41455 äîêëàä î ìèðîâîì ðàçâèòèè 2008 2008 2008 , © 2007 . / 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 : 202-473-1000 -: www.worldbank.org : feedback@worldbank.org . 1 2 3 4 10 09 08 07 - 2008. / . , . , - . , , , , , - - . , , . / , - , . / - , , - . - , - , : Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; : 978-750