SUPPORTING GROWTH AND STABILITY IN AFGHANISTAN The Country Partnership Framework Summary 2017 to 2020 SUPPORTING GROWTH AND STABILITY IN World Bank Group Afghanistan Country Office House 19, Street 15 Wazir Akbar Khan AFGHANISTAN Kabul Afghanistan Telephone +93 701133328 www.worldbank.org.af photos © Rumi Consultancy / World Bank The Country Partnership Framework Summary 2017 to 2020 © World Bank, 2016 FOREWORD T he Afghanistan Country Partnership Framework (CPF) represents a significant milestone for Afghanistan and the World Bank advantage. We know that 39 percent of Afghans live in poverty and the country needs to create jobs for the nearly 400,000 people entering Group. As the first medium-term strategy for the the labor market each year. The situation is country after a series of short Interim Strategy exacerbated by the increasing numbers of Notes, the CPF emphasizes the Bank Group’s returnees (5.8 million refugees) and internally long-term commitment in Afghanistan. It is displaced people (1.2 million). also a joint World Bank Group strategy, bringing the integrated International Development Investments in agriculture, mining and Association (IDA), International Finance extractives, human capital investment, and Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment managed migration have the greatest potential Guarantee Agency (MIGA) support under to drive growth and reduce poverty. The one framework. institutional weakness and violent conflict are not expected to resolve in the short term, but the The CPF builds on the World Bank Group’s challenge is to mobilize private sector investment 15 years of experience delivering results in to drive growth despite these realities. Afghanistan. It aims to support the Government of Afghanistan’s national priority programs as The CPF sets out to support this core agenda outlined in the Afghanistan National Peace and through key interventions to strengthen Development Framework. The CPF helps us work government capacity, mobilize private sector on the short-term immediate needs, such as investment, and support social inclusion. The internally displaced people, while also investing Bank together with IFC and MIGA aim to provide in opportunities that can contribute to sustained risk-sharing instruments and guarantees to growth in the long term, such as public financial encourage international and domestic management reforms, hydropower, and extractives. I would like to note that the CPF recognizes the private investment. I am grateful to all those who contributed to this strategy in the Government of Afghanistan, Contents risks in a complex environment like Afghanistan IFC, MIGA, and IDA. With our partners in the 1. Introduction 1 and proposes a realistic program with the Government of Afghanistan and development flexibility we need to calibrate and adapt to partners, we hope to use this framework as the 2. A Country in Need of Stability and Growth 5 changing circumstances, security, and unforeseen basis for a continued strong engagement with political developments. Afghanistan for the years to come. 3. The World Bank Group in Afghanistan 11 Development needs are huge in Afghanistan Shubham Chaudhuri 4. A Challenging Environment 17 and the World Bank Group will work in the areas Country Director where we can have impact and the comparative World Bank in Afghanistan 5. Toward a Strong Partnership 20 Introduction There have been substantial improvements in development outcomes in Afghanistan since 2001, particularly in terms of improved access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity, and increased human development in education and health. However, some gains are now being eroded due to growing insecurity, stagnating growth, and rising levels of poverty. Economic growth in Afghanistan has slowed after a period of rapid growth between 2003 and 2012. While the Government of Afghanistan is committed to an ambitious reform program, it is doing so in the midst of political and economic uncertainty. Afghanistan remains a deeply fragile and conflict-affected country. The long years of war have hollowed out state institutions and led to widespread disenchantment with the ruling elite and have fueled the Taliban insurgency. Internal displacement as a result of conflict has led to over 1 million internally displaced persons. At the same time, the country’s difficult topography, vulnerability to climate change, and growing population at 3 percent a year have imposed additional constraints on development. For economic growth to have any impact on poverty, it has to be particularly high and broad based to compensate for the high population growth rate and youth bulge. At nearly 50 percent, Afghanistan’s proportion of population aged 15 years or below is the second highest in the world. Poor nutrition, especially of children, threatens welfare and education gains. 