industries or as a source of - Use of wood and bark chips as fuel for heat, etc. mulch for gardens and 91 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-10. Sawmilling and manufactured wood products Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required agriculture; - Use of sawdust and wood shavings for animal bedding; etc. Air pollution/ Air Emissions Pre-treatment, coating, dryers Threat to human health and - To control air emissions (solvents, particulate matter, - damage to environment associated with wood residue odor, combustion gases, etc.) incineration and combustion in boilers; -Provide consistent fuel supply; -Where fly ash reinjection is used to improve furnace efficiency, -Use of filters and / or electrostatic precipitators, and / or scrubbers to control particulate matter; -Collection and distillation recovery of cleaning solvents; etc. Contribution to soil and water Storage tank leaks, pipework Damage to environment -Process wastewater containing Toxic wood preservation pollution/ wastewater leaks, spent pre-treatment chemical preservatives should be chemicals may include liquors, wash waters, etc. contained as part of a closed polynuclear aromatic loop application system; hydrocarbons, compounds of -Containment of runoff from log chrome, copper and arsenic. yards through use of impervious The runoff from log yards and surfaces; log ponds may contain toxic -Lining of log ponds to prevent chemicals leached from the contaminants leaching into the timber, and soil and other soil and groundwater materials washed out of the bark Hazardous materials Facilities involved in Measures, specific to wood Containing copper oxide and application of wood preservative treatment facilities: quaternary ammonium, preservative treatments -Storage tanks and components Copper Azole and Borates or the coating of products may should meet relevant standards may be used in dry situations, store large volumes of for design and operational in addition to alternative hazardous chemicals such as performance; building materials 92 Table G-10. Sawmilling and manufactured wood products Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required wood preservatives, paints, -Chemical storage and treatment lacquers, and solvents. sites and tanks should be situated in containment areas, etc. Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW Table G-11. Board and particle-based products manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required The main issue is: sustainable Utilization of forest resources While not managed properly Use of more recycled or forestry management and damage environment recovered fiber in board practices manufacturing Air pollution/ Air Emissions Combustion process, utility - In utility plants, the general (particulate matter, dust, gases, boilers, hot gas generators, energy efficiency techniques chemicals, etc.) thermal fluid heaters, should be adopted where application of decorative appropriate; coatings for boards, - Electricity use can be reduced mechanical operations - Energy used in drying can be reduced through use of relatively dry raw materials, including recycled wood matter in particle board manufacturing; - Provision of dust control equipment for areas identified with high potential for dust generation Contribution to groundwater Board and particle-based Damage to aquatic - To prevent and control The quantity of effluent and surface water pollution/ product mills environment leaching; arising from manufacture Wastewater -Biological treatment for should be minimized by the reduction of BOD; recycling techniques - Dewatering and disposal of residuals in designated waste landfills 93 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-11. Board and particle-based products manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Hazardous Materials The manufactured products Threat to human health, Appropriate hazardous materials may contain a variety of toxic damage to environment handling and hazardous waste compounds; including Potential hazard if spills, and management, including its formaldehyde an occupational health and disposal and neutralization safety hazard if not handled appropriately Solid Waste Wood waste (e.g. board off - Ash may be returned to the cuts), waste from water forest or to some other site for treatment processes, and ash inclusion in the soil as a fertilizer from combustion of wood and soil improver; waste following an evaluation of - Board off-cuts should be minimized, etc. Noise Debarking drums and chipping Threat to human health -Debarking and chipping should machinery (the most noise), be carried out in enclosed mechanical breakdown buildings; processes, sanding and cutting - Noise generating machinery machinery should be regularly maintained; - Sound reducing earth banks or sound reflecting screens should be installed, as necessary Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: LOW Table G-12. Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution/ Air emissions Pharmaceuticals and Threat to human health, -Reducing or substituting the use (volatile organic compounds, biotechnology manufacturing damage to environment of solvents and other materials acid gases, greenhouse gas and facilities; milling, mixing, which have a high VOC content, particulates) compounding, formulation, -Implementation of VOC leak tableting, and packaging prevention and control strategies from operating equipment; 94 Table G-12. Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required -Reduction of equipment operating temperatures, where possible; -Installation of dedicated filtration systems to control particulate matter emissions Odor Fermentation activities Use of wet scrubbers to remove odors with a high affinity to water; -Condensation of vapors combined with scrubbers - Considering the location of new, taking into account proper distances to neighbors and the Contribution to surface water Industrial wastewater may - Material substitution, where pollution/ wastewater include: chemical reactions possible; streams; product wash water; -Condensation and separation spent acid and caustic streams, processes to recover used etc. solvents and aqueous ammonia The main conventional pollutants of are BOD, COD, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, toxicity, bio degradability, and pH; other pollutants are organic and inorganic acids, ammonia, cyanide, toluene, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) Water Consumption Stress on water resources Reduce water consumption, especially where it may be a limited natural water resource Solid and Hazardous Wastes Chemical synthesis processing -Waste reduction by material generates wastes containing substitution; 95 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-12. Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required spent solvents, reactants, spent -Process modifications, is acids, bases, aqueous or appropriate; solvent liquors, still bottoms, -Potentially pathogenic waste cyanides and metal wastes. from biotechnology Fermentation: spent solids, manufacturing should be intermediates, residual inactivated through sterilization products or chemical treatment before final disposal Hazardous Management To develop a Hazardous Materials Management Plan for which prior to: -Identify and implement management procedures including process safety, training, employee participation, etc. -Implement prevention measures including process hazard analysis, etc. Threats to Biodiversity Collection of genetic resources -Avoiding or minimizing harm (bio prospecting), which may to biodiversity in compliance be part of certain with applicable legal pharmaceutical or requirements; biotechnology projects -Development and application of bio prospecting procedures that are consistent with recognized standards Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: MODERATE, Risk: HIGH Table G-13. Semiconductors and other electronics manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required 96 Table G-13. Semiconductors and other electronics manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Hazardous material and waste Spent deionized water, Damage to environment and -Implementing process or Hazardous materials solvents and developers, threat to human health equipment modifications, where management in this sector solutions, epoxy material, possible; include: cyanide solutions, and -Raw material substitution or - soldering fluxes and metals elimination; areas should be regularly residue -Hazardous substance and waste checked to identify leaks; segregation, separation, and - preparation; should be used -Substitute hazardous .-Metal-bearing sludge should substances, where possible be disposed in secure landfills Air Emissions Diffusion, cleaning, wet- Damage to environment and Most toxic gases can be (Perfluorocarbon Compounds etching and other processes threat to human health controlled in special cabinets (PFC) and other greenhouse that are scrubbed or scrammed to gases, toxic, reactive, and atmosphere after careful corrosive substances (acid monitoring of gas concentration fumes, dopant, cleaning gases, to ensure that the gases are and volatile organic safely released with no impact compounds [VOCs]) on health and environment Energy Consumption Thermal processes and wafers Stress on natural resources - Air-handling equipment that handling is highly controls humidity and mechanized, semiconductor temperature, manufacturing involves - High-efficiency chillers, etc. significant energy use Contribution to surface water Wastewater effluents may be Damage to aquatic To minimize both water use and pollution/ wastewater impacted by organic and environment potential discharge impacts inorganic compounds, such as metals, acids and alkalis, cyanides and suspended solids Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: MODERATE, Risk: HIGH Table G-14. Pulp and paper mills manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH 97 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Contribution to surface water The industry generate big Damage to aquatic The most commonly used End of pipe wastewater pollution/ wastewater volumes of wastewater environment systems include a combination treatment technologies will contaminated by suspended of i)activated sludge; ii) aerated depend on several factors solids, BOD, COD, dissolved lagoons; iii) biological filters of including effluent organic compounds and other various types, often used in composition, measurable hazardous substances combination with other methods; effluent quality requirements, iv) anaerobic treatment used as a and discharge location (e.g. pre-treatment stage, followed by direct to water course or pre- an aerobic biological stage treatment before discharge to municipal or other WWTP) Air pollution/ Air Emission Process gases, flue gases from Threat to human health and To execute strict primary and (malodorous and flue gases, incineration plants and from damage to aquatic secondary control of air CO2, particulate matter, sulfur auxiliary steam and power environment emissions dioxide, nitrogen oxides and generating units sometimes hydrogen sulfide) Solid waste Pulp and paper mills typically - Solid waste volumes should be generate significant quantities of reduced to the extent feasible non-hazardous