Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment Findings from Wave 2 of the Somali High Frequency Survey Report No. AUS0000407 April 2019 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: World Bank Publications The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Fax: 202-522-2625 Cover photo: © Miranda Grant/Human Geographic. Acknowledgments This report was led by Utz Pape (Senior Economist, GPV01) and Wendy Karamba (Economist, GPV01). Substantial contributions to the overall report were made by Gonzalo Nunez (Consultant, GPV01) and Philip Wollburg (Consultant, GPV01). Chapter 1 ‘Poverty Profile’ was written by Gonzalo Nunez. Chapter 2 ‘Spatial Variation in Living Standards’ was prepared by Makiko Watanabe (Senior Urban Specialist, GSU13) and Nastassia Leszczynska (Consultant, GSU13). Contributions were made by Olivia D’Aoust (Urban Econ- omist) and Zishan Karim (Senior Urban Specialist, GSU13). Chapter 3 ‘Drought Impact’ was contributed by Philip Wollburg. Chapter 4 ‘Displacement’ was written by Andrea Fitri Woodhouse (Senior Social Devel- opment Specialist, GSU03), Verena Phipps (Senior Social Development Specialist, GSU07) and Ambika Sharma (Consultant, GPV01). Chapter 5 ‘Social Protection’ was prepared by Zaineb Majoka (Consultant, GSP01) with guidance from Maniza Naqvi (Senior Social Protection Specialist, GSPGL). Chapter 6 ‘Remit- tances’ was contributed by Sonia Plaza (Senior Economist, GFCAE) with inputs from Philip Wollburg. The team is grateful for inputs from Stephen Shisoka (Consultant, GPV01) and administrative support from Martin Buchara (Program Assistant, GPV01). The team is also grateful for inputs and comments from Pierella Paci (Practice Manager, GPV01) and Nobuo Yoshida (Lead Economist, GPV01) as well as the peer reviewers John Randa (Senior Economist, GMTA3) and Kinnon Scott (Senior Economist, GPV04). The Somali High Frequency Survey (SHFS) team was led by Utz Pape and comprised Gonzalo Nunez and Philip Wollburg. The survey was implemented by Altai Consulting in coordination with the respective statistical authorities. The team would like to thank the Director General Abdirahman Omar Dahir from the Directorate of National Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development of the Federal Government of Somalia for the close collaboration. Funding for the survey was received from the Somalia Knowledge for Results Trust Fund of the Multi-Partner Fund with additional contributions from Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) Global Practice to over-sample coastal areas and from the Somalia Country Management Unit to over-sample IDP host communities. Vice President Hafez M. H. Ghanem Country Director Bella Bird Senior Director Carolina Sanchez Practice Manager Pierella Paci Task Team Leaders Utz Pape, Wendy Karamba ii  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment Executive Summary Poverty and vulnerability in Somalia will impede The incidence of poverty of 69 percent is 19 per- future development without appropriate poli- centage points higher than the unweighted average cies. This report overviews poverty and vulnera- of low-income Sub-Saharan African countries of bility in Somalia to inform long-term development 51 percent in 2017. Somalia’s Gross Domestic Prod- and resilience policies and programs. The report uct (GDP) per capita of US$500 in 2017 and high describes poverty in Somalia in detail, including poverty incidence is in line with low income coun- geographical variation, based on the 2nd Somali tries, as shown by the relationship between poverty High Frequency Survey. The report analyzes the and GDP per capita across Sub-Saharan Africa. livelihoods impact of the recent drought, and esti- mates effects of future droughts, emphasizing effects on precarious livelihoods. The report also Poverty is widespread and deep, particularly discusses general shocks, including conflict and among rural residents, internally displaced climate, and the extent to which they have con- persons (IDPs) in settlements, and children tributed to displacement. Formal safety nets and informal remittances can support resilience. The Poverty is widespread and deep, particularly report discusses and recommends policies and for rural households and for IDP settlements. strategies to protect the poor and vulnerable while According to the 2nd Somali High Frequency Sur- opening paths to escape poverty. vey, almost three-fourths of the population in rural areas, IDP settlements, Mogadishu, and among Somalia is one of the poorest countries in Sub- nomads are poor. Poverty is deepest in rural areas Saharan Africa. Nearly 7 of 10 Somalis live in pov- and IDP settlements. To raise living standards, an erty, the 6th highest rate in the region, only after estimated US$1.64 billion per year is needed if the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African perfectly targeted to the poor (ignoring admin- Republic, Madagascar, Burundi, and South Sudan. istrative and logistics costs). A significant group ■  Poverty is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa 100 95 90 Poverty incidence (% of population) Poverty incidence (% of population) 85 80 SSD 75 70 MWI SOM 60 65 50 55 RWA 40 45 TZA 30 UGA 35 20 ETH 25 10 0 15 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 SSD BDI MDG CAF COD SOM MWI GNB MOZ RWA LBR SLE BEN TGO MLI NER TZA TCD BFA UGA SEN GIN ETH ZWE COM GDP per capita (US$ PPP) Regional average Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18, World Bank Macro Poverty Outlook and World Bank Open Data.  1 ■  Poverty is high and deep for households in rural areas and IDP settlements 100 50 Poverty gap (% of poverty line) 80 40 Poverty incidence (% of population) 60 30 40 20 20 10 0 0 Mogadishu Other urban Rural IDPs in settlements Nomads ur u se R n em al om s s ed H H itt es s Ps Ps af ted ed N ent ad ce er h ba ad H H ttl ur m c th is ct -ID ID ht ec re an an he d O gad fe e de ug ff on d itt ro t a al a ve m o N M he M D gh ei re ou e in ec d al R eive dr Ps m Fe ot ID c re N ot N Overall average Overall average Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. of non-poor are vulnerable to falling into poverty, Poverty extends beyond lack of money to representing that about 10 percent of the popu- non-monetary deprivations across multiple lation is within 20 percent in terms of total daily dimensions consumption above the poverty line. In addition to monetary poverty, most Somali Children and households that do not receive households suffer other non-monetary depri- remittances are disproportionately poor. Chil- vations. Almost 9 of 10 Somali households are dren below 14 years of age represent nearly half deprived in at least one dimension: monetary, elec- of Somalis, and 73 percent of them are poor. tricity, education, or water and sanitation. Nearly 7 Children from poor households face challenging of 10 households suffer in two or more dimensions. conditions—for example, they have no electric- Nomadic populations suffer the most, while urban ity or are deprived of education—which present dwellers experience the least. Poor households strong obstacles to escaping poverty. ■  IDPs in settlements, rural, and nomadic households face high deprivations across multiple dimensions 100 80 Percent of households 60 40 20 0 Overall Mogadishu Other Rural IDPs in Nomads urban settlements None One Two Three Four Five Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. 2  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment are slightly more deprived than non-poor ones in for not attending among children aged 6–13, a gen- access to electricity and education. der gap emerges for 14–17 year-olds; male enroll- ment is significantly higher after controlling for age, Access to services is limited, particularly for poverty status, and other household characteristics. rural residents, IDPs in settlements, and nomads. The main reasons for not attending school at this Improved water and sanitation is critical for health, age are lack of money for boys and having to work school performance, and productivity, but only 5 of or help at home for girls. Nomads and girls face the 10 households have access to improved sanitation, biggest challenges. and 8 of 10 to improved water sources. Only 5 of 10 households have electricity. Access to services is Distance from schools, rather than cost, is the somewhat higher in urban areas. Poor households primary barrier to primary school enrollment. are less likely to have access to improved sanita- Schools are at least 30 minutes walking distance tion and electricity. Markets and health clinics are for one of three Somali households, a distance far—more than 30 minutes walking distance—for negatively associated with primary enrollment. 34 to 40 percent of Somali households and for On average, households spend about 3 percent of most nomads. the US$1.90 poverty line on education per house- hold member enrolled. Expenditure on education Overage school enrollment is common, with stark weakly correlates with enrollment, however. geographical and gender disparities in enrollment rates. Nearly 27 percent of children enrolled in pri- Gender and regional disparities in access to edu- mary school are older than 13 years, and more than cation reflect educational outcomes of Somalis. 55 percent of those enrolled in secondary school are Education is key for increasing welfare and break- not between the ages of 14–17 years. Somali children ing the poverty cycle. Only half of Somalis read start primary school late as parents believe children and write, with literacy more common among aged 6–9 are too young to attend. Enrollment of younger generations, urban populations, and men. children aged 6–13 is only 33 percent and highest Similarly, the share of rural residents, IDPs in set- in urban areas. In Mogadishu and other urban areas, tlements, and nomads without formal education is enrollment among primary school-aged children 1.6, 2.6, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher than that aged 6–13 is about twice the enrollment rate in rural of urban residents. Older Somalis are less likely to areas and IDP settlements, and more than six times have formal education than younger Somalis, and that of nomadic children. Geographical disparity in women are less likely than men. Furthermore, chil- enrollment for secondary school-aged 14–17 year- dren are more likely to be enrolled in school when old children is also pronounced. While there are no household heads are literate. Despite higher enroll- gender differences in enrollment rates and reasons ment rates in urban areas, completion of primary ■  IDPs in settlements, rural, and nomadic households lag in access to key services Access to improved sanitation 100 100 Access to electricity (% of households) (% of households) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 hu n al ts s or r hu n al ts s or r oo oo ad ad ba ba ur en ur en Po Po is is -p -p om om ur R ur R ad ad em em on on er er og og N N ttl ttl N N th th M se M se O O in in Ps Ps ID ID Overall average Overall average Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. Executive Summary 3 ■  Women across all population groups have lower literacy and educational attainment 100 100 Percent of population without 90 population aged 15+) Literacy rate (% of 80 80 formal education 60 70 60 40 50 40 20 30 0 20 Mogadishu Other Rural IDPs in Nomads s s s s s s s s + s –1 ar –2 ar –2 ar –3 ar –3 ar –4 ar –4 ar –5 ar ar 55 15 ye 20 ye 25 ye 30 ye 35 ye 40 ye 45 ye 50 ye ye urban settlements 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 –1 10 Women Men Overall average Women Men Overall average Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. education is limited—only 11 percent of those aged Mogadishu) compared to 69 percent nationally, 15 or more who were previously enrolled did not 72 percent in rural areas, and 76 percent among complete the primary school. IDPs. The only exception is Mogadishu, where pov- erty is higher than nationally or than rural areas. Cities consistently provide better access to ser- Urban areas generally provide higher standards vices—except for land and housing—and more of living and better access to services than stable income than rural areas. Access to electric- rural areas, except for access to land and ity, water, improved sanitation, health, education, housing improved housing, and Internet is consistently higher in urban areas irrespective of poverty levels, Somali cities tend to have lower monetary pov- whether IDP or female-headed households. Rural erty and better services than rural areas. Poverty areas fare better than urban in land and housing averages 64 percent across urban areas (including tenure: due to land scarcity and high land values, ■  Urban areas provide better services than rural areas 100 Access to water (% of households) 100 Access to electricity (% of households) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 ur u N ban ur l C NW an C l ur l tra n ur l bb SW ban d ral n om s s N ishu N an l C W n lu l en ban ur l bb SW n d al n Ps W ra a a N rura tra ura a P ad N ish a ba ba ba ba tra ur SW l rur SW rur an rur N ru b en b an ru b ID ID r ur ur ur r r ur ad ad E E l tra E E W og og N N M M en en al al C Ju Ju Overall average Overall average Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. 