1 Key elements of the World Bank Group strategy The World Bank Group strategy in Afghanistan is set out in Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) while laying the The strategy is closely aligned with Afghanistan’s own Key drivers of fragility the Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The activities foundations for longer-term growth. Several proposed vision for development outlined in the National Peace in each of the three broad areas seek to respond to activities contribute to more than one pillar and interact and Development Framework (2016-2021), which calls A Systematic Country Diagnostic carried out by the World the drivers and consequences of fragility set out in the with and reinforce one another. for greater government ownership of the development Bank Group highlights three key drivers of fragility in process, a more equal government-donor partnership, and Afghanistan: a greater proportion of aid provided as non-discretionary Three broad areas, or pillars, of engagement: budget assistance. Weak state and political institutions, which lack Lessons have been incorporated from the World Bank Group’s BUILDING STRONG ACCOUNTABLE INSTITUTIONS long-term engagement in the country and take into account clear mandates and depend heavily on decisions driven more by intra-elite bargaining than by learning from the previous Interim Strategy Notes as well as effective use of resources or accountability to inputs from experts across a broad range of sectors. citizens. This is exacerbated by privileged access SUPPORTING INCLUSIVE GROWTH by the elite to economic resources—public procurement contracts, revenue sources, land, mining contracts, and proceeds from illicit DEEPENING SOCIAL INCLUSION economic activities. The persistent Taliban insurgency, bolstered both by external forces as well as internally by poor governance. For economic growth to have any impact on poverty, it has to Internal ethnic divisions, which have been be particularly high made worse during the past several decades of conflict. The tendency to distribute and broad based to government positions and access to resources compensate for the through patronage-based networks remains high population growth well entrenched. rate and youth bulge. 2 3 2 A Country in Need of Stability and Growth Social and political situation Continuing conflict in Afghanistan has had a destabilizing effect on the social cohesion of the country, exacerbating ethnic divisions, and weakening government institutions and rule of law. A National Unity Government was formed in September 2014 after protracted negotiations between the two leading candidates, following the disputed second round of elections. The future, however, remains uncertain and the large losses of life due to the expanding insurgency continue. Some areas of the country are difficult to access because of insecurity and the political situation remains fragile. Corruption is pervasive, fueled in large part by the illicit narcotics trade and the enormous ‘off-budget’ aid inflows over the past decade, which have strengthened patronage networks, funded armed groups, and exacerbated grievances. The magnitude and pervasiveness of corruption in Afghanistan in recent years have been striking. Constraints to poverty reduction Three critical constraints to poverty reduction in Afghanistan: DEMOGRAPHY & GEOGRAPHY FRAGILITY & CONFLICT DECLINING AID 5 Recent economic developments Growth rates are expected to increase gradually to about 3.8 percent by 2020. Economic growth averaged an impressive 9.4 percent per Agriculture accounts for 56 year between 2003 and 2012, but fell sharply between With population growth rates of near 3 percent, the most percent of employment and 2013 and 2015. Growth was driven by investments in recent economic growth rates and near-term projections reconstruction, expansion of services supported by aid, are well below the levels needed to create jobs for the sector growth plays a key role and periodic surges in agricultural production. Per capita large numbers of people entering the labor force and to in poverty reduction. gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $680 in reduce poverty. 2014, three times the level in 2003. Figure 1 illustrates trends in GDP growth and sector contributions. Afghanistan’s formal private sector is extremely narrow. Labor force participation is slightly under 50 percent These levels of growth were not sustainable; total and domestic credit to the private sector is very low at security and development assistance declined to 59 3.9 percent of GDP, well below the 28 percent of GDP Agriculture was one of the largest contributors to percent of GDP in 2013 and will likely decline further to average for low income countries. The continuing conflict economic growth during 2003-2012, but the sector is about 39 percent by 2020. GDP growth fell to 3.7 percent has led private sector credit, firm registration, and private highly vulnerable to climate variability and this partly in 2013, 1.3 percent in 2014, and 0.8 percent in 2015. investment to contract sharply. accounts for the volatility in growth. Other parts of the economy are also indirectly linked to agriculture, with food processing accounting for 96 percent of the manufacturing sector. Agriculture accounts for 56 percent of employment and sector growth plays a key role in poverty reduction. FIGURE 1: GROWTH AND SECTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO GROWTH, 2006-2015 Other main growth drivers are extractives and, linked Poverty levels Percent to Afghanistan’s strategic location between central and southern Asia, regional trade in energy as well as goods. In spite of the period of rapid growth, poverty levels 45 remained stubbornly high at 36 percent of the population. However, the country faces increasing fiscal constraints In 2014, after two years of falling growth, poverty levels 35 as donor financing declines and domestic revenue had increased to nearly 40 percent. In 2012, about 25 mobilization remains limited, while security expenditures 9 million Afghans, 600,000 more than in 