solid wastes but through in- situ reuse and very little hazardous wastes recycling of materials Energy Consumption Pulp and paper mills are large .Stress on natural resources -Reducing heat losses and heat energy and steam consumers consumption - Increasing effectiveness of the secondary heating system concentration, as well as maintaining a tightly closed water system and a partially closed bleaching plant Noise Mechanical equipment, Good practice techniques, e.g. transport vehicles, physical closing bay doors, minimizing activities, and energy usage, deliveries and adjusting delivery notably vacuum pumps, liquid times, or if necessary, by specific pumps and steam generation engineered solutions systems Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: MODERATE, Risk: HIGH Table G-15. Surface treatment of metals and plastics 98 Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Best Available Techniques Remarks impacts Energy consumption Processing To minimize electrical losses in Stress on natural resources the supply system as well as to reduce heat losses from heated processes To minimize water usage Raw material Processing Damage to environment - To minimize material losses by retaining raw materials in process vats and at the same time minimize water - To use recycling and recovery, where possible Contribution to surface water Operational process Damage to environment - Chemical treatment of waste . pollution/ wastewater water, oil separation, sedimentation and/or filtration. Air pollution/ Air emissions Operational process Damage to environment To prevent fugitive emissions from some processes by extraction and treatment. Noise Operational process Threat to human Good practice techniques, e.g. health/hearing loss (hypoxia) closing bay doors, minimizing deliveries and adjusting delivery times, or if necessary, by specific engineered solutions Hazardous substances Raw material Damage to environment To use less hazardous substances/ substitution of hazardous material, where possible Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW, Risk: LOW Table G-16. Metal, plastic and rubber products manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Metal products manufacturing Air pollution/ Air Emissions Processing (sintering may Damage to environment & -Installation of refrigerator coils 99 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-16. Metal, plastic and rubber products manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required (dust, metals, etc) generate combustion by- threat to human health (or additional coils) above the products and greenhouse degreaser vapor zone; gases; inorganic and organic - volatile compounds may be metal surfaces should be generated from oxides, dusts carefully cleaned; and lubricants used in the -Installation of in-line aspirators charges before compaction., with filters or scrubbers; handling of micro-sized -Where possible, maintaining metallic particles may generate wetness on the metal surface in metallic dust). order to prevent or minimize dust production Contribution to surface water Water-based cleaning and Thermal pollution from Good process control and pollution / wastewater and rinsing streams; cooling water; discharge of non-contact cooling drag-out reduction are key liquid wastes alternative cleaners; water should be avoided by use factors for reducing the wastewater generated from of recirculating cooling systems; consumption of hazardous raw cutting, blasting, deburring - Use appropriate housekeeping materials, and respectively, and mass finishing activities, techniques to prevent cutting oils more clean effluents etc. from being contaminated with solvents; -Solvents should be carefully managed to prevent spills and fugitive emissions; - Use less hazardous degreasing agents; -Use mechanical cleaning techniques instead of chemicals where possible; -Avoid and substitute the use of chlorinated solvents with non- toxic or less toxic solvents as cleaning agents Solid Waste During thermal treatments -If reuse or recycling is not oxide scales are formed. Metal possible, the waste should be forming produces a large treated as hazardous wastes and quantity of metal chips (scrap disposed and neutralized 100 Table G-16. Metal, plastic and rubber products manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required metal), etc. appropriately Water consumption Stress on water resources The management of water consumption is crucial, as it also reduces the usage of raw materials and their loss to the environment. Plastics and rubber products manufacturing Plastics Air pollution/ Air Emissions Compounding and forming -Use of enclosed storage for all (VOC, particulate matter) operations, especially when solvent and cleaning fluids, and heated, during shaping, etc. for all low boiling point reagents; Handling of dry additives and -Installation of ventilation control granulation of polymers systems, especially at the-points of (additionally, heating of highest processing temperatures thermoplastics during along the production line; compounding and forming -Installation of local exhaust may result in formation and extraction systems release of fine aerosols) Contribution to surface water Wastewaters are formed by: Cooling (and heating) water -Adoption of good housekeeping pollution/ Wastewater process cooling (or heating) water for may be a source of thermal practices; and treatment plastics production, surface pollution; toxic pollutants -For contact water and finishing cleaning and wash water, and include phthalates. water, installation of activated finishing operation water Cleaning water may be carbon process to remove characterized