4  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment urban households are less likely to own. Somali cit- areas, which facilitates entry of external assistance. ies provide more wage employment and access to Subnational governments are nascent in Kismayo, remittances, and since urban jobs are less climate- Baidoa, and Central urban areas, which have only dependent, they provide more stable income than recently liberated from Al-Shabaab. Much of their agriculture or family businesses. rural territories remain under Al-Shabaab control. Despite better conditions in cities, cities struggle with hunger, high absolute poverty of 64 percent, Urban IDPs have more access to services than nonmonetary poverty of 41 percent, and ensur- rural IDPs, but lag behind non-IDP households ing universal access to services. Many cities have not coped with constant and large influxes of IDPs. Urban IDPs, though worse off than urban non-IDP Pressure on land, housing, and services is increas- households, fare better than rural IDP households. ing with 75 percent of IDPs already residing in Irrespective of whether IDPs live in settlements or cities. not, they have better access to electricity, improved housing, and improved sanitation than rural IDPs. Mogadishu and North East and North West cit- However, urban IDPs still have less access to elec- ies provide better access to services compared to tricity, piped water, improved sanitation, improved Baidoa, Kismayo, and Central urban areas. While housing, dwelling ownership, and Internet com- poverty is higher in Mogadishu than all urban pared to non-IDP urban households. Moreover, areas except Baidoa, access to basic services such urban IDPs suffer lower enrollment, literacy, and as electricity, water, sanitation, improved hous- employment rates, and tend to live further from ing, education, and health is higher in Mogadishu. primary schools and food markets. Many urban Kismayo has the lowest poverty yet fares poorly IDPs, deprived of their former livelihoods, assets, on services. Strikingly, access to water, literacy, and social networks, are disadvantaged in educa- enrollment, and employment are significantly bet- tion and access to good jobs. ter in IDP settlements than in Kismayo. Baidoa has high poverty, and correspondingly low access to services. North East and North West cities fare Urban households in IDP host communities are relatively well on access to services, while Central no worse off than other urban households urban areas lag. North East and North West cities, which have been relatively free of violent conflict, There are no significant differences between have relatively high access to services; 86 percent urban households in communities that host IDPs of NW urban residents report feeling “very safe.” (urban host) and those in communities that Public institutions are more established in these do not (urban non-host). While hosting IDPs is ■  Significant regional inter-urban variation exists in access to services 100 Access to services (% of households) 80 60 40 20 0 Mogadishu Kismayo Baidoa NE urban NW urban IDPs Central Cities Other urban areas Electricity Water Improved housing Improved sanitation Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. Executive Summary 5 thought to constrain access to services, jobs, and household-level shocks such as injury, death, or housing, survey data show that urban host and unemployment. Shocks contribute to extreme non-host households have similar poverty profiles poverty and vulnerability, constraining economic and access to services. This suggests that either opportunities and livelihoods, damaging assets, effects of hosting IDPs have not yet materialized, and limiting access to farms, fishing, and pastoral- or that hosting IDPs does not deteriorate service ist routes. The persistent cycle of shocks increases access, as services are provided to IDPs dwelling in Somalis’ vulnerability to future shocks as there is settlements. This situation may change if IDPs pro- limited public and private insurance. long their urban stay and/or support from humani- tarian agencies declines. About 66 percent of Somali households report experiencing at least one type of shock in the Continued influx of IDPs causes urban sprawl, past 12 months. Due to the 2017 drought, most hindering service provision in new settlements. reported shocks are related to fluctuation in cli- Seventy-five percent of IDPs in Somalia have set- mate and its impact on livelihoods and the econ- tled on public and private lands in and around cities. omy. In an agro-pastoralist economy, household Most returnees are thought to also have settled in welfare is closely linked with changes in weather. cities. Without secure land tenure, IDPs are vulner- Poorer households are more likely to experience able to eviction. Over 109,000 IDPs living in infor- more than one type of shock. The impact of shocks mal settlements across the country were forcefully is magnified when a household experiences mul- evicted between January and August 2017 alone; tiple shocks simultaneously. 77 percent were around Mogadishu. Many IDPs shift to city outskirts, causing urban sprawl and making Low education, agricultural dependence, unem- service provision difficult and costly as new settle- ployment, low wealth, and large household size ments are disconnected from urban infrastructure make households more vulnerable to shocks. networks. Spatial fragmentation also inhibits IDPs’ Household characteristics affect shock impacts. access to jobs and prevents cities from reaping Households headed by an illiterate person are scale and agglomeration benefits. 12 to 24 percent more likely to report experienc- ing drought and loss of crops and livestock than households headed by someone with some educa- Many Somalis are vulnerable and unable to tion. Households depending on agriculture for their protect resources against shocks main source of income are more likely to report water shortages and loss of crops and livestock, Somali households are vulnerable to shocks such but they are less likely to report high food prices. as natural disasters and epidemics, as well as to Households receiving humanitarian aid were more ■  Drought is the most reported shock among Somali households 80 60 households Percent of 40 20 0 Drought or irregular rain Loss of crop or livestock Water shortage for cattle or farming High food prices Reduction in income Theft Conflict Other natural By type of shock Any shock Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. 6  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment likely to have reported experiencing a shock, The recent drought exacerbated vulnerability implying that humanitarian aid was well-targeted. and threatened millions of Somali lives Almost all Somali households that experience Somalia’s severe drought triggered a humani- shock report a negative impact on income, assets, tarian crisis as half of Somalis faced acute food or food resources. Households experiencing theft insecurity in 2017. Four consecutive seasons of or conflict report loss of assets such as valuables, poor rains between April 2016 and December 2017 land, or livestock. Most Somalis rely on livestock caused severe drought across the country, exac- and farming for their livelihood, so loss of crops erbating food insecurity for 6.2 million Somalis. or livestock and water shortage reduce household About 2.4 million people needed humanitarian income. Similarly, high food prices decrease pur- assistance to avert loss of livelihoods and reduce chasing power and real income of households. acute malnutrition, and 866,000 people required ■  Food insecurity rose with each successive season of poor rains Wave 1 55 120 Wave 2 (% of population) Food insecurity 50 (% of average) Rainfall/NDVI 100 2016 Gu season 45 80 2016 Deyr season 40 2017 Gu season 60 35 2017 Deyr season 40 30 Rainfall anomaly Feb-17 Feb-18 Dec-17 Oct-17 Dec-16 Oct-16 Feb-16 Apr-17 Jun-17 Aug-17 Aug-16 Jun-16 Apr-16 NDVI anomaly Acute food insecurity Source: FEWSNET, WFP-VAM, and authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. ■  Drought-related displacement peaked in mid-2017 350,000 1.2 Monthly drought displacement 300,000 1.0 Cumulative (millions) 250,000 0.8 200,000 0.6 150,000 0.4 100,000 50,000 0.2 0 0 6 6 6 17 17 7 7 7 17 7 17 17 7 7 7 -1 -1 -1 -1 r-1 -1 l-1 -1 -1 -1 n- b- n- g- p- ct ov ec ar ay ct ov ec Ju Ap Ja Fe Ju Au Se O O M N D M N D Displacement due to drought Cumulative drought displacements Source: UNHCR (2018a). Executive Summary 7 urgent food assistance to avert famine. Slightly Drought increased the likelihood of being improved rains in late 2017 to early 2018 eased poor and hungry for the most vulnerable rural drought conditions, but food insecurity remains a households serious concern. Highly drought-exposed rural households are The drought exacerbated vulnerabilities, threat- 24 percent more likely to be poor and more likely ened livelihoods, and displaced almost 1 million to be hungry. In rural areas, higher drought expo- Somalis. Lack of water and pasture led to high live- sure decreased consumption by 19 percent, corre- stock deaths and low birth rates, reducing herds sponding to a 24 percent increase in probability by 25 to 75 percent the first half of 2017. Somalis of being poor. The drought impacted relatively were forced to deplete household assets and food wealthier rural households most: while higher stocks to cope with rising food and water prices drought exposure had no significant impact on as weak demand for agricultural labor reduced consumption for the poorest 10 percent of rural wages. Drought reduced water for hygiene and households, exposure reduced consumption by sanitation and increased water contamination. 17 percent for rural households at the twentieth With drought threatening livelihoods, households percentile, and between 20 and 30 percent for the were forced to leave in search of government and top 80 percent of rural households. international assistance. The 2016 to 2017 drought displaced about one million of today’s Somalis. ■  Drought effect on consumption along the income distribution, rural areas 20% Drought impact on consumption 0% –20% –40% –60% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Income percentile Drought effect Smoothed drought effect 95% confidence interval Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. ■  Drought has been the major cause of internal displacement in recent years 350 300 Number of people 250 (thousands) 200 150 100 50 0 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 Conflict Drought Source: UNHCR-PRMN, Jan 2016–Apr 2018. 