2008, had 14.4 continue to increase, squeezing funding for social and consumption levels below the minimum necessary to 15 economic development. Domestic revenues fell to 8.4 satisfy basic food and non-food needs. Female-headed 3.7 percent of GDP in 2014 from a peak of 11.6 percent in 2011 5 1.3 1.5 households are disproportionately affected. as a result of the economic slowdown and weaknesses in -5 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013 2014 2015p enforcement and compliance. There was a turnaround in Rural poverty rates are higher than urban, but the 2015, and revenues recovered to 10.3 percent of GDP. This urban-rural poverty gap has remained stable. Rural areas -15 was due largely to major efforts by the Ministry of Finance, accounted for 76 percent of the population and 81 including stronger revenue mobilization and tax collection, percent of the poor in 2011-2012, but urbanization has Real GDP growth Agriculture growth Services growth Industries growth some new tax measures, political outreach, and strong led to an increase in the number of poor people living in Source: Central Statistics Organization and World Bank staff estimates measures to tackle corruption. urban areas. Inequality has also increased. 6 7 Population displacement caused by conflict and poverty is A key factor behind stagnant poverty nationwide is a growing challenge. Currently there are an estimated 3.5 regional disparities, with the highest poverty in the million Afghans living in Pakistan and Iran. There has also lagging Northeast, West Central, and East regions of There is a case for programs to target been a recent upsurge in the numbers of Afghans fleeing the country (see Figure 2). Poverty rates range from poorer regions if disparities are to be Undernutrition in children to Europe. 27.7 percent in the Southwest to 49.7 percent in the Northeast. Poverty trends either remained flat or reduced, as well as for greater focus on reducing vulnerability to weather- In Afghanistan, 41 percent of children Internally as well, conflict is causing increasing numbers declined in most regions. under the age of five are stunted. Poorly of Afghans to flee the countryside and move to urban related disasters. nourished children are more susceptible areas, where they make up a large proportion of those Paradoxically, the lagging regions were not those that who are poor. The number of internally displaced experienced the most conflict. The conflict has had the to disease, have poorer learning persons is estimated in excess of 1 million. Increasingly, perverse effect of increasing economic integration and outcomes, and are more likely to remain with potentially large numbers of returning refugees employment in the better off but more conflict-affected in poverty than well-nourished children. or internally displaced who have lost their livelihoods, regions, while the more remote Northeast, dependent on More broadly, reductions in stunting government and host community resources are stretched agriculture and vulnerable to natural disasters, received could help increase GDP. to breaking point. relatively less attention from government and donors. FIGURE 2: REGIONAL DISPARITIES ACCOUNT FOR POVERTY TRENDS Poverty rate (%) International aid 27.7 Southwest 29.7 The government faces the risk of a tailing off of international aid and increasing security expenditures 28.0 Northeast Central 29.0 North that could crowd out civilian expenditures, just at a time when Afghanistan needs increased and more effective 30.1 development assistance. Total security and development West 34.4 East Vulnerability to shocks, including weather-related shocks aid is expected to gradually decline as a share of GDP over North 32.7 West Central Central and natural disasters, is particularly acute in Afghanistan, the medium term, from about 59 percent of GDP in 2013 39.3 especially among poorer households, and climate change to about 44 percent by 2018. Sustainability is a serious risk. West 38.4 is likely to increase these vulnerabilities in the future. South Nearly half of all households experiencing shocks report 41.4 South Internal revenue mobilization is weak, though 2015 saw using at least one harmful coping mechanism, such as some improvement. It will be critical that more aid be East 43.1 45.4 selling assets or taking children out of school, trapping channeled through the budget so it can be coordinated them further into poverty. There is a case for programs to and prioritized together, and more goods and services can West Central 46.1 Southwest target poorer regions if these disparities are to be reduced, be procured within Afghanistan to boost the economy. 46.3 as well as for greater focus on reducing vulnerability to As aid is drawn down going forward, ensuring greater aid Poverty head count ratio (%) Northeast 49.7 weather-related disasters. effectiveness will be critical. 