by significant soluble organics, levels of BOD5, COD, total -For cleaning and finishing suspended solids (TTS), total water, recycling process water organic carbon, oil and grease, through sedimentation / settling phenols, and zinc. Finishing units and removal of the water may contain significant suspended solids, oils and grease levels of TSS and phthalates Rubber Air pollution/ Air Emissions Rubber products processing Threat to human health & -Use of chemicals in small, pre- (particulate matter, dust, VOC) (emissions of VOC and damage to environment weighed, sealed bags to limit dust hazardous pollutants may be generation; generated from used solvents) -Emissions from the internal 101 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-16. Metal, plastic and rubber products manufacturing Overall Potential Impact: HIGH Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required mixers should be controlled using bag filters; -Dust and fine rubber particles should be controlled; -Solvents should be minimized and carefully managed to prevent spills and fugitive emissions Contribution to surface water Wastewater originates from Damage to aquatic Solids settling, pH adjustment, pollution/ Wastewater many production processes: environment or oil removal systems as cooling, heating, vulcanizing, needed. Wastewater should be and cleaning operations. trapped in a rubber trap, to let Suspended solids, and oil and rubber float to the top for grease are potential contami- recycling / reuse. Wastewater nants of concern, in addition to should then be conveyed to trace metals. treatment plant. Closed-loop Effluents may be also impacted water cooling or heating systems by additives, solvents, oils, should also be considered water-soluble and insoluble organic matter Plastics & Rubbers Solid wastes Scorched rubber from mixing, -Waste streams should be Significant quantities of solid milling, calendering, and properly segregated; waste are not typically extruding may be a t solid -Uncured rubber, as well as generated in plastics and waste source, in addition to slightly cured waste rubber, rubber manufacturing as scrap waste rubber produced during should be recycled; materials resulting from rubber molding operations. -Cured and off-specification shaping and finishing Particulate matter is generated rubber waste should be either operations can be recycled from bag filters in recycled at the facility or reused; compounding areas, Banburys -Scrap from thermoplastic and grinders polymers should be reground and mixed with virgin materials; -If reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste rubber should be disposed properly Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: MODERATE; Risk: MODERATE 102 Table G-17. Foundries Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required Air pollution Dust and particulate matter are Threat to human health, - Implement routine plant Recommended pollution (dust & particulate matter, generated in each of the damage to environment maintenance and good prevention techniques: NO2, SO2, CO, VOC, process steps with varying housekeeping - greenhouse gases, etc.) levels of mineral oxides, - Use indoor or covered where possible; metals and metal oxides. Dust stockpiles or, when open-air - emissions arise from thermal, stockpiles are unavoidable, use is no longer considered good chemical/ physical processes water spray system, dust practice for steel smelting and and mechanical actions; NO2 suppressants, windbreaks, and should be avoided emissions are caused by high other stockpile management furnace temperature and the techniques; oxidation of nitrogen; SO2 are - Use dry dust collection emitted from waste gases in technologies; cupola and rotary furnaces; -Install closed de dusting units in CO is generated from the working areas. oxidation of the graphite - Minimize the air / fuel ratio in electrodes and the carbon from the combustion process; the metal bath during the -Use low NOX burners in fuel melting and refining phases; firing furnaces, when possible; emissions of VOCs, mainly - Use fuel with low sulfur consisting of solvents are content, such as natural gas, primarily generated by the use - Improve thermal efficiency of of resins, organic solvents, or the process; organic-based coatings in -Minimize binder and resin use molding and core making through optimization of process control and material handling Soil and water pollution from These are: sand waste, slag Damage to environment - Maximization of sand reuse Slag Wastes often has a solid wastes generation and from desulfurization and from within the facility; complex chemical handling melting, dust collected within - External re-use of sand waste composition and contains a emissions control systems, should be considered, variety of contaminants from refractory waste, and scrubber Control of slag waste includes the scrap metals. It may liquors and sludge the following: constitute about 25% of the - Slag production should be solid waste stream from a minimized through process foundry. Common slag optimization measures including: components include metal 103 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project Table G-17. Foundries Overall Potential Impact: MODERATE Environmental issues/ Sources/ causes Consequences Prevention/ mitigation Remarks impacts required o Lower metal melting oxides, melted refractories, temperatures sand, and coke ash (if coke is o Optimizing use of fluxes and used). Fluxes may also be refractory lining added to help remove the slag from the furnace. Slag may be hazardous if it contains lead, cadmium, or chromium from steel or nonferrous metals melting Contribution