8  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment As hunger rose across all Somali regions, rural IDPs remain among the most vulnerable households in highly drought-exposed areas were groups, thus improving rural and urban access most severely affected. Higher drought exposure to services and livelihoods can strengthen their led to a 16 percent decrease in food consumption, viability and support voluntary return or local accompanied by a 17 percent increase in the prob- integration ability of experiencing hunger in December 2017. The drought had no significant effect on poverty IDPs face greater poverty and worse living con- and hunger for urban households. ditions than other residents. Although about 70 percent of Somalis are poor, IDPs are especially Internal displacement has grown rapidly in marginalized: over 3 in 4 IDPs live on less than $1.90 per day, and more than half of IDP households recent years, mainly due to drought face hunger. IDPs largely share essential amenities such as toilets, thereby crowding water, sanitation, Internal displacement has grown rapidly in recent and hygiene (WASH) facilities in settlements. IDP years, mainly due to drought. Four consecutive settlements are also further from essential facili- poor rainy seasons, along with ongoing conflict ties such as schools, health centers, and markets. and violence from armed non-state actors, caused Expanding access to basic services, including displacements to surge from late 2016 to late 2017. health and education, is essential to improve resil- Over half of IDPs are under the age of 15 and less ience in IDP communities. On average, IDP house- than 1 percent are above 64, driving high depen- holds receive about half the remittances of urban dency ratios: IDP households average dependency households. ratios larger than one, indicating that each working- age member provides for at least one child. IDPs also have lower human capital, leading to Poverty-alleviation policies and strategies for lifelong welfare gaps. School-age IDPs are less Somalia must address displacement-related vul- likely to attend school than urban residents. Adult nerabilities and IDPs’ needs. IDPs are less likely than urban residents to read ■  IDPs have greater poverty incidence than residents ■  Only 1 in 3 school-aged IDPs is enrolled in school Percent of population aged 6–17 80 Percent of population aged 6–17 100 100 80 80 Percent of population 80 60 Percent of population 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20 00 00 Overall IDP IDP 2016 Urban host non-host Urban resident Rural resident National resident Non-settlement IDP Settlement IDP Conflict or violence Climate event Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Woman headed Man headed Overall IDP Urban host non-host Urban resident resident Camp IDP IDP Conflict or violence event Woman headed headed Not protracted Protracted Displaced once multiple Bottom 40 60 Poor Non-poor IDP Settlement IDP 2016 host Urban non-host Urban resident Rural resident National resident Non-settlement IDP Settlement IDP Conflict or violence Climate event Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Woman headed Man headed Overall IDP host Urban non-host Ruralresident Rural resident Camp IDP Non-camp IDP or violence Climate event Manheaded Man headed Not protracted Protracted once Displaced multiple Top40 Top 60 Poor Non-poor Bottom Non-camp Overall Urban Urban Displaced Climate Displaced Woman Urban Urban Urban Settlement Conflict Overall Overall IDP IDP Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. Executive Summary 9 ■  Crowding of toilets squeezes out access to improved sanitation, especially in IDP settlements and urban centers 100 80 Percent of households 60 40 20 0 Overall IDP Urban host Urban non-host Urban resident Rural resident National resident Non-settlement IDP Settlement IDP Conflict or violence Climate event Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Woman headed Man headed Bottom 40 Top 60 Poor Non-poor Overall IDP Unadjusted for sharing Adjusted for sharing Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. ■  Urban livelihoods today are different from IDPs’ pre-displacement livelihoods 100 Percent of households 80 60 40 20 0 Urban host Urban non-host Urban resident Rural resident Before Current Before Current Before Current Before Current Before Current Non-displaced Overall IDP Camp IDP Non-camp IDP Conflict IDP Climate IDP (current) Salaried labor Remittances Small family business Agriculture Trade, property income Aid or zakat Other Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. 10  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment ■  Most IDPs do not intend to return 100 Percent of households 80 60 40 20 0 IDP Refugee Settlement Non-settlement Conflict or violence Climate event Woman headed Man headed Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Bottom 40 Top 60 Poor Non-poor Overall IDP Don’t want to move Original place of residence New area Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18 and SPS 2017. ■  Most IDPs arrived in the current location for security, regardless of the background to displacement 100 80 Percent of households 60 40 20 0 P m DP P ce t he d ed d ed m ce le To 0 60 N oor r en oo e Pr cte 4 ID D tip lim len ed on M ead ad ct tle nt I tI ev m p P -p ul ra ra ll en tto on ra o ac d e -s me h ot ot vi pl ce ve at Bo an an pr or D pla on ttle O om ot ct et C is Se N fli W D on is C N Better security Water for livestock Home/land access Education/health access Source: Authors’ calculation based on the SHFS 2017–18. and write. Educational outcomes for IDPs are Urban IDP livelihoods differ significantly from pre- closer to rural outcomes even though three in four displacement livelihoods. IDP livelihoods before IDP households are in urban areas. Gaps in educa- displacement consisted of a mix of salaries, small tional attainment are crucial since half of Somalis businesses, and agriculture, whereas IDP urban liveli- are less than age 15. As the young mature, lags in hoods today depend largely on salaries, remittances, educational attainment for IDPs will lead to persis- and aid. Many IDPs are now employed in helping tent, lifelong gaps in education, employment, and with nonagricultural businesses as they adjust to the overall well-being. employment landscapes of new locations. Executive Summary 11 Displacement has a very negative effect on well- an absence of formal and informal safety nets. being. IDPs displaced by climate events are poorer Household reliance on self-insurance, or choosing and have worse housing quality than those dis- to do nothing, in case of conflict or theft implies a placed by conflict. IDPs experiencing protracted lack of access to formal conflict resolution mech- displacement—mostly in urban areas—have bet- anisms and regulatory frameworks. A negligible ter access to health care. IDP households headed share of households has access to formal or mar- by a woman get only one-sixth the remittances of ket mechanisms. This adds to the vulnerability of IDP households headed by a man. Wealthier IDPs households, especially those in marginalized com- are more confident than poorer IDPs of being relo- munities. Wealthier households also lack access to cated within the next year. formal safety nets, which makes them vulnerable to shocks, albeit less than poorer counterparts. Most IDPs prefer to stay in their current loca- tion and only a few have revisited their original Social safety nets and social protection sys- residence. About 7 in 10 IDPs want to remain in tems are needed to build risk management and their current location, and only 2 in 10 intend to risk coping capacity of vulnerable households. return to their original place of residence. Over 9 A social safety nets system includes both income in 10 have not visited their original residence since and consumption smoothing to build resilience and being displaced. A majority of IDPs cited security enable households to anticipate and/or recover as the reason for preferring their current location, from shocks. A cash transfer can help reduce pov- with 8 in 10 IDPs reporting feeling “safe” or “very erty. Globally, countries tend to spend between 2.5 safe” currently. IDPs also perceive positive social and 5 percent of GDP on such programs. In con- relations with host communities, with 9 in 10 IDP trast, Sub-Saharan countries on average spend only households saying that they have good dealings 1.6 percent of GDP on social safety nets. Somalia with their surrounding communities. spends even less at 0.8 percent of GDP in 2016, even though it receives 16 percent of GDP (US$1.2 bil- lion) in humanitarian aid. Using some resources to In the absence of formal safety nets, self- implement a well-targeted safety net would reduce insurance is a primary coping strategy for many poverty. Households receiving cash transfers could Somali households use them for productive investments, savings, and other income-generating activities. Somalis are vulnerable to various covariate and idiosyncratic shocks, which contribute to pov- erty, vulnerability, and displacement. Almost two International remittances represent a sizable in three Somali households (66 percent) reported share of household consumption, especially for experiencing at least one type of shock in the past the bottom 40 percent 12 months. Of those who experienced a shock, half of households reported experiencing drought and Remittances are the major source of external one in four reported loss of crops or livestock and development finance for Somalia. Somali migrants shortage of water for farming or cattle. One in five and refugees outside Somalia doubled between households experienced high food prices. Two of 1990 and 2017 to total more than 2 million. Dur- five Somali households experienced multiple types ing 2015–2017, Somali diaspora sent home about of shocks within a year. The negative impact of an official US$1.3 billion per year, but remittances each shock is greater if a household experiences may be significantly larger when considering unre- multiple types simultaneously. Poorer households corded flows. Remittances represent 20 percent of are more likely to experience more than one type GDP, about the same amount as grants to Somalia, of shock. Somali households that have experi- and more than three times foreign direct invest- enced a shock report higher food insecurity, lower ment (FDI). Remittances may be countercyclical, wealth, fewer savings, and lower access to coping as relatives and friends often send more during mechanisms; they are also more likely to resort to economic downturns, disasters, conflicts, or other negative coping strategies. negative shocks. Households mostly rely on self-insurance to Households receiving international remittances cope with shocks. This indicates inadequate risk are less likely to be poor. Only 58 percent of management and mitigation systems, as well as remittance-recipient households in Somalia are 12  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment ■  Incidence of remittance receipt and sending 30 Percent of households 22 20 18 16 13 11 10 11 10 8 8 7 6 6 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 0 Urban Rural IDPs living in IDPs living outside Nomads settlements of settlements Remittances overall International remittances Internal remittances Sending remittances Overall average Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. ■  Average annual value of remittances received are almost twice those sent $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $0 Overall Urban Rural IDPs inside IDPs outside Nomads settlements settlements Remittances overall International remittances Internal remittances Sending remittances Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. ■  International remittances are more important for the bottom 40 percent 2.0 1.5 US$ 1.0 0.5 0 Bottom 40% Top 60% International remittances US$ pc pd Consumption expenditure US$ pc pd Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. Executive Summary 13 poor, compared to 71 percent of non-recipient Alleviating poverty and mitigating vulnerability households. Somali households are both remit- in Somalia require accelerating economic tance senders and receivers, but the incidence of growth, improving services, managing receipts tends to be higher for urban households, urbanization, and investing in resilience and while IDPs living in settlements are least likely safety nets, including cost-effective remittance to receive international remittances. Despite the transfers three-fold gap in incidence, those in IDP settle- ments who do receive international remittances receive almost the same amount as urban recipi- Economic growth-creating opportunities, espe- ents. On average, recipients of international remit- cially for youth, is fundamental to sustainable tances receive about US$743 per year—above the poverty reduction, vulnerability mitigation, and 2017 average per capita Somali income of US$535. conflict avoidance. Somalia has a large youth Internal transfers are also important for both urban bulge, so youth must be able to find jobs to contrib- and rural dwellers, as well as for IDPs living outside ute to economic growth. The need for sustainable settlements. work for IDPs is especially urgent given chang- ing livelihood structures and lack of safety nets. Households receiving international remittances Policies to encourage business and entrepreneur- have higher incomes, consumption, and expendi- ship to create jobs are needed to avoid idle youth ture on education. International remittances aver- from resorting to conflict. Furthermore, enhancing age 34 percent of total household income, nearly access to domestic markets can increase inclusiv- as high a proportion of income from salaried labor ity, spur economic activity, and accelerate poverty at 35 percent for households that receive them. reduction. Domestic remittances also comprise 23 percent of total income for households that receive them. Improving service provision—especially Remittances are relatively more important for the education—is crucial to improve human capital bottom 40 percent as income from remittances rep- and reduce inequality that disproportionately resent 54 percent of their total consumption, while affects