36.3 0,30 30,40 2011-2012 2007-2008 40,50 Source: World Bank staff calculations using National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 8 9 3 The World Bank Group in Afghanistan The World Bank Group’s role in Afghanistan is unique, as both the administrator of the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), the main channel of ‘on budget’ multi-donor development assistance to the country, and its own program funded by the International Development Association (IDA), and the synergies it brings with the other members of the Bank group, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), with their focus on the private sector. IDA has committed over $3.34 billion for development and emergency reconstruction projects, and five budget support operations in Afghanistan since 2002. This support comprises over $2.9 billion in grants and $436.4 million in no-interest loans. The World Bank has 16 active IDA projects in Afghanistan with net commitment value of over $1.3 billion. The Bank Group’s strategy to support Afghanistan for the period 2017-2020, set out in the CPF, supports the government’s strategic vision and goal to reduce poverty, outlined in the National Peace and Development Framework (see Figure 3). FIGURE 3: WORLD BANK GROUP SUPPORT OF GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES • Improving governance and state effectiveness Gender Government Priorities • Building social capital and nation building • Economic growth and job creation • Poverty reduction and social inclusion SCD Priorities • Strong and inclusive growth and job creation • Expansion of prioritized service delivery 1. Building strong and accountable institutions Governance • Fiscal stability 2. Inclusive growth Climate Change 3. Social inclusion Institutional Development 11 The CPF comes at a critical juncture as the current Program activities under the CPF government seeks to build on important achievements in the first two years of its term, but is faced with a range of Build strong and accountable institutions Program activities seek to respond to the drivers and challenges from growing insecurity to stagnating growth to support the government’s state-building consequences of fragility, while laying the foundations for and rising levels of poverty. objectives and enable the state to fulfil its core longer-term growth. mandate to deliver basic services to its citizens, Support for Afghanistan over the four-year period will be and create an enabling environment for the guided by this strategic framework that is intended to be private sector. Building strong and accountable institutions flexible and responsive to the rapidly evolving situation in Afghanistan. Program activities respond directly to the government’s Support inclusive growth, with a focus on state-building objectives. State building and promoting lagging areas and urban informal settlements. trust in the government are long-term agendas, but also Strategic aims address some of the key fragility drivers and sources of the conflict. Deepen social inclusion through improved The World Bank Group strategy includes a balanced use human development outcomes and reduced of financing, knowledge advisory services, and technical The program links support for the recurrent budget with vulnerability amongst the poorest sections of assistance to meet immediate needs while investing in measures that strengthen state institutions and improved society, including the large numbers of internally select ‘foundational’ investments that can contribute to public expenditure management and fiscal stability. It displaced persons and returnees. sustained growth in the longer term. The strategy will supports building a professionalized civil service and support Afghanistan in three areas of engagement: more capable municipalities and community-based Supporting inclusive growth institutions that can hold the state to account. These The CPF seeks to improve governance through proposed activities focus on improving the effectiveness building a more responsive, capable, and Inclusive growth—which includes women, youth, and responsiveness of government, addressing poor accountable state, including tackling corruption. poor people, and the marginalized and displaced, governance and pervasive corruption, and strengthening In recognition of climate-related shocks that affect with a focus on lagging areas and urban informal the institutional framework for service delivery and in particular Afghanistan’s poorest citizens, the settlements—is key to sustained poverty reduction. enhanced private sector performance. Bank Group strategy, for the first time, identify In the short term, the public sector will need to drive explicit measures to increase resilience to climate growth through public investments in labor-intensive variability and change, such as planned energy infrastructure and job creation. engagements with a focus on sustainable renewables to tackle climate change, and to Program activities lay the foundation for private develop capacity for early warning and response State building and promoting trust in sector development over the medium to longer to natural disasters. term, including strengthening the financial sector the government are long-term agendas, and more inclusive access to finance for micro, small, but also address some of the key fragility and medium enterprises, and improvements in the The partnership framework also directly addresses the drivers and sources of the conflict. business investment climate, land markets, and market need for greater social and economic inclusion to ensure development. They also support enhanced connectivity an equal and just society. It will support development and regional integration within and outside the country, of a platform on gender and social inclusion to help the especially in roads, information and communication government promote gender equality. technologies, energy markets, and trade. 