to surface water The most significant use of - Install closed loops for cooling pollution through wastewater water in foundries is in the water to reduce water discharge cooling systems of electric consumption and discharge; furnaces (induction or arc), - Recycle tumbling water by cupola furnaces, and in wet de sedimentation or centrifuging dusting systems followed by filtering; - Store scrap and other materials under cover and / or in bunded area to limit contamination of storm water and facilitate drainage collection Noise The foundry process generates Threat to human health/ - Enclose the process buildings noise from various sources, hearing loss (hypoxia) and/or insulate them; including scrap handling, - Cover and enclose scrap furnace charging and EAF storage and handling areas, melting, fuel burners, shakeout - Enclose fans and insulate and mould/ core shooting, and ventilation pipes; transportation and ventilation - Implement management systems controls, including limitation of scrap handling and transport during nighttime Residual Impact Assuming Full Mitigation: LOW; Risk: MODERATE 104 Annex H. Recommended Structure of a Pest Management Plan PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN 1. Background which would outline: i) the purpose of the Plan, ii) indicate pest management authorities, and iii) pest management program objective. 2. Responsibilities of individuals (e.g., of Program Director, Health Chair, Pest Management Coordinator, Pest Management Personnel, etc.). 3. General Information which should provide data on land use and soil, in the area where the pesticides are applied; climate, geo-morphology, settlements in the area of concern, population, surface water, etc. as well as inventory of land use and layout of facilities. 4. Priority of Pest Management (e.g., undesirable vegetation, vertebrate pests, etc.) 5. Integrated Pest Management 5.1 Principles of the Integrated Pest Management are: a) Mechanical and Physical Control. This type of control alters the environment in which a pest lives, traps and removes pests where they are not wanted, or excludes pests. Examples of this type control include: harborage elimination through caulking or filling voids, screening, etc.. b) Cultural Control. Strategies in this method involve manipulating environmental conditions to suppress or eliminate pests. For example, spreading manure from stables onto fields to dry prevents fly breeding. Elimination of food and water for pests through good sanitary practices may prevent pest populations from becoming established or from increasing beyond a certain size. c) Biological Control. In this control strategy, predators, parasites or disease organisms are used to control pest populations. Sterile flies may be released to lower reproductivity. Viruses and bacteria may be used which control growth or otherwise kill insects. Parasitic wasps may be introduced to kill eggs, larvae or other life stages. Biological control may be effective in and of it, but is often used in conjunction with other types of control. d) Chemical Control. Pesticides kill living organisms, whether they be plants or animals. At one time, chemicals were considered to be the most effective control available, but pest resistance rendered many pesticides ineffective. The trend is to use pesticides which have limited residual action. While this has reduced human exposure and lessened environmental impact, the cost of chemical control has risen due to requirements for more frequent application. Since personal protection and special handling and storage requirements are necessary with the use of chemicals, the overall cost of using chemicals as a sole means of control can be quite costly when compared with nonchemical control methods. 5.2 Integrated Pest Management Outlines. This sub-chapter addresses each major pest or category of similar pests is addressed, by site, in separate outlines. 5.3 Annual Workload for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control. In this sub-chapter has to indicate the number of man-hours expended for surveillance, prevention, and control of pests. 6. Health and Safety. This chapter should contain health and safety requirements as follows: 6.1 Medical Surveillance of Pest Management Personnel. All personnel who apply pesticides have to are included in a medical surveillance program. 6.2 Hazard Communication. Pest management personnel are given hazard communication training, to include hazardous materials in his workplace. Additional training is to be given to new employees or when new hazardous materials are introduced into the workplace. 6.3 Personal Protective Equipment. In this chapter has to be described approved masks, respirators, chemical resistant gloves and boots, and protective clothing (as specified by applicable laws, regulations and/or the pesticide label) are provided to pesticide applicators. These items are used as required during the mixing and application of pesticides. Pesticide-contaminated protective clothing is not be laundered at home but commercially. Severely contaminated clothing is not laundered, but is considered a pesticide- related waste and disposed, as applicable for hazardous waste. 6.4 Fire Protection. The fire safety protection requirements has to be established; the pest management coordinator has to control implementation of measures to prevent fire Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project 7. Environmental Considerations. 7.1 Protection of the Public. Precautions are taken during pesticide application to protect the public, on and off the installation. Pesticides should not be applied outdoors when the wind speed exceeds 155 m/min. Whenever pesticides are applied outdoors, care is taken to make sure that any spray drift is kept away from individuals, including the applicator. Pesticide application indoors is accomplished by individuals wearing the proper personal protective clothing and equipment. At no time are personnel permitted in a treatment area during pesticide application unless they have met the medical monitoring standards and are appropriately protected. 7.2 Sensitive Areas. No pesticides are applied directly to wetlands or water areas (lakes, rivers, etc.) unless use in such sites is specifically approved. 7.3 Endangered/Protected Species and Critical Habitats. Protected migratory birds which periodically occur on the installation cannot be controlled without a permit. The Pest Management Coordinator periodically evaluates ongoing pest control operations and evaluates all new pest control operations to ensure compliance with the list of endangered species No pest management operations are conducted that are likely to have a negative impact on endangered or protected species or their habitats without prior approval from environmental authorities. 7.4 Environmental Documentation. An environmental assessment which specifically addresses the pesticide use program on the installation has been prepared. This plan is referenced in the assessment as documentation of pesticide use. 106 Annex I. Reference Documents for World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/9367A2A9D9DAEED38525672C007D09 72?OpenDocument BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/C4241D657823FD818525672C007D096 E?OpenDocument OP 4.04 Natural Habitats http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/71432937FA0B753F8525672C007D07A A?OpenDocument BP. 4.04 Natural Habitats http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/62B0042EF3FBA64D8525672C007D077 3?OpenDocument OP 4.09 Pest Management http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/665DA6CA847982168525672C007D07A 3?OpenDocument OP 4.11 Cultural Property http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/55FA484A98BC2E68852567CC005BCB DB?OpenDocument OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/CA2D01A4D1BDF58085256B19008197 F6?OpenDocument BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/19036F316CAFA52685256B190080B90 A?OpenDocument OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/0F7D6F3F04DD70398525672C007D08E D?OpenDocument OP 4.36 Forests http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/C972D5438F4D1FB78525672C007D077 A?OpenDocument BP 4.36 Forests http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/0AE075DC916559D985256C79000BDE F0?OpenDocument OP 4.37 Safety of Dams http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/C12766B6C9D109548525672C007D07B 9?OpenDocument BP 4.37 Safety of Dams http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/D3448207C94C92628525672C007D0733 ?OpenDocument OP 4.76 Tobacco http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/DBE1A283D3BF9D078525672C007D07 5E?OpenDocument OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/5F511C57E7F3A3DD8525672C007D07 107 Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project A2?OpenDocument BP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/47D35C1186367F338525672C007D07A E?OpenDocument OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/72CC6840FC533D508525672C007D076 B?OpenDocument BP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/toc2/5DB8B30312AD33108525672C007D078 8?OpenDocument 108 Annex J. Report on Consultation on the Draft EMF with Interested Parties Date: March 21, 2014 Venue: Ministry of Economy, Chisinau Location/venue Objective Invitees Participants Summary, conclusions and comments Chisinau, Ministry To introduce the There were not sent personal invitations. 1. Capcelea A., World Bank On the meeting, there were made presentations on: of Economy CEP-II project and The invitation to participate in 2. Bulimaga C., Institute of Ecology Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project and it its components, Consultation was sent electronically to and Geography ASM Components and Environmental Management including EMF and the following institutions: 3. Mustea M., National Environmental Framework for project activities. Environmental  Ministry of Environment Center The attendees actively participated in discussions Guidelines, and  State Ecological Inspectorate 4. Plesco T., Ministry of Environment which were mainly focused on the proposed solicit feedback  Ministry of Economy 5. Petreanu Mariana, State Ecological environmental screening procedures and capability  Credit Line Directorate (CLD) Inspectorate of Financial Intermediaries and Implementing  Organization for the Development of 6. Suruceanu N., REC-Moldova Agencies to perform environmental management Small and Medium Enterprises 7. Neghina S., Ministry of Economy and monitoring of sub-projects. (ODIMM) 8. Cebotari E., Ministry of Economy After the meeting, on the basis of input from  Moldovan Investment and Export 9. Cantemir R., CLD participants as well as received comments on Draft Promotion Organization (MIEPO) 10. Jurminschi V., CLD EMP posted two weeks earlier on national public 11. Vilcu M., CLD consultation web-portal (www.particip.gov.md) and  Institute of Ecology and Geography 12. Casian A., PIU REC website (www.rec.md), there were made  Regional Environmental Center 13. Overcenco A., PIU relevant corrections both in the EMF main text and (REC) Moldova (NGO) EMF Annexes to better meet stakeholders’ concern.  National Environmental Center (NGO) Second Competitiveness Enhancement Project 110