girls/women, IDPs, and rural and nomadic remittances represent about 23 percent of total households. Policies should aim to improve access consumption for the upper 60 percent. International to education and increase enrollment while consid- remittance-receiving households are more likely to ering disparities and specific needs of vulnerable have higher expenditures on education compared to groups. Increasing access to education for children non-recipient households. Households that receive and youth will allow more productive opportunities international remittances also have substantially later in life and enhance standard of living. Build- higher enrollment rates than non-recipients. ing more schools is one alternative, but further analysis is needed given the complexity and cost Remittance markets in Somalia remain relatively of designing and implementing educational poli- underdeveloped and costly but can leap-frog cies. The challenge of increasing enrollment rates with mobile technologies. Forty-six percent of will continue to grow given Somalia’s demograph- domestic remittances go through mobile money, ics and young population. While access is still a big while 47 percent go through money transfer challenge, and a crucial first step, policies to reduce operators and informal channels, such as hand- drop-out and increase levels of educational attain- carried during visits home and Hawala. Mean- ment are also needed. while, 87 percent of international remittances are channeled through money transfer operators, and Somalia cities need investment in land manage- 12 percent via mobile phones. Due to anti-money ment and coordinated infrastructure. Cities mostly laundering regulations, costs of remitting money need proper land administration systems and land to Somalia have increased, while the number of use planning to control growth and provide secure service providers has declined, reducing competi- tenure to IDPs. Coordinated infrastructure invest- tion and encouraging informal channels. So, while ments aligned with planning would create synergy remittances provide a lifeline for the poor, send- across different types of infrastructure. City invest- ing money to Somalia is costly: from the United ments need to be customized to address each city’s Kingdom to Somalia, costs are more than twice the needs. Detailed city-level assessments are needed SDG target of 3 percent, and for sending from Aus- to understand urbanization constraints and solu- tralia costs are almost three times the SDG target. tions, which consider IDP needs to facilitate their 14  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment ■  Simulation of income shock among rural households 100 90 Percent of population 80 76 70 65 60 50 40 30 20 Poverty change 10 Core consumption (2017) 0 Income shock 0 1 2 3 4 Daily core consumption expenditure per capita (US$) Source: Authors’ calculations based on the SHFS 2017–18. integration. Political economy must be considered agricultural insurance, enabling households to in crafting and implementing policies to foresee diversify income, and improving access to roads opportunities, risks, winners, and losers of policies, and clean water. and anticipate challenges to implementation. It is critical to strengthen government institutions by Cash transfers can help build resilience, espe- channeling development assistance through them cially for poor households with limited access rather than parallel structures. State and municipal to formal and informal insurance. Protecting governments, ultimately accountable for providing vulnerable groups and creating income oppor- services to constituents, can participate more. tunities are crucial to prevent childhood poverty from progressing into adulthood. Poor households Within cities, the needs of IDPs not living in set- most vulnerable to shocks experience the highest tlements should be addressed along with the IDPs welfare impact. High vulnerability tends to make in settlements. Area-based targeting can ensure them risk averse, hence having access to insurance equity among vulnerable urban population groups. and other risk mitigation can help poor household Assistance has focused on urban IDPs living in set- invest with less fear. On average across countries, tlements deemed most deprived, but urban IDP household consumption can increase by US$0.74 not living in settlements are equally deprived of for each dollar transferred. In resource-constrained services. Moreover, they consistently fare worse on environments such as Somalia, short- to medium- development outcomes compared to other urban term humanitarian assistance might be needed to households. Because non-settlement IDPs are dif- complement social safety nets. ficult to track, it is important to use area-based interventions on poor urban areas with high con- Remittances, crucial to resilience and investment centrations of non-settlement IDPs. Group-based in Somalia, would benefit from policies facili- approaches only focus on IDPs in settlements. In tating their flow. Mobile licensing and increasing pursuing poor area-based approaches, develop- competition will decrease costs, as will the intro- ment must align with urban development plans. duction of new products, interoperability among service providers, and establishment of open infra- Investment in resilience is needed to prevent structure to collect digital payments. A barrier to livelihood loss for vulnerable rural households, lowering remittance fees arises from anti-money especially due to likely future droughts. A con- laundering and combatting financing of terror sumption shock of the same magnitude as the requirements. Somalia is working on complying 2016/17 drought is estimated to increase rural pov- with AML/CFT and establishing digital identifica- erty from 65 to 76 percent. Investing in resilience tion to “de-risk” for international banks. Remitters and rural market access would help these house- could benefit from new financial products such as holds avoid livelihood loss. Measures may include microinsurance and direct payments of tuition. Executive Summary 15 Box 1 ■  The Somali Pulse website shares some of the world’s least represented voices A poverty incidence of 69 percent summarizes the country’s poverty level, yet it does not reveal the daily struggle of the population. Somalia has suffered from armed conflict and several humanitarian crises. The recent drought severely affected the lives of millions and exacerbated existing vulnerabilities. Securing livelihoods has become more and more difficult with 69 percent of the Somali population now living in poverty. Poverty esti- mates are useful for comparisons and analyses to inform policies and programs. However, an abstract poverty number does not depict the suffering that people go through to make ends meet. Wave 2 of the Somali High Frequency Survey (SHFS) used hand-held devices to collect data. At the end of the quantitative survey, respon- dents were asked to voluntarily record a quick message. The Somali Pulse website contains hundreds of video testimonials recorded with tablets during fieldwork to capture the voice of the people and give a face to the data. The website presents insights from the World Bank’s SHFS, as well as video testimonials—with subtitles in English— reflecting the dire situation on the ground and what it is like to live in poverty in Somalia. The videos depict the sense of powerlessness, the pain of hunger, the stress of hopelessness, and the feelings of disappointment that express Somalis’ experiences. The opportu- nity to voice the struggle of respondents is a first step to empowerment of the world’s least represented voices, allowing them to tell the world of what their lives are like. It is also an inspiration to continue finding innovative ways for helping them and millions like them to escape poverty. The Somali Pulse website can be found in the following link: http://www.thesomalipulse.com 16  Somali Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment Gogoldhig Dayacnaanta iyo saboolnimada ka jirta Soomaa- istirtaaijiyadeed si loo ilaaliyo saboolnimada iyo liya waxay laba dible u hayn doontaa horrumar nugayl xilliga la furaya talaabooyinka looga gud- kasta oo mustaqbalka la samaynayo, haddaan bayo saboolnimada. loo helin siyaasad rasmiya. Warbixintaani waxay qiimaynaysaa heerka saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya waa mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu ka jirta Soomaaliya, si loo ogaado siyaasadaha iyo saboolsan ee ku yaal Afrikada ka hoosaysa sax- barnaamijyada wakhtiga dheer ee horumarinta iyo aaraha, celcelis ahaan 10 qof ee Soomaaliya 7 ka adkaysiga. Warbixintaani waxay qeexaysaa faah- mid ah waa sabool, waa wadanka lixaad ee sab- faahin ku aadan saboolnimada Soomaaliya, wax- oolnimadu ugu sarayso marka laga soo tago wad- aanay u kala saaraysaa hab deegaan, waana salka amada Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Koongo, wareegga labaad ee celceliska sahanka. Warbixintu Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada dhexe, Madagaskar, waxay qiiimanaysaa saamaynta ay abaarihii dhow- Burundi iyo Koonfurta Suudaan. Heerka saboolni- aanahaan jiray ku yeesheen nolosha qoysaska iyo mada waa 69% taasoo 19% ka koraysa heerka cel qiimayn waxyeelada ay geysan karaan abaaraha celis ee wadamada Afrika ee ka hooseeya Sax- mustaqbalka dhacaya, iyadoo qeexaysa hubaal aaraha oo celceliskooda saboolnimadu yahay 51%, la’aanta nolosha qoysaska. Warbixintu sidoo kale qiyaasta la sameeyey sanadkii 2017. Wax soo saarka waxay ka waramaysaa khalkhalka ka dhashay gudaha Soomaaliya sanadkii (GDP) celicelis ahaan dhibaatooyinka ay ka mid yihiin dagaalada iyo qofkii waa 500 oo doolar (waa qiyaasta 2017), iya- cimilada doorkay ka qaateen barakaca. Hababka doo heerka saboolnimada ay ka dhigtay wadanka rasmiga ah ee badbaadada isku xiran iyo xawala- mid ka mid ah wadamada dakhligoodu ugu hoo- daha aan tooska ahayn taakulayday u geystaan seeyo, siday tusinayso xiriirka ka dhexeeya sabool- adkaysiga. Warbixintu waxay soo jeedinaysaa, nimada iyo wax soo saarka guud ee wadanka guud kuna tala bixinaysaa siyaasadda iyo qorshooyin ahaan Afrikada ka hoosaysa Saxaaraha. ■  Saboolnimadu waa mid aad ugu saraysa Afrikada ka hoosaysa saxaaraha 100 95 90 Poverty incidence (% of population) Poverty incidence (% of population) 85 80 SSD 75 70 MWI SOM 60 65 50 55 RWA 40 45 TZA 30 UGA 35 20 ETH 25 10 0 15 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 SSD BDI MDG CAF COD SOM MWI GNB MOZ RWA LBR SLE BEN TGO MLI NER TZA TCD BFA UGA SEN GIN ETH ZWE COM GDP per capita (US$ PPP) Regional average Waa qoraal ku salaysan celceliska qimaynta la sameeyey 2017–2018 oo ku aadan heerka saboolnimada ee xogta Baanka aduunka.  1 ■  Saboolnimada oo ku saraysa, kuna qoto dheer nolosha qoysaska miyiga iyo dadka ku nool degsiimooyinka xeryaha dadka guduhu ku barakaceen 100 50 Poverty gap (% of poverty line) 80 40 Poverty incidence (% of population) 60 30 40 20 20 10 0 0 Mogadishu Other urban Rural IDPs in settlements Nomads ur u se R n em al om s s ed H H itt es s Ps s af ted ed N ent ad ce P er h ba ad H H ttl ur m c th is ct -ID ID ht ec re an an he d O gad fe e de ug ff on d itt ro t a al a ve m o N M he M D gh ei re ou e in ec d al R eive dr Ps m Fe ot ID c re N ot N Overall average Overall average Isha xogta: Tirakoobka SHFS 2017–18. Saboolnimadu waa mid baahday oo qoto ahaanna waa sabool. Carruurta ka soo jeedda dheer, gaar ahaan dadka miyiga degan, qoysaska saboolka ah waxay wajahayaan xaaladdo degsiimooyinka xeryaha dadka gudaha ku adag, tusaale ahaan, ma haystaan koronto ama barakacay ku nool yihiin iyo carruurtu wax tacliin, tanoo ah tilmaan xoog badan oo ah dhibaato ka haysata inay ka baxaan saboolnimada. Saboolnimadu waa mid baahday oo qoto dheer, gaar ahaan qoyasaska miyiga degan, degsiimooy- Saboolnimada waa mid ka durugsan lacag inka xeryaha dadka gudaha ku barakacay ku nool yihiin. Marka loo eego tirade ay sheegayso xogta la’aan, waxayna tahay mid saamaysay qaybo ku jirta sahanka labaad ee Soomaaliya, qiyaas badan oo kala duwan ahaan saddex ka mid ah afartii ka mid ah dadka ku nool miyiga, degsiimooyinka lagu barakacay, Waxyaabaha dheeraadka ah ee saboolnimada Muqdisho iyo reer guuraaga waa sabool. Saboolni- lacagta ku ah, inta badan qoysaska Soomaalidu madu waxay ku sii daran tahay qoysaska meelaha waxay ka cabanayaan waxyaabo kale oo aan qay- miyiga iyo xeryaha lagu barakacay ku nool. Si kor baha lacagta ahayn. Qiyaasta 9kii qoys ee ka mid loogu qaado heerka nolosha waxay u bahaan tahay ah 10 qoys ee soomaalidu waxaa haysta dhibaao qiyaas dhaqaale oo dhan 1-64 bilyan doolarka dhinacyada: lacagta, korantada, waxbarashada, Maraykanka ah sanadkii haddii la doonayo in si biyaha iyo saxada ah. Qiyaasta 10kii qoys 7 ka mid