12 13 Gender focus in World Bank Group programs Building strong and production units, and additional Deepening social inclusion accountable institutions financing will expand this program geographically. Additional The focus on expanding access The Capacity Building for Results financing to the New Market to health and education services project has a 30 percent quota for Development Project will include adapted to women’s priorities will female recruitment of civil service training and business support continue, together with programs positions, while the National targeting women. to increase the numbers of women The program supports the two identified growth drivers, Deepening social inclusion Solidarity Programme mandates education and health workers. The i.e., agricultural productivity (the livelihood of over half the women’s representation on The Irrigation Program has increased focus on nutrition will population) and extractive industries, but the latter will Program activities respond to the government’s objective Community Development Councils. appointed women as social target women and young children. have little impact on jobs and will take time to develop. to create a more socially inclusive society. Access to quality Agricultural programs will support improved land and education and health is largely dependent on geography inclusion assistants to reach out water management, productivity, value chains, and small and household income. Past gains are slipping and it will to other women, both as farmers Social safety nets will also target enterprise development, including in poorer, lagging areas. be increasingly important to ensure greater equity in Supporting inclusive growth and non-irrigation water users, female-headed households. access to quality services going forward. and encourage their involvement Early warning systems for disaster Support for extractive industries aims to improve Almost half of the more than throughout sub-project risk mitigation also include governance and increase revenues, and to provide a base Much more effort needs to be made to address 67,000 beneficiaries of the ongoing development. gender-focused actions. Almost for more diversified growth in the longer term along key undernutrition particularly in lagging areas, build resilience Afghanistan Rural Enterprise three-quarters (70%) of Bank resource corridors. to shocks, and improve disaster management and Development Project are women; IFC’s support to the First Group projects have gender focal response. At the same time, the establishment of basic an impact evaluation focusing on Microfinance Bank of Afghanistan points in related line ministries social safety nets for poor people protects the weakest rural women has informed design has reached out to some 60,000 and are encouraging gender- members of society and builds trust in government and, of the follow-on project and the borrowers, 16 percent of whom balanced staffing. thus, may help address a key conflict driver. Women’s Economic Empowerment are women. IFC’s Business Edge pilot project, which seeks to expand program has successfully trained women’s financial inclusion. almost 10,000 individuals, 43 percent of whom are women, with The National Horticulture and follow-up support expanding this. Inclusive growth—which includes women, youth, poor people, and the marginalized Livestock Project has supported and displaced, with a focus on lagging areas and urban informal settlements—is key to more than 34,000 women in sustained poverty reduction. establishing kitchen garden 14 15 Financial commitments IDA and ARTF resources underpin the Bank Group’s Promoting inclusive growth long-term engagement and commitment to Afghanistan. Annual IDA and ARTF commitments to Afghanistan The World Bank Group’s current strategy have been around $200 million and $900 million, recognizes that, with growing insecurity respectively. IDA allocations are expected to be increased and poverty and inequality on the in Afghanistan and other fragile and conflict-affected increase, promoting more inclusive countries. The additional funds available will provide growth that includes women, youth, the the necessary flexibility for the Bank to respond to new priorities fully aligned with the strategy, such as additional displaced, residents of lagging regions, and the bottom 40 percent is a more A Challenging support in education and health service delivery, expansion of social safety nets, and urban development. urgent agenda than ever, and that a “business as usual” approach to service IFC, the Bank Group’s private sector arm, aims to expand delivery will be inadequate. Environment its commitments in Afghanistan from its current portfolio of $54 million to a cumulative investment of about $80 million over the 2017-2020 period. MIGA, the Bank Group’s political risk insurance arm, stands ready to provide additional support with a focus in the finance, manufacturing, agribusiness and services, and infrastructure sectors. 16 17 Afghanistan is a high-risk environment and in such an There are three new factors since 2014 that need to be or restructured programs need to be designed to environment it is critical to stay engaged and committed taken into account: ensure they can respond flexibly to rapidly evolving for the long term in spite of the risks. Afghanistan’s circumstances; build in the increased costs of supervision transition moment has proved difficult and destabilizing. 1. The withdrawal of most international troops at through third party monitoring as well as citizen feedback The two principal risks to the Bank Group’s program the end of 2014, which has led to a deteriorating and community monitoring; and reflect on how to reach are the intensifying conflict and the political instability security environment. end users in conflict-affected areas, where government of the NUG coalition. Managing these risks, which are civil servants are unable to access. 2. A drop in aid assistance levels, which has led interrelated, will not be easy as they are both outside to wider repercussions on the economy, and the direct control of Bank Group management. In these exacerbated underlying fault lines and tension circumstances, it will need to strive to mitigate their Macroeconomic and fiscal sustainability between different groups. impact on the program through ensuring, both at a strategic and programmatic level, it can respond flexibly 3. The inconclusive and protracted 2014 The prospects for more rapid economic growth and to the deteriorating security and uncertain political election, which has led to a weakened central greater domestic revenue generation are not good environment. The strategy and program are intended to government that is dependent for its mandate over the next four years, despite the government’s mitigate the impact of these risks. on a political agreement between the two main commitments to reform. A ramping up of security candidates, which is increasingly subject to expenditures at the same time as a decline in internal disagreement. international aid is occurring puts increasing strain on the government budget. In this environment, the overall risk to the Bank Group’s program achieving its objectives over the next four years Institutional capacity for implementation is judged to be high, with five high-level risks. and sustainability Afghanistan is a high-risk environment Capacity is weak and the government is suffering from and in such an environment it is critical to Political risks and governance talent flight. Reduction in the size of the parallel civil service stay engaged and committed for the long and integration of fiduciary management in country term in spite of the risks. The unstable political situation and poor governance is systems is the right long-term strategy, but it may bring one of the most important risk factors in Afghanistan. The transition costs as government staff lack the confidence or risks of political instability are high both within the NUG experience to make appropriate decisions quickly. coalition and from outside. The government is committed to reforms, improving governance, and tackling corruption, but the political context is uncertain. Environmental and social risks The Bank Group’s program is designed to mitigate core Conflict and violence environmental risks to development through its support for climate resilience and disaster management. However, The insurgency has expanded to encompass much of the extreme weather events may impact implementation across country, which raises issues for effective implementation sectors. This risk would be addressed by rapid response and and monitoring of projects. At a program level, new reallocation of resources to facilitate disaster recovery. 18 19 Toward a Strong Partnership The Government of Afghanistan has an ambitious On the other hand, reduced uncertainty and conflict reform and development agenda but the high-risk can usher in a scenario of improving prospects. environment threatens many of its objectives. The Under such a stabilizing scenario, improved World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Framework confidence and increased resources to expand infrastructure and social services can accelerate job is framed with this in mind, and has in-built flexibility creation and poverty reduction. This would provide to respond to the pressures and opportunities as space for broader institution building and further they occur. enhancing the inclusiveness of growth. Given the uncertainty over the next four years, the The path to long-term resilience and stability will challenge for the Bank Group will be getting the contain many protracted periods of instability and balance right between protecting the poor and it will be important that the Bank Group can stay yet also laying the foundations for longer-term the course. Internally, this will require a willingness growth and productivity gains. Under a scenario of to effectively manage the risks, while ensuring its own project and human resource procedures are deteriorating security and conflict, the best that may sufficiently flexible and streamlined and incentive be achieved is to preserve the gains and mitigate structures aligned to the level of difficulty and increases in poverty. risk entailed. This publication is a summary of the Country Partnership Framework, the World Bank Group’s strategy in Afghanistan for 2017-2020. The strategy focuses on three broad areas, or pillars, of engagement: building strong and accountable institutions, supporting inclusive growth, and deepening social inclusion. It is closely aligned with Afghanistan’s own vision for development outlined in the National Peace and Development Framework (2016-2021), which calls for greater government ownership of the development process, a more equal government-donor partnership, and a greater proportion of aid provided as non- discretionary budget assistance. Afghanistan Country Office House 19, Street 15 Wazir Akbar Khan, Kabul, Afghanistan Telephone +93 701133328 Email: infoafghanistan@worldbank.org www.worldbank.org.af © World Bank, 2016