wax tar leh loo abaaro saboolnimada (qiyaastaan ah waxaa dhibaato ka haysataa helitaanka laba ka waxaan ku jirin lacagaha ku baxaya maamulka iyo mid ah qaybahaan. Qoysaska reer guuraaga ayaa gaarsiinta). Waxaa kaloo cad in dadka aan sab- ah kuwa ugu daran, halka qoysaska magaaloyinka oolka ahayn ay iyna u nugul yihiin inay si fudud ugu degan ay ka roon yihiin. Qoysaska saboolka ah waa hoobtaan saboolnimada, dadkaas u nugul waxay kuwo aan iyagu ka faa’iidin inta badan marka loo 10% ka yihiin 20% dadka ka koreeya heerka sabool- eego qoysaska aan saboolka ahayn markay noqoto nimada markay noqoto waxay quutaan maalintii. helitaanka koranada iyo waxbarashada. Carruurta iyo qoysaska aan iyagu lacago ka helin Qoysaska ku nool miyiga, xeryaha gudaha ee lagu xawaaladaha waa kuwo iyaga ay haysato sab- barakacay iyo reer guuraadu waa kuwo aan helin oolnimada darani. Carruurta ka yar 14ka sano oo adeegyada. Horumarinta biyaha iyo saxaduna ah kala bar tirada dadka Soomaaliyeed, 73% tiro waxay muhiim u tahay caafimaadka, wax qabadka 2  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya ■  Qoysaska ku nool xeryaha dadka guduhu ku barakaceen, miyiga iyo qoysaska reer guuraagu waa kuwo ay haysato wax la’aan qaybo kala duwan 100 80 Percent of households 60 40 20 0 Overall Mogadishu Other Rural IDPs in Nomads urban settlements None One Two Three Four Five Qoraalka celceliska ku salaysan xogta sahanka 2017–18. ■  Xeryaha dadka guduhu ku barakaceen, miyiga iyo reer guuraadu waxaa ku adag helitaanka adeegyada muhiimka ah Access to improved sanitation 100 100 Access to electricity (% of households) (% of households) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 hu n al ts s or r hu n al ts s or r oo oo ad ad ba ba ur en ur en Po Po is is -p -p om om ur R ur R ad ad em em on on er er og og N N ttl ttl N N th th M se M se O O in in Ps Ps ID ID Overall average Overall average Qoraalka xogta sahanka 2017–18. iskuulada iyo wax soo saark, laakiin keliya 10kii Diwaan gelinta carruurta dhaaftay wakhtigii wax- qoys shan ka mid ah ayaa hela saxo la hor mari- barashada waa mid can ah, iyadoo ay raacdo yey, iyadoo 100 qoys 8 ka mid ah laga hormariyey juquragia iyo iyo arrimaha la xiriira sinaan la’aanta helitaanka biyaha. Keliya 10kii qoys shan ka mid ka dhex jirta gabdhaha iyo wiilashada markay ah ayaa hela koronta. Helitaanka adegyadaan waa noqoto diwaan gelinta. Qiyaasta 27 boqolkiiba mid isagu xoogaa ku koreeye magaalooyinka. carruurta iskuulada hoose loo diwaan geliyo waa Qoysaska saboolka ahi waa kuwo ay ku yar tahay kuwo ka weyn da’da 13 jir, halka 55 boqolkiiba tiro inay hormariyaan helitaanka saxada iyo korantada. ka badan oo ah kuwa dugsiyada sare loo diwaan Suuqyada iyo goobaha caafimadka waa kuwa ka geliyo ma ahan kuwo da’doodu tahay inta u dhax- fog, waxayna ku qaadataa wax ka badan 30 daqi- aysa 14 ilaa 17 jir. Carruurta Soomaalidu waxay iqo oo lug ah inay ku gaaraan, 34 ilaa 40 boqolkiiba dugisyada hoose wax barashadooda bilaabaan qoysaska Soomaaliyeed, badidooduna waa kuwa xilli danbe, iyagoo waalidiintu ay rumaysan yihiin reer guuraaga ah. in carruurta 6 ilaa 9 sano jirka ah ay weli yihiin kuw Gogoldhig 3 yar yar oo aan waxbarasho gaarin. Carruurta isku- magaalooyinka ku nool iyo ragga. Waxaa taas la lada la geeyo ee da’doodu u dhaxaysa 6 ilaa 13 mid ah dadka kunool miyiga iyo degsiimooyinka waa 33 boqolkiiba keliya meelaha magaalooyinka xeryaha lagu barakacay, iyadoo reer guuraagu ah. Diwaan gelinta iskuulada carruurta da’doodu ihiin kuwo aan nidaam waxbarasho haysa 1.6, 2.6 u dhaxayso 6 ilaa 13 ee ku nool Muqdisho iyo iyo 2.5 goor wax ka badan, waxaa intaas dheer, magaalooyinka kale laba goor ayey tiro ahaan ka iyadoo magaalooyinka dadka kunoolna ay ka sii badan yihiin marka loo eego carruurta ku nool badan yihiin. Dadka waaweyn ee Soomaalidu waa miyiga iyo xeryaha dadka gudaha ku barakacay ku kuwo iyagu leh aqoon rasmiya marka loo eego nool yihiin, iyagoona lix goor ka sii badan carruurta dadka yar yar, haweenkuna waa kuwo aan wax- qoysaska reer guuraaga. Sinaan la’aanta juquraafi barasho la’ahayn marka loo eego ragga. Waxaa ee diwaan gelinta dugsiayda sare da’ahaan 14 ilaa intaas dheer, carruurta ayaa ah kkuwo inta badan 17 jir waa mid iyana cad. Iyadoo aysan jirin kala loo diwaan geliyo dugsiyada marka hogaamiyaha duwanaan dhedig iyo lab heeka diwaan gelinta qoyska yahay qof wax yaqan. Inkastoo diwaan iyo sababaha aysan u aadayn iskuulada carruurta gelinta dugsiyada ay ku korayso magaalooyinka, da’doodu u dhaxayso 6 ilaa 13 jir, wuxuuse ka jira haddana inay dhamaystaan waxbarashada dugsi- farqiga kala duwaanta dhedigga iyo labku marka yada hoose waa mid yar, keliya 11 boqolkiiba da’da la gaaro da’da u dhaxaysa 14 ilaa 17; wiilasha iskuu- 15 ama ka badan oo galay dugsiyada hoose ayaan lada aad ayaa ka badan gabdhaha marka la gaaro dhamaysan. da’daan, tanoo ay ugu wacan tahay heerka sabool- nimada iyo waxyaabo kale oo nolosha qoyska ku xeeran. Sababaha ugu waaweyn ee wiilasha da’da Magaalooyinku caadi ahaan waa kuwo heerkaani ahi aysan iskuulada u aadayn waxaa ugu heerkooda nololeed uu sareeyo, waxayna weyn lacag la’aan, halka gabdhuhuna ay shaqada leeyihiin helitaan adeegyo marka loo eego guriga qabtaan. Reer guuraaga iyo gabdhaha miyiga, marka laga reebo helitaanka dhulka iyo ayaana caqabadda ugu weyni haysataa. guriyeynta Sinaan la’aanda ka taagan waxbarashada eek Magaalooyinka Soomaalidu waa kuwo ay hoo- u salaysan dhedig/laboodka iyo tan goboleed sayso saboolnimada lacagta, waxayna leeyihiin waxay la xiriirta heerka waxbarashada Soomaa- helitaanka adeeegyo ka wanaagsan marka loo lida. Waxbarahsadu waa qodob muhiim ah kororka eego miyiga. Heerka saboolnimada celi celis ahaan taakulada iyo in adhaxda laga jebiyo saboolni- ee magaalooyinka ay ka mid tahay Muqdisho waa mada wareegta. Keliya kala bar dadka Soomaaliy- 64% marka la bar bar dhigo 69% qaran ahaan, 72 eed ayaa wax qora waxna akhriya, heerka aqoon boqolkiiba waa miyiga, halka 76 boqolkiiba ay la’aantu waa mid can ka dhex ah da’yarta, dadka tahay dadka ku nool xeryaha dadka gudaha ku ■  Haweenka dhamaan qaybaha kala duwan bulshada waxaa ku hooseya tacliinta iyo helitaankeeda 100 100 Percent of population without 90 population aged 15+) Literacy rate (% of 80 80 formal education 60 70 60 40 50 40 20 30 0 20 Mogadishu Other Rural IDPs in Nomads s s s s s s s s + s –1 ar –2 ar –2 ar –3 ar –3 ar –4 ar –4 ar –5 ar ar 55 15 ye 20 ye 25 ye 30 ye 35 ye 40 ye 45 ye 50 ye ye urban settlements 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 –1 10 Women Men Overall average Women Men Overall average Isha xogta sahanka 2017–18. 4  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya barakacay ku nool yihiin. Waxaa ku jirin Muqdisho, Taasoo ka dhalatay culaysyada dhulka, guriy- meelaha saboolnimadu ay ka korayso heerka qaran eynta iyo adeegyada kale oo koreeya iyadoo 75 ama meelaha miyiga ah. Magaalooyinka waxaa si qoysaska gudaha ku barakacay ay degan yihiin caadi ah looga helaa adeegyo wanaagsan marka magaalooyinka. laga reebo dhulka iyo guriyeynta, waaxana joogto ah dakhliga qofka soo gala marka loo eego dhulka Magaalooyinka Muqdisho, waqooyi bari iyo miyiga ah. Helitaanka korontada, biyaha, xada waqooyi galbeed ku yaal ayaa adeegyo wanaagsan wanaagsan, caafimaadka, guriyeynta iyo inter- laga helaa marka loo bar bar dhigo magaalooy- netka waa mid ku saraysa magaalooyinka iyadoo inka Baydhabo, Kismaayo iyo kuwa bartamaha ku aan la eegin heerka saboolnimada, ha ahaaadeen yaal. Iyadoo Muqdisho tahay magaalada heerka qoysaska xeryaha lagu barakacay ama qoysaska saboolnimadu ugu koreeyo marka laga reebo ay haweenka masuulka ka yihiin. Qoysaska miyigu Baydhabo, helitaanta adeegyada ay ka midka waxay kaga wanaagsan yihiin kuwa magaalooy- yihiin korantada, biyaha, saxada, guriyeynta, wax- inka helitaanka dhulka iyo guriyeynta; waxaana tan barashada iyo caafimaadku waa md ku saraysa ugu wacan cabsida dhulka iyo qimaha sare ee uu Muqdisho. Kismaayo oo ah meesha saboolnimada dhulku joogo, qoysaska magaalooyinku inta badan ugu hoosaysa weli waa mid adeegyadaan ku hoo- ma lahan dhul ay leeyihiin. Magaalooyinka Somaa- saysa. Waxaa xiiso badan in helitaanka biyaha, liya waa meelaha ugu badan ee shaqaalaynta iyo waxbarashada iyo shaqaalayntu aad aad ugu fii- heli taanka lacagaha xawalaadaha laga helo, iya- can tahay degsimooyinka barakacayaasha marka doo magaalooyinka laga helo shaqooyinka ugu loo eego gudaha Kismaayo. Magaalada Baydhabo badan iyo adeegyada xawaaladaha, iyo iyadoo waa tan saboolnimada ugu sarayso, waxaana la shaqada magaalooyinka aysan ku xirnayn duruuf, wariyey in helitaanka adeegyadaani hoosayso. waxaana laga helaa dakhli joogto ah marka loo Magaalooyinka waqooyi galbeed iyo waqooyi bari eego qoysaska beeraha ama ganacsiga ku jira. waa kuwo si isku mid ah ay u hagaagsan tahay heli- taanka adeegyadaan, halka magaalooyinka bar- Inkastoo xaalado wanaagsan ay ka jiraan tamaha wadanka ku yaal la’yihiin. Magaalooyinka magaalooyinka, waxayna la tacaalaan gaa- waqooyi bari iyo waqooyi galbeed waa kuwo aan jada, heerka koreeya ee saboolnimada oo ah qulqulatooyinka ka dhicin, waana goobo helita- 64 boqolkiiba, saboolnimada aan waxyaabaha anka adeegyadaani sareeyo; 86 boqolkiiba dadka lacagta ahayn waa 41 boqolkiiba iyo xaqiijinta ku nool magaalooyinka waqooyi galbeed waa helitaanka adeegyada guud. Magaalooyin badan dad dareema inay ku nool yihiin amaan. Waxaa ayaan lahayn xeryo barakacayaal ah oo balaaran. dhidibada u taagan hay’adihii maamulka dawli, ■  Magaalooyinka waxaa laga helaa adeegyo ka wanaagsan kuwa miyiga 100 Access to water (% of households) 100 Access to electricity (% of households) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 en ban ur l bb SW n d al n ur u N ban ur l C NW an C l ur l tra an ur l bb W an d ral n N Ps s N ishu N an l N an lu l Ps W ra a a N ura tra ura a ad ba ba N ish ba SW rur an rur tra rur SW l rur N ru b en b b an ru b b ID ID om r ur r r ur ur ur ad ad E E C W l tra E E W og og S M M en en al al C Ju Ju Overall average Overall average Isha xogta tirooyinka sahanka 2017–18. Gogoldhig 5 ■  Calamadaha muujinaya sida gobolladu ugu kala duwan yihin helitaanka adeegyada 100 Access to services (% of households) 80 60 40 20 0 Mogadishu Kismayo Baidoa NE urban NW urban IDPs Central Cities Other urban areas Electricity Water Improved housing Improved sanitation Isha xogta waa tirakoobka 2017–18. iyadoo adeegyaday bixiyaan ay ku tiirsan yihiin iskuulada hoose iyo suuqyada cuntada. Qoysas taageero dibadeed. Dawlad hoosaadyadu waa badan oo barakacayaasha magaalooyinka ah ayaa kuwo hadda ka unkamaya Baydhabo, Kismaayo isaga haray wixii noloshoodii hore ku tiisanayd, iyo magaalooyinka bartamaha wadanka ku yaal, hantidii maguurtada ahaa ee ay lahaayeen iyo xiri- iyadoo deegaanadaan wakhti dhow laga xoreeyey irka bulsho, tanoo aan u keenin faa’iido dhinaca ururka Alshabaab, welina dhulkooda miyiga ah oo waxbarashada iyo helitaanka shaqo wanaagsan. balaaran waxaa xukuma Alshabaab. Qoysaska ku nool goobaha xeryaha dadka ku Barakacayaasha ku sugan gudaha barakacay ku yaalaan ee magaalooyinka oo ah magaalooyinka way kaga wanaagsan yihiin kuwa marti geliyey barakacayaasha ma ahan helitaanka adeegyada marka loo eego kuwo ka xun qoysaska kale ee magaalooyinka barakacayaasha ku sugan miyiga, laakiin waxay layihiin guri Ma jiro wax farqi ah oo kala duwanaansho oo la taaban karo oo u dhexeeya bulshada ku nool Barakacayaasha magaalooyinka, inkastoo ay magaalooyinka marti geliyey barakacayaasha xaaladoodu ka liidato qoysaska magaalooyinka iyo bulshooyinka aan marti gelin. Halka ay u ee aan iyagu ahayn barakaayasha, haddana waxay malaynayaa bulshada marti gelisay barakacay- ka fiican yihiin qoysaska barakacyaasha ah ee ku aashu in ka qaateen helitaanka adeegyada ay ka sugan miyiga. Iyadoo aan loo eegayn in barka- mid ka yihiin shaqoyinka, guriyeynta, xogta sah- cayashau ay ku nool yihiin xeryaha ama aysan ku anku waxay tilmaamaysaa in heerka helitaanka noolayn, haddana waxay heli karaan korontada, adeegyada iyo heerka saboolnimada ee bulshada guriyeyn iyo saxo marka loo eego barakacayaasha marti gelisay barakacayaasha iyo kuwa aan marti dhulka magaalooyinka ka baxsan ku nool. Sidaa gelin ay isku mid tahay. Waxayna tani noqon kar- darteed, barakacayaasha magaalooyinka adeeg- taa in aan weli la taaban karin sida bulshada bara- yaday ka helaan waa kuwo kooban markay noqoto kacayaasha marti gelisay ay u saameeyeen ama korantada, biyo tuubooyin soo qaadaan, saxadda, bulshada marti gelisay barakacayaasha aysan wax guriyeynta, lahaanshaha dhulka iyo internetka adeegyada ahi ka xumaan iyagoo siiyey baraka- marka loo barbar dhigo dadka aan iyagu barakaca cayaasha dhul ay degsiimaystaan. Inay dhulalkaas ahayn ee magaalooyinka ku nool. Waxaa intaas sii degenaadaan waa mid isbedeli karta had- dheer, barakacayaasha magaalooyinka ku nool dii barakacayaashu ay wakhti dheer ku sii sug- waa kuwo ay aad u hoosayso isu diwaan gelinta, naadaan magaalooyinka ama la waayo taageerada waxbarashada iyo heerka shaqaalayn, waxayna bani’aadanimo ee hay’addaha gargaarku siiyaan. u muuqdaan in noloshooda ay kala soo baxaan 6  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya Sii socoshada barakaca waxay abuuraysaa kicin dabiiciga ah iyo waxyaabaha soo noqnoqda, magaalooyinka, adeegyada ay heliyaan ayaana sidoo kale dhacdooyinka naxdina leh eek u dhaca caqabad ku noqonaya degsiimooyinka cusub. qoysaska sida dhaawacyada, dhimashada iyo Qiyaasta 75 boqolkiiba dadka ku barakacsan shaqo la’aanta heerkooda ayaa koreeya. Naxdin- gudaha Soomaaliya waxaa la dejiyey dhul ay taasi waxay sii kordhisaa saboolnimada ba’an iyo leedahay dawladda iyo dhulal gaar loo leeyahay nuglaanshaha, waxay yaraysaa fursadaha dhaqa- oo ku yaal duleedada iyo gudaha magaalooyinka. alaha iyo nolosha, waxay waxyelaysaa hantida Sidoo kale inta badan dadka soo noqday waxaa iyo in ay xadiddo sidii ay u gaari lahaayeen inay la dejiyey magaalooyinka. Iyadoo aysan jirin hab beerahoodii qotaan, kalluumaystaan ama ay xoola- bedqab lahanaashaha dhulka ah, waxayna bara- hoodii raacdaan. Dhibaatooyinka soo noqnoqda ee kacayaashu u nugul yihiin in laga saaro dhulalkay keenay naxdinta waxaa ku sii kordhiyey Soomaa- degan yihiin. In ka badan 109,000 oo barakacayaal lida iyadoo ay xadidan tahay helitaanka damaanad ah kuna noolaa degsiimooyiin aan rasmi ahayn oo qaad dawladeed iyo mid gaar loo leeyahay oo wadanka ah ayaa si xoog ah looga saaray gooba- dhibaatooyinkaan wax ka qabto. hay deganaayeen intii u dhaxaysay Janaayo ilaa Agoosto 2017 keliya, iyadoo 77 boqolkiiba laga Qiyaasta 66 boqolkiiba qoysaaska Soomaalida saaray dhulal ku yaalay Muqdisho. Cooshada bara- waxaa la sheegay inay soo mareen ugu yaraan kacayaasha ee ku yaal magaalooyinka waxay saba- hal dhacdo oo naxdin ku reebtay 12 bilood ee la been isdul saar iyo ciriir magaalooyinka ah iyo inay soo dhaafay. Waxaana ugu wacan abaartii 2017, adkaato in la gaarsiiyo adeegyada, waxayna qiimo naxdinta ugu badani waxay la xiriirtaa arrimaha badan ku noqotay in dib u habayn lagu sameeyo ka dhasha cimilada iyo saamaynta ay ku yeelatay kaabayaasha magaalooyinka. Deegamaynta isdul dhaqaalaha nolosha. Dhaqaalaha xoolo dhaqato fuushan ee barakacayaasha waxay sidoo kale beeralayda, iyo wax helista qoysaska waxay ku dhaawacday sidii barakacayaashu u heli lahaan xiran tahay hadba isbedelka ka dhasha cimilada. fursado shaqo, waxayna xanibaad ku noqotay inay Qoysaska saboolka ahi waa kuwo usii nugul wax ka faa’iidaystaan fursadaha ka jira magaalooyinka. ka badan hal mar dhibaato ku dhacda. Waxaana naxdinta saamaynteeda ay sii korortaa marka qoysasku ay la kulmaan dhibaatooyin bada noo si Soomaali badan ayaa u dayacan oo aan heli isdaba joog ah ugu soo noqnoqda. karin ka hortag dhibaatooyinka naxdinta leh Waxbarashada oo hoosaysa, ku tiirsanaanta Qoysaska Soomaalidu waxay u nugul yihiin tacabka beeraha, shaqo la’aanta, dhaqaalaha dhibaatooyinka ay ka midka yihiin masiibooyinka oo yar iyo tirada xubnaha inta qof ee qoyska ka ■  Abaartu waa tan ugu badan ee la sheegay inay keentay naxdinta qoysaska Soomaalida 80 60 households Percent of 40 20 0 Drought or irregular rain Loss of crop or livestock Water shortage for cattle or farming High food prices Reduction in income Theft Conflict Other natural By type of shock Any shock Isha xogta, sahanka tirakoobka 2017–18. Gogoldhig 7 kooban yahay oo badan ayaa ka dhigtay qoysaska Abaartii dhowaanahan jirtay waxa uga sii kuwo u nugul dhibaatooyinka. Qaab dhismeedka dartay nuglaanshaha iyo inay khatar galaan qoyska ayaana saamayn ku leh waxyeelada nolosha maalaayiin Soomaali ah dhibaatada. Qoysaska uu hogaamiyo qof aan wax baran qiyaasta 12 ilaa 24 boqolkiiba waxay ka badan Abaarta daran ee ka jirtay Soomaaliya 2017 yihiin dhibaatada abaartu keentay, dalagyada ka waxay dhalisay xaalad bani’adanimo oo daran lumay iyo xoolaha marka loo eego qosyaska ay oo ku khasabtay kala bar tirade dadka soomaa- hormuudka u yihiin waalidka waxbartay. Qoysaska liyeed inay wajahaan cunno yaraan daran. Afar ku tiirsan tacabka beeraha dakhligooda soo gala xilli roobaad oo isku xigta oo ah intii u dhaxaysay saamaynta ugu wayn waxaa ku leh biyo yaraan, Abriil 2016 ilaa Diiseembar 2017 ayaa roobabkii la dalaga iyo xoolaha oo ka baaba’a, laakiin ma ahan filayey baaqdeen tanina waxay sababtay abaarta kuwo ay la soo gudboonaato qiimo cunno oo daran ee ka jirta guuda ahaan wadanka, waxaa sii qaaliya. Qoysaska hela gargaarka bani’aadanimo adkaaday haqab beelka cunnada, iyadoo cunno waa kuwo inta badan la kulma dhibaatooyin ay la’aan ay noqdeen 6.2 milyan oo Soomaali ah. ka qaadaan naxdin, taasoo la xiriirta hadba sida Qiyaasta 2.4 milyan oo qof ayaana u baahan gar- hagaagsan ama liidata ee gargaarku u gaaro. gaar bani’aadanimo si looga gacan siiyo waxyaabi- hii ay nolosha ka helayeen oo ka baaba’ay iyo in la Inta badan dhamaan qoysaska Soomaalida ah yareeyo nafaqa darro ba’an oo ku habsata, 866 kun ee dhibaatada soo maray waxaa la sheegay oo qof ayaa u bahan gargaar cunno oo degdeg ah inay saamayn xun ku yeelatay dakhligooda soo si looga hortago macaluul. Roobabkii ayaa xoogaa gala, hantida ma guurtada ah ama isha cunnada la helay dhamaadkii 2017 iyo bilowgii 2018 kuwaa- ay ka helayaan. Qoysaska la kulmay dhaca ama soo xoogaa debciyey xaaladihii jiray, laakiin cunno dagaalada waxay ku waayeen hantidooda iyo la’aantu weli waa mid taagan. xoolahooda qiimaha leh sida dhulka ama xoolaha. Soomaalida inta badan ay noloshoodu ku tiirsanayd Abaartu waxay uga sii dartay dadkanuglaa, wax- beeraha iyo xoolaha, waxaa dakhligooda saamayn ayna khatar gelisay noloshooda iyo inay bara- ku leh dalagga iyo xoolaha oo ka baaba’a iyo biyo kacaan hal milyan oo qof oo Soomaali ah. Biyo yaraan. Waxaa taas la mid ah qiimaha cunnada oo iyo baad la’aan ayaana keenay in tiro badan oo koreeye oo hoos u dhig awoodooda wax iibsi iyo xoolo ahi dhintaan, halka heerkii dhalista xoolu- wax rasmiga ah ee dakhli ay u helaan maalintii. huna yaraado, tani waxay yaraysay 25 ilaa 75 ■  Cunno yaraantu waa mid kor u sii kacaysay xilli kastoo roobku yaraado Wave 1 55 120 Wave 2 (% of population) Food insecurity 50 (% of average) Rainfall/NDVI 100 2016 Gu season 45 80 2016 Deyr season 40 2017 Gu season 60 35 2017 Deyr season 40 30 Rainfall anomaly Feb-17 Feb-18 Dec-17 Oct-17 Dec-16 Oct-16 Feb-16 Apr-17 Jun-17 Aug-17 Aug-16 Jun-16 Apr-16 NDVI anomaly Acute food insecurity Isha xogtae: FEWSNET, WFP-VAM, iyo qoraalka xogta sahanka 2017–18. 8  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya ■  Barakaca ka dhashay arrimaha la xiriira abaarta waxay gaartay halkii ugu saraysay bartamihii 2017 350,000 1.2 Monthly drought displacement 300,000 1.0 Cumulative (millions) 250,000 0.8 200,000 0.6 150,000 0.4 100,000 50,000 0.2 0 0 6 6 6 7 17 7 7 7 7 7 17 17 7 7 7 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 r-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 b- g- p- ct ov ec n ar ay n l ct ov ec Ju Ap Ja Fe Ju Au Se O O M N D M N D Displacement due to drought Cumulative drought displacements Isha xogta: UNHCR (2018a). boqolkiiba xoolo raacatada wixii ay haysteen ee saraysa aan la soo baandhigin samaynta rasmiga qaybtii hore ee sanadkii 2017. Abaartu waxay ku ah ee wax quudashada 10 boqolkiiba dadka sab- khasabtay Soomaalida inay hantidii ma guuraanka oolka daran ah ee miyiga ku nool., waxayna hoos ahayd iyo waxay cunnada siisanayeen kaga u dhigtay 17 boqolkiiba wax quudashada qoysaska dhamaadaan qiimaha biyaha iyo raashinka eek or miyiga taasoo ahayd 20 boqolkiiba, iyadoo inta u u kacaya, iyadoo ay hoos u dhacday shaqada ay dhaxaysa 20 ilaa 30 boqolkiiba 80 boqolkiibadii ka helayaan beeraha. Abaartu waxay yaraysa fay- ugu sareeyey qoysaska miyiga. adhowrka biyaha iyo saxada, waxayna kordhisay ajowga biyaha, iyadoo abaaruutu khatar ku tahay Iyadoo heerka gaajadu ay kor u kacday guud nolosha qoysaska, wax hayasiga dadka ayaa taasi ahaan gobollada Soomaaliya, qoysaska miyigu ku khasabtay inay ka tagaan deeganadooda iya- waa kuwa ugu daran ee abaartu ay sida xun u goo ka raadinaya dawladda iyo bulshada caalamka saamaysay. Saamaynta abaarta ee saraysa waxay gacanqabasho. Sanadihii 2016 ilaa 2017 abaartu keentay inay 16 boqolkiiba ay hoos u dhacdo waxay barakicisay qiyaasta hal milyan oo qof oo cunaday cunaan, waxaa raacda 17 boqolkiiba koror Soomaali ah. ah oo iyana gaajo joogto ah la soo deristay bishii Diiseembar 2017. Abaartu wax saamayn la taaba nkaro kuma yeelan gaajada iyo saboolnimada Abaartu waxay kordhisay tirade dadka qoysaska magaalooyinka ku nool. saboolka noqonaya iyo gaajada badi qoysaska dadka nugul ee miyiga ku nool Barakaca guduhu waa mid sii kordhayey Abaarta heerkeedu koreeyo ee haysata qoysaska sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxa ugu weyn ee miyiga qiyaas ahaan 24 boqolkiiba waa sabool, keenayna waa abaarta waxayna yihiin intooda badan kuwa aan haysan waxay cunaan. Meelaha miyiga ah, abaarta daran ee Barakaca dadka gudaha ku barakacayaa wuxuu ka jirta ayaa yaraysay wixii ay cuni lahaayeen dadku ahaa mid soo kordhaya sanadihii la soo dhaafay, 19%, iyadoo sida warbixintu sheegayo 24 boqolki- waxa ugu weyn ee sababayna waa abaarta. Afar iba ay korortay saboolnimada dadku. Abaartuna xilli oo isku xigta oo roob yaraani jirtay oo ay u raac- waxay adhaxda ka jebisay inta badan wax haysigii day dadka dagaallo iyo isku dhacyo u dhexeeya qoysaska miyiga ku nool; halak saamaynta abaarta kooxo hubaysan oo maamullo aan ka tirsanayn ayaa Gogoldhig 9 ■  Saamaynta abaartu ku yeelatay dakhliga dadku cunnada siiso meelaha miyiga ah 20% Drought impact on consumption 0% –20% –40% –60% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Income percentile Drought effect Smoothed drought effect 95% confidence interval Isha xogta: Tirada sahanka 2017–18. ■  Aabaarta ayaa ah tan ugu weyn ee sababtay dadka gudaha ku barakacaya sanadihii la soo dhaafay 350 300 Number of people 250 (thousands) 200 150 100 50 0 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 Conflict Drought Isha xogta: UNHCR-PRMN, Jan 2016–Apr 2018. sababay barakaca dhamaadkii 2016 ilaa dhamaad- Barakacayaasha guduhu waa kuwa ugu kii 2017. Kala bar dadkaan barakacay waa kuwo ay badan ee nugul si loo hormariyo miyiga iyo da’doodu ka yar tahay 15 jir, iyadoo 1 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka oo ay u helaan adeegyada ay yihiin dad ka weyn 64 jir, waxayna keentay tani nolosha waxaa la xoojin karaa taageero toos inay ku tiirsanaadaan raashinka; qoysaska baraka- ah oo lagu siiyo sidii si iskood ah ay ugu noqon cayaasha ah celceliskooda ku tiirsanaanta wuxuu lahaayeen deeganadii ay ka soo barakaceen ka badan yahay 1, waxay tani tilmaamaysaa xub- ama in lagu meeleeyo dadka ku nool goobahay naha gaaray da’diidi shaqada inay ugu yaraan quu- din karaan hal carruur ah. Siyaasadaha ku aadan u soo barakaceen yaraynta saboolnimada iyo istiraatijiyadda Somaa- liya waa in lagu ddaraa sidii xal loogu heli lahaa Barakacayaashu waxay wajahayaan saboolnimo dayaca haysta barakaca iyo baahiyadaha dadka daran iyo xaalado nololeed oo aad u adag marka xeryaha gudaha ku barakacay haysta. loo eego dadyowga kale ee magaalooyinka degan. Inkastoo 70 boqolkiiba Soomaalidu sabool 10  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya ■  Barakacayaashu waa kuwo qaba saboolnimo daran ■  Keliya 3 qof ee carruurta barakacayaasha ee heerka marka loo eego dadka magalada degan waxbarashada gaartay mid ka mdi ah ayaa iskuul taga Percent of population aged 6–17 100 80 Percent of population aged 6–17 100 80 80 Percent of population 80 60 Percent of population 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 Overall IDP 2016 Urban host non-host Urban resident Rural resident National resident Non-settlement IDP Settlement IDP Conflict or violence Climate event Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Woman headed Man headed Overall IDP Urban host non-host Urban resident resident Camp IDP IDP Conflict or violence event Woman headed headed Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displacedmultiple Bottom 40 60 Poor Non-poor IDP IDP Settlement IDP 2016 host Urban non-host Urban resident Rural resident National resident Non-settlement IDP Settlement IDP Conflict or violence Climate event Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Woman headed Man headed Overall IDP host Urban non-host resident Rural resident Camp IDP Non-camp IDP or violence Climate event headed Man headed Not protracted Protracted once Displaced multiple 40 Top 60 Poor Non-poor Top Non-camp Bottom ConflictClimate Overall Urban Urban Man Displaced Rural Urban Urban Woman Settlement Urban Overall IDP Overall IDP Isha xogta: Tirooyinka sahanka 2017–18. Isha xogta: Tirooyinka sahanka 2017–18. tahay, barakacayaashu waa kuwo si gooniya u xitaa afartii barakacayaal ah saddex ka mid ah takooran; in ka badan 4 qof ee barakacayaasha ayaa degan magaalooyinka. Farqiga helitaanka ah 3 ka mid ah ayaa ku nool maalintii wax ka yar waxbarashada wuxuu ahaa mid xaasaasi ah iya- 1.9 doolar, iyadoo kala bar wax ka badan qoysaska doo kala bar dadka Soomaaliyeed ay yihiin kuwo barakacayashu ay wajahaan gaajo. Barakacay- ka yar da’da 15 jir. Dhalyarta waa kuwo aan helin aashu waxay si balaaran u wadaagaan waxyaabaha waxbarasho waana mid sii jiraysa, heerka dher- aasaasiga ah sida musqulaha, goobaha biyaha laga erka nolosha ee waxbarashada, shaqaalaynta iyo dhaansado, adeegyada saxada iyo fayadhowrka guud ahaan bedqabka qofka ayeyna saamayn ku goobahay degan yihiin. Degsiimooyinka bara- yeelanaysaa. kacayaashu sidoo kale waxay ka durugsan ihiin adeegyada aasaasiga ah sida iskuulada, xarumaha Qoysaska barakacayasha ee ku nool magaalooy- caafimaadka iyo suuqyada. In la gaarsiiyo adeeg- inka noloshoodu waa mid ka duwan intaysan soo yada aasaasiga ah ee ay ka mid yihiin caafimaada barakicin ka hor. Nolosha barakacayaasha ka hor iyo waxbarashadu waxay tahay mid lagama maar- barakacooda waxay k utiirsanayd musharooyin yar maan u ah hormarinta adkaysigooda durufaha yar, ganacsiyo yar yar, beeraha, halka barakacyaa- haysta barakacayaasha. Celcelis ahaan, qoysaska sha maanta ay si balaaran ugu tiirsan yihiin musha- abarakacayasha kala bar ka mid ah ayaa ka hela har, xawaalad iyo gargaarka. Barakacayaal badan lacago qoysaska magaalada. ayaa loo shaqaaleeyey inay ka shaqeeyaan waxy- aabo aan beero ahayn, iyagoo loo shaqaalaynayo Barakacayaashu waa kuwa ugu heeseeya ee dakh- goobo cusub. liga qof soo gala marka la eego, taasina waxay nolol dhererkoodu inuu gaabto. Dadka iskuul Barakacu waa mid saamayn xun ku yeesha bed gaartay dadka barakacayaasha ah waa kuwo aad qabka qofka. Duruufaha dadka arrimaha cimilada u yar inay iskuul aadan marka loo bar bar dhigo la xiriira ka barakacay waa kuwo sabool ah, iyadoo qoysaska magaalooyinka ku nool. Dadka waaw- ay haysato tayada hoy xumo ee ugu liidata marka eyn ee barakacayasha ah waa kuwo waxna aan loo eego dadka dagaalada ku barakacay. Dadka akhrin, waxna qorin marka la bar bar dhigo kuwa gudaha ku barakacay waxay joogto u noqdaan magaalooyinka. Waxbarasho ahaan wixii ka soo dib dhac ka dhashay barakaca, intooda badan baxa barakacayaasha waxay la mid tahay waxa ee ku sugan magaalooyinka waxay si hagaagsan ka soo baxa dadka miyiga ah waxbarashadooda, u gaaraan goobaha caafimaadka. Qoysaska Gogoldhig 11 ■  Ciriiriga iyo buuqa ka jira musqulaha waxay meesha ka saartay wanaagga saxada gaar ahaa goobahay barakacayaashu degan yihiin magaalooyinka 100 80 Percent of households 60 40 20 0 Overall IDP Urban host Urban non-host Urban resident Rural resident National resident Non-settlement IDP Settlement IDP Conflict or violence Climate event Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Woman headed Man headed Bottom 40 Top 60 Poor Non-poor Overall IDP Unadjusted for sharing Adjusted for sharing Isha xogta: Tirada sahanka 2017–18. ■  Nolosha magaalada waa mid ka duwan noloshii barakacayaashu ay ku jireen intaysan barakicin 100 Percent of households 80 60 40 20 0 Urban host Urban non-host Urban resident Rural resident Before Current Before Current Before Current Before Current Before Current Non-displaced Overall IDP Camp IDP Non-camp IDP Conflict IDP Climate IDP (current) Salaried labor Remittances Small family business Agriculture Trade, property income Aid or zakat Other Isha xogta: Tirada sahanka 2017–18. 12  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya barakacayaasha ee masuulka ay ka yihiin haween macaamilaan bulshada ku hareeraysan ee ah kuwa lixdiiba mid ka mid ah ayaa xawalaadda lacag ka marti geliyey. hesha marka loo eego qoysaska ay raggu hogaam- inayaan. Barakacayaasha ladan waa kuwo ka kal- sooni badan barakacayaasha saboolka ah haddii Maqnaanshaha hab isku xiran oo rasmiya oo dib u dejin lagu samaynayo sanadka danbe. bedqabka ah, qoysaska Soomaalida intooda badan qorshaha bed qab ee ay leeyihiin mid ay Inta badan barakacayaashu waxay quud daraynay- samaysteen aan inay ku neegaadaan goobahay hadda degan yihiin, keliya in yar ayaa ka dareen bixisay inay Soomaalida waxaa nugleeyey dhibaatooyin doonayaan inay deganadoodii asalka ay u dega- kala duwan oo isu daba maray oo ku riday naayeen ku noqdaan. Qiyaasta 10kii barakace 7 ka wareer joogto ah, waxayna dhibaatooyinkaase mid ah ayaa doonaya inay ku sugnaadaan gooba- ku keeneen saboolnimo, nuglaan iyo barakac. hay degan yihiin, keliya 2 ka mid ah tobankii bara- Qiyaasta saddexdii qoys laba kamid ah oo qiyaas kace ayaa danaynaya inay ku noqdaan goobahay ahaan noqonaysa tirade dadka 66 boqolkiiba ayaa markoodii hore ka soo barakaceen. In ka badan 9 dhibaatooyinkaan la kulmay 12 bilood ee la soo ka mid ah 10kii barakace hal marna qof ka mid ahi dhaafay. Kuwa dhibaatoyinka la kulmay, kala bar ma soo fiirin deegaankii uu ku noolaan jiray tan iyo ka mid ahi dhibka waxay ka soo gaartay abaarta, intay ka soo barakaceen. Inta badan barakacay- afartii qofna mid ka mid ah dhibka wuxuu ka soo aashu arrimaha amaanka ayaa ah sababtay u dan- gaaray dalagiisii ama xoolihii oo ka baaba’ay iyo aynayaan inay ku sugnaadaan goobahay hadda biyo yaraan iyo daaq la’aan lo’diisii ama beertiisii degan yihiin, 8 ka mid ah tobankii barakace ayaa ku dhacday. Mid ka mid ah shantii qoysna waxaa sheegay inay badbaado ku haystaan goboahay ku soo noqnoqday cunno yaraan, laba ka mid ah hadda ku sugan yihiin ama ay nabad gelyo buuxa ku shantii qoysna waxaa sanadkaas gudihiisa la kul- haystaan. Barakacayaashu waxay kaloo cadeeyeen may dhibaatooyin kala duwan. Saamaynta xun inay xiriir wanaagsan la leeyihiin bulshooyinka ku ee ay ku yeesheen waa mid ka weyn noocyada nool goobahay ku soo barakaceen, 9 ka mid ah kala duwan ee dhibaatada ku soo noqnoqotay. 10 barakace ayaa sheegay inay si wanaagsan u Qoysaska saboolka ahi waa kuwo soo maray wax ■  Inta badan barakacayaashu mar rabaan inay noqdaan 100 Percent of households 80 60 40 20 0 IDP Refugee Settlement Non-settlement Conflict or violence Climate event Woman headed Man headed Not protracted Protracted Displaced once Displaced multiple Bottom 40 Top 60 Poor Non-poor Overall IDP Don’t want to move Original place of residence New area Isha xogta: Tirada sahanka 2017–18 iyo SPS 2017. Gogoldhig 13 ■  Inta badan barakacayaashu goobahay hadda ku sugan yihiin waxay u soo doonteen nabad gelyo, marka laga soot ago sababaha asal ahaan ka danbeeya barakacooda 100 80 Percent of households 60 40 20 0 P m DP P ce t he d ed d ed m ce le To 0 60 or r en oo e Pr cte 4 D D tip Po lim len ed on M ead ad ct lI tle t I tI ev m p -p ul ra ra l et en en tto on ra o ac d e h ot ot vi pl ce ve at m Bo N an an pr or D pla on ttle O om ot ct C is Se N fli -s W D on is C N Better security Water for livestock Home/land access Education/health access Isha xogta: Tirada sahanka 2017–18. ka badan hal dhibaato. Qoysaska Soomaalidu Habka isku xirka bed qab ee bulshada iyo nidaa- ee dhibaatooyinka wareerka ku riday soo maray myada ilaalinta bulshada ayaa loogu baahan yahay waxaa la sheegay inay yihiin cunno la’aanta, hanti si loo dhiso maaraynta khataraha iyo awoodda yaraan, waxba aysan u kadysanayn iyo farsamada wax looga qaban karo inay qoysaska nuglaadaan. ay ku heli karaan dhaqaale oo hoosaysa, waxayna Nidaamka isku xir ee bedqabka bulshada waxaa u badan yihiin kuwo dhibkaasi markasta ku dhaco. ka mid ah hagaajinta dakhliga iyo isticmaalka si loo dhiso adkaysiga iyo inay qoysaska awoodaan Qoysaska noloshoodu waxay inta badan ku tiir- inay ka gudbaan ama ka soo kabtaan dhibaatooy- santahay damanad qaad naftooda ah oo ay la inka. Nidaamka lacag toos ah oo loo diro wuxuu socdaan dhibaatoyin. Tani waxay tilmaamaysaa gacan ka geysanayaan yaraynta saboolnimada. inaysan jirin hab ku filan oo maraaynta khataraha Guud ahaan dunida, wadamadu waxay doonay- iyo nidaamyada ka hortagga masiibooyinka, sidoo aan inay ku bixiyaan 2.5 iyo 5 boqolkiiba wax soo kale waxaa maqan habka isku xiran ee bedqabka. saarka gudaha wadanka barnaamijyadaan oo kale. Adkaysiga qoysasku leyihiin waa mid ku tiirsan Celicelis ahaan wadamada Afrika ee ka hooseya naftooda kaliya ama waa mid ku salaysan hadba saxaaraha celi celis ahaan waxay ku kharash dhinacii mawjaddu u qaaddo oo aysan waxba ka gareeyaan keliya 1.6 boqolkiiba dakhliga guud ee qaban karin. Haddii dagaal qabsado ama bud- wadanka nidaamka isku xirka bedqabka bulshada. hcad dhacdo ma lahan hab rasmiya oo ay ku maa- Soomaaliyana waxay ku kharash garaysaa wax reeyaaan farsamo ay xal ugu heli karaan iyo qaab ka yara 0.8 boqolkiiba guud ahaan wax soo saa- dhismeed sharci. Nuglaanta waxay qoysaska la rka wadanka nidaamka bedqabka dadka sanadkii wadaagtaa farsamada ay ku gaarayaan suuqyada. 2016, inkastoo dakhliga guud ee Soomaaliya soo Tani waxay ku sii kordhisaa dacyanaanta qoysaska gala 16 boqolkiiba yahay gargaar bani’aanimo oo haysta, khaas ahaan bulshada la takooray. Had- gaaraya 1.2 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah. dii qoysasku aysan haysan hab rasmiya oo isku Haddii loo isticmaalo dhaqaale si wanaagsan loogu xirka beqabka ah, kaasoo u keenaya inay u dayac- meeleeyey hanaanka isku xirka bedqabka bulshada naadaan dhibaatooyinka. Inkastoo ay ka saboolsan wuxuu gacan ka geysan karaa yaraynta sabool- yihiin kuwa iyaga la mid ka ah. nimada. Qoysaska lacagaha ka hela xawaaladaha 14  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya waxay lacagahaas u isticmaali karaan hanaan ay Qoysaska ka hela lacagaha xawaaladaha waxay maal gelin ku samayn karaan, kayd iyo talaabooyin u badan yihiin kuwo aan saboolnimo ku dhici. kale oo ay ku abuuran karaan dakhli abuur. Keliya 58 boqolkiiba qoysaska lacagaha ka hela xawaaladaha gudaha Soomaaliya ayaa sabool ah. Marka la bar bar dhigo 71 boqolkiiba qoysaska aan Lacagaha dibadaha laga soo diraa waxay qayb ka helin lacagaha xawalaadaha. Qoysaska Soomaa- weyn ka qaataan waxay quutaan qoysaska, lidu waxay isugu jiraan qoys lacag ku dira xawaalad qiyaas ahaan 40 boqolkiiba ayaana hela ama ka hela, laakiin helitaanka lacagaha ayaa aad ugu badan qoysaska ku nool magaalooyinka, halka Xawaaladuhu waa il dhaqaale oo weyn oo ah qoysaska ku nool xeryaha lagu barakacay ay ku lacag dhinaca horumarinta ah oo Soomaaliya yar yihiin kuwo lacago xawaalado dibadda ka hela. dibadda uga timaadda. Dadka Soomaaliyeed ee Inkastoo ay jiraan farqi, dadkaan ku nool xeryaha muhaajiriinta iyo qaxootiga ku ah dibadda waxay lagu barakacay ee dibadda ka hela lacagaha waxay tiradoodu aad sii laban laabantay intii u dhaxay- helaan xaddi lacag ah oo u dhiganta inta qoysaska say 1990 iyo 2017, iyadoo wakhtigaan ay dibadda magaalada ku nooli helaan. Celi celis ahaan, jiraan 2 milyan oo qof oo Soomaali ah. Intii u dhax- dadka lacagaha ka hela xawaaladaha dibadda aysay 2015 ilaa 2017, qurbo joogta Soomaalidu waxay helaan 743 doolar sanadkii, tanoo ka badan waxay dib ugsoo celiyeen guda wadanka aduun celicelisa dakhliga qofka Soomaaliga ah oo dhan gaaraya 1.3 bilyan oo doolar sanadkii, laakiin waxaa 535 doolar qofkii qiyasta 2017. Sidoo kale waxaa dhici karta in lacagtu intaas ka badan tahay waayo muhiim ah lacagaha gudaha la isaga diro ee miy- waxaa adag in si saxan loo xisaabiyo lacagaha iga iyo magaalooyinka look ala diro, sidoo kale xawaaladuhu soo diraan iyo habkay lacagaha u qoysaska barakacayasha eek u nool banaanada kala gudbiyaan. Lacagta xawaaladaha lagu soo degsiimooyinka. diro waxay dakhliga wadanka ka tahay 20 boqolki- iba, waa lacag u dhiganta tan gargaarka sanad Qoysaska lacagaha ka hela xawaaladaha dibadda kasta loo siiyo Soomaaliya, waxayna saaddex goor waa kuwo dakhli fiican soo galo, leh isticmaal ka badan tahay maalgashiga tooska ah ee dibadda dhaqaale oo wanaagsan, waxay helaan kharash uga yimaadda Soomaaliya. Lacagaha xawaaladuhu ay ku bixiyaan waxbarashada. Lacagaha xawaala- waxay ku yimaadaan nidaam qaraabo iyo axsaab daha dibadda laga helana waxay qiyaas ahaan lacago isu soo dirta, waxaana inta badan lacaga- ka tahay 34 boqolkiiba dakhliga dadka soo gala, haas la soo diraa marka dhibaato dhaqaale jirto, waxay u dhowdahay dakhliga mshahar ahaanta masiibooyinka, dagaalada iyo marka dhibaatooy- u soo gala qoysaska oo ah 35 boqolkiiba. Sidoo ina kale jiraan. kale lacagaha gudaha la isaga xawilo ayaa ah cel celisa ahaan 23 boqolkiiba dakhliga guud ee ■  Sida ay tahay lacagaha xaawaladaha lagu diro ama laga helo 30 Percent of households 22 20 18 16 13 11 10 11 10 8 8 7 6 6 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 0 Urban Rural IDPs living in IDPs living outside Nomads settlements of settlements Remittances overall International remittances Internal remittances Sending remittances Overall average Isha xogta: Celceliska tirade sahanka 2017–18. Gogoldhig 15 ■  Cecelis ahaan lacagaha xaawalahada laga helo ayaa laba goor ka badan kuwa lagu diro $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $0 Overall Urban Rural IDPs inside IDPs outside Nomads settlements settlements Remittances overall International remittances Internal remittances Sending remittances Isha xo: Celceliska tiradaha sahanka 2017–18. ■  Lacagaha xawaaladaha dibadda laga helaa aad bay muhiim u yihiin waana 40 boqolkiiba 2.0 1.5 US$ 1.0 0.5 0 Bottom 40% Top 60% International remittances US$ pc pd Consumption expenditure US$ pc pd Isha xogta: Celceliska tirade sahanka 2017–18. qoysaska ay helaan. Xaawlaaduhu waxay muhiim lagu kala xawilo waxay maraan nidaamka taleefoon- u yihiin aasaaska iyadoo 40 boqolkiiba ay tahay ada gacanta, halka 47 boqolkiiba ay maraan nidaam dakhliga dadka ay helaan tanoo u taagan 54 caadiya oo qof xafiis fadhiya loo geynayo iyo dari- boqolkiiba dadku dhaqaalahay isticmaalaan, halka iqyo aan rasmi ahayn, sida inaad lacag gacanta xawaaladuhu qiyaas ahaan ka taahy 23 boqolkiiba, ku sii qaado markaad qoys booqonayso ama aad isu geynta isticmaalka dadkuna wuxuu ka kore- xawaalad geyso. Sidaa darteed, 87 boqolkiiba eyaa 60 boqolkiiba. Qoysaska lacagaha xawaala- lacagaha dibadaha laga soo diro waxay soo maraan daha dibadda ka helaa waa kuwo kharas garayn lacag la geeyo xafiis oo qof shaqaynaya loo dhiibo badan markay timaaddo waxbarashada marka la kadibna uu soo diro, 12 boqolkiibana waxay soo bar bar dhigo qoysaska aan iyagu ka helin lacag maraan hanaanka taleefoonada gacanta. Khidama- xawaaladaha. Qoysaska xawaaladaha dibadda ka daha lacagaha Soomaaliya loo dirayo laga qaado hela lacagaha waxaa badan isu diwaan gelintooda ayaa kordhay kadib markii la soo rogay sharciyada waxbarashada marka la bar bar dhigo qoysaska kala gudbinta lacagaha, iyadoo taasina sidoo kale aan ka helin. keentay in tiradii xawaaladaha lacagaha dirayey yaraadaan, waxay yaraysay tartankii iyo dhiiri gelintii Suuqa kala xawilista lacagaha ee gudaha Soomaa- dariiqyada aan rasmiga ahayn. Sidaa darteed, liya waa mid aan homarsanayn, qiimahiisuna kore- markay xawaaladuhu yihiin isha nolosha ee dadka eyo laakiin waa bootin kara farsamada casriga ah saboolka ah, lacag loo diro Soomaaliya waa mid ee taleefoonada. 46 boqolkiiba lacagaha gudaha qiimo sare leh, markaad Ingiriiska ka soo dirayso 16  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya ee Soomaaliya u dirayso wuxuu yahay qiimaha mid qiimeeyo culaysyada ka jira, qiimaha dhismaha laba goor ka badan nidaamka SDG iyadoo gaaraysa iyo naqshadaynta iyo fulinta siyaasadaha wax- 3 boqolkiiba, markaad lacag ka soo diray Ustareeliya barashada. Caqabadaha ka taagan kor u qaadista waa mid iyaduna saddex goor ka badan nidaamka tirade diwaan gelinta waxbarashadu waa mid sii higsiga yaraynta saboolnimada (SDG). socon doonto samayna ku sii yeelanaysa qaab- dhismeedka iyo tirade dhalinyarada. Iyadoo weli helitaankeedu yaahy caqabad weyn, iyo in la qaato Yaraynta saboolnimada iyo ka hortadda talaabo muhiim u ah, siyaasadaha in lagu yareeyo dayanaana Soomaaliya waxay u bahan tahay tirade saraysa ee waxbarasho la’aanta ah iyo kor u dardargelin lagu sameeyo kobaca dhaqaalaha, qaadista heerka waxbarashada la helayo ayaa ah horumarinta adeegyada, maarayn lagu sameeyo waxa loo baahan yahay. deegaamaynta magaalooyinka, iyo maal gelin u adkaysiga iyo habka isku xiran ee bedqabka oo Magaalooyika Soomaaliya waxay u bahan yihiin maalgelin lagu sameeyo maamulka dhulka iyo ay ka mid tahay in lacagaha xawaaladaha lagu isku duwidda kaabayaashooda dhaqaalaha. soo diro si wax tar leh loo adeegsado Magaalooyinku baahidooda ugu daran ee ay qabaan waa helitaanka nidaam rasmiya oo la xiriira maam- Fursadaha kororka dhaqaale, khaas ahaan dhal- ulka dhulka iyo isticmaalka qorshayn dhuleed si loo nyarta, waxay aasaas u tahay in la joogteeyo ilaaliyo kororka iyo bixinta lahaanshaha dhulka la yaraynta saboolnimada, ka hortag lagu sameeyo siinayo barakacayaasha. Isku duwidda kaabayaasha nuglaanshaha iyo in la baajiyo qul qulatooyin. dhaqaalaha oo maal gelin lagu sameeyo si loogu Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhalnyaro badan, jaan gooyo qorshayn waay abuuri kartaa wada marka waa in dhalinyartaasi ay awood u heshaa shaqayn dhex marta qaybaha kala duwan ee kaa- shaqo helista si ay kororka dhaqaalaha uga qayb bayaasha dhaqaalaha. Maalgashiga magaalo waxay qaataan. Baahida shaqo joogto ah oo ay helaan u bahan tahay in la isu duwo xalinta baahi kasta. La dadka barakacayaasha ah waxay khaas u tahay faahfaahiyo heerka magaalo kasta joogto laguna inay dadkaas qaab nololeedkooda isbedel degdeg sameeyo qiimayn baahideeda si loo fahmo caqa- ah ku samayso, sidoo kale ay wax ka bedesho hab- baddaha magaalaynta ka jira iyo xalka laga gaari kooda isku xiran ee bedqabka. Siyaasaduhu waa karo, iyadoo la tix gelinayo baahida barakacayaasha in la dhiiri geliyo ganacsiga iyo hal abuurka si loo si loogu fududeeyo inay si sahlan bulshada u dhex abuuro shaqooyinka loo baahan yahay, loogana galaan. Siyaasad dhaqaale waa in ay tahay mid lagu hor tago in dhalinyarto maalayacni meelaha u fari- tix gelinayo farshaxanka iyo fulinta siyaasadaha si isato oo aysan uga qayb qaadan dagalada. Waxaa loo qiimeyo fursadaha mustaqbalka, khataraha, intaas dheer, gaarista suuqyada gudaha waxay guulaha iyo khasaaraha ka yimaadda siyaasaddaha, kordhisaa isku xirnaan, isku xirka hawlaha dhaqa- sidoo kale caqabadaha ka hor imanaya fulinta. alaha iyo yaraynta saboolnimada. Waxaa muhiim ah in la xoojiyo hay’addaha maam- ulka dawladeed si loo jideeyo kaalmada horumarin Hormarinta bixinta adeegyada, khaas ahaan iyadoo loo marayo qaab wada shaqayn ah. Daw- waxbarashada waxay muhiim u tahay qiimaha ladda dhexe iyo kuwa degmooyinka, inay masuul shaqo ee qofku yeelanayo iyo yaraynta sinaan kawada ahaadaan bixinta adeegyada maamul iyo la’aanta ka jirta wax qaybsiga haweenka/gab- inay wax badan ka qayb qaadan karaan. dhaha, barakacayaasha iyo miyiga iyo qoysaska reer guuraaga ah. Siyaasadahaan waxay noqon Gudaha mgaalooyinka, baahida barakacayaa- doonaan ujeedkoodu si loo homariyo helitaanka sha aan ku noolayn degsiimooyinka waa in lagu waxbarashada iyo kor u qaadista is diwaan gelinta xaliyaa iyadoo loo marayo hab la dejin loogu goobaha waxbarashada iyadoo la tix gelinayo kala samaynayo. Meelaha salka u ah ee la doonayo in la qaybsanaanta iyo baahaiyaha sida gaarka ah ay gaaro waxay xaqiijin karaan sinaanta ka dhex jirta u qabaan bulshada nugul. Kordhinta helitaanka qaybaha bulshada nugul ee magaalooyinka. Kaal- waxbarashadu ee carruurta iyo dhallinyartu waxay madu waxay xoogga saaraysaa barakacayaasha ku siinaysaa inay noqdaan kuwo wax soo saar badan nool xeryaha ku yaal magaalooyinka oo ah kuwa leh qaybaha danbe ee noloshooda iyo inay kor u inta badan hela, laakiin barakacyaasha magaalooy- qaadaan heerkooda nolosha. In la dhiso iskuulo inka ku sugan ee aan xeryaha ku noolayn waa inay badan waa ujeedada koowaad, laakiin waxay si lamid ah kuwa xeryaha ku jira u helaan adeeg- u bahan tahay in wax badan loo bahan yahay la yada. Intaas waxaa dheer, waxay si joogto ah Gogoldhig 17 ■  Dakhli aan jirin ayaa dhibaato ku ah qoysaska miyiga 100 90 80 Percent of population 76 70 65 60 50 40 30 20 Poverty change 10 Core consumption (2017) 0 Income shock 0 1 2 3 4 Daily core consumption expenditure per capita (US$) Isha xogta: Celceliska tirooyinka sahanka 2017–18. aysan ugu sinayn waxyaahba horumarinta ah ee kori lahaayeen ilaa qaangaarnimadooda. Qoysaska yimaadda marka la bar bar dhigo qoysaska kale saboolka ahi waa kuwo inta badan u nugul dhibaa- ee magaalooyinka ku nool. Waxaa arrintaan saba- tooyin soo maray aadna ugu xiran saamaynta bay, qoysaska barakacayaasha ah ee aan dega- mucaawimada. Nuglaanshaha darani wuxuu la nayn xeryaha way adagtahay in la gaaro, waxaa xiriira inuu u jiido khatar, laakiin intay heli karaan muhiim in lagu daro barakacayaasha aan xeryaha wax caymin kara iyo habab kale oo yaraytna khata- ku noolayn adeegyada muhiimka ah ee la gaarsi- raha ah waxay gacan ka siin kartaa qoysaaska sab- inayao dadka saboolka ah ee ku nool magaalooy- oolka ah inay ka yaraato cabsida. Celcelis ahaan inka. Kooxaha la gaaro waxaa xoogga lagu saaraa wadankoo dhan, qoysasku waxay quutaan waxaa barakacayaasha xeryaha ku jira. Gaarista meelaha la kordhin karaa 0.74 doolar halkii doolar ee kasta saboolka ah ee magaalooyinka ayaa iyana ah ee loo diro. Degaano khayraadka helitaankiisu ku gaarid kale, horumarinta waa in lagu jaan gooyaa yaryahay sida Soomaaliya oo kale, waxaa loo baa- qorshayaansha horumarineed ee magaalooyinka. han yahay in gargaarka bani’aadanimo ee heerka dhow iyo kan dhexeba lagu jaan gooyo hab isku Maalgelin lagu sameeyo adkaysiga ayaa loo baa- xiran oo bedqab bulsho ah. han yahay si looga hor tago in nolosha qoysaska nugul eek u nool miyiga ay baaba’do, khaas Xawaaladuhu, waxay door muhiim ah ka qaataan ahaan wixii abaar ah ee mustaqbalka imanaya adkaysiga iyo maal gelinta Soomaaliya, siyaasado sidii ay ugu adkaysan lahaayeen. Dhibaatadii loo sameeyana waxay faa’iido u tahay fududaynta dhacday abaartii 2016 iyo 2017 ayaa lagu qiyaa- adeegyaday bixiyaan. Bixinta taleefoonada say inay kordhisay saboolnimada miyiga 65 ilaa 75 gacanta iyo kororta tartan furan wuxuu dhimi karaa boqolkiiba. In maalgelin lagu sameeyo adkaysiga khidmadaha, sidoo kale wuxuu soo saari karaa iyo inay dadka miyiga ku nooli gaari karaan suuqy- wax cusub, tartan ka dhexeeya adeeg bixiyayaa- ada waxay caawin kartaa in laga hor tago nolosha sha iyo abuurista kaabayaal dhaqaale oo furan oo qoysaska baaba’aysa. Talaabooyinka la qaadi karo lagu bixinayo hab adeeg degdeg ah lacag bixinta. waxaa ka mid ah caymis loo sameeyo beeraha, in Waxay kaloo la diriraysaa khidamadaha sareeya qoysasku helaan goobo kala duwan oo dakhli ka ee lacagaha xawaaladaha lagu diro, in si khaldan soo geli karo iyo in la hormariyo jidadka iyo helita- lacago la isgugu dugbiyo iyo ka hortagga la doon- anka biyo nadiif ah. ayo in lagu sameeyo lacagaha loo diro argagix- isada. Soomaaliya waxay ku shaqaynaysaa iyadoo Lacag cadaan ah oo loo diro waxay ka caawin u hogaansan EML/CFT iyo abuurista cadaymaha kartaa inay dhisto adkaysigooda, khaas ahaan nidaamka casriga ah si loo yareeyo khatarta bangi- qoysaska saboolka ah ee iyagu aan haysan wax yada caalamiga ah. Xawaladlayaashu waxay faa’iido rasmiya iyo cid caymisa. Ilaalinta kooxaha nugul ka heli karaan nidaamyada cusub ee dhaqaalaha ee iyo abuuritaanka fursado dakhli ayaa muhiim u ah la soo saaray sida hanaanka caysmida maaliyadda ka hortagga saboolnimada carruurta ee ay kula iyo shuruudaha lacag bixinta tooska ah. 18  Qiimayn ku aadan saboolnimada iyo nuglaanta Soomaaliya Box 1 ■  Websiteyada Soomaaliyeed waxay dunida la wadaagaan codadka ugu yar Heerka saboolnimada wadanku waxay taagan tahay 69 boqolkiiba, mana sheegayso xarbiga maalinlaha ah ee dadku ku jiraan. Saaomaaliya waxaa ka taagnaa wakhti dheer isku dhacyo hubaysan iyo masiibooyin bani’aadanimo. Abaarihii wakhtiyadii la soo dhaafay waxay saamayn ku yeesheen nolosha malaayiin qof, iyadoo ay uga sii dartay nuglaanshihii dadka horay u haystay. In la caymiyo nolosha qoysaska waxay noqotay wax aad u dhib badan qiyaasta 69 boqolkiiba tirada dadka Soomaaliya ayaa hadda ku nool saboolnimo. Qiyaasta saboolni- madu waxay muhiim u tahay is bar bar dhigga iyo qiimaynta si loo sheego siyaasadaha iyo barnaamijyada. Sidaa darteed, tirada maangalka ah ee saboolnimadu ma ahan mid tusinaysa dadka dhiban inay dadkaasi noqonayaan kuwo ka baxa dhibka. Sahanka labaad ee SHS waxaa loo adeegsaday aalad gacanta lagu qaado si loo ururiyo xogta. Dhamaadkiina waxaa la sameeyey sahan tayeysan, jawaabaha la waydiiyey si mutadawcnimo leh ayaa loo diwaan geliyey fariinteeda si degdeg ah. Bogagga websaytyada Soomaalida waxaa ku jira boqolaal muuqaallo ah oo taariikh ahaan loo duuban oo la qabtay wakhtiyadii goobaha shaqada lagu jiray oo laga qabtay codada dad iyo bixinta sida saxda ah ee xogta. Bogaggu waxay xaqiijinayaan aragtida sahanka heerkiisu sareeyo ee Baanga Aduunku ka fuliyey Soomaaliya, waxaa intaas dheer muuqaalo taariikhiya oo ingiriis iyana ku duuban, kuwaasoo muuiinaya xaaladdaha xun ee ka jirta gudaha iyo siday u egtahay heerka saboolnimada haysata dadka Soomaaliyeed iyo noloshooda. Muuqaaladu waxay muujinayaan dareenka awood la’aanta, xanuunka gaajada, rajo la’aanta keentay isku buuqa iyo walaa- howga iyo inay dadka Soomaaliyeed muujiyaan niyad jab ka dhashay wixii duruuf soo maray. Fursadaha codadka waxaa ka mid ah dadaalo ay kaga jawaabaya tanoo ah talaabada ugu horaysa ee lagu xoojinayo ugu yaraan in aduunka la gaarsiiyo codadaka, una ogolaanaya inay u sheegaan aduunka siday noloshuudu tahay. Sidoo kale waxay xoojinaysaa in la sii wado dariiqyado kala duwan oo lagu caawinayo iyo malaayiin iyagoo kale ah oo ka baxsanaya saboolnimo. Boggagga websaydayada Soomaalida goobaha laga heli karaa waa kuwaan soo socda: http://www.thesomalipulse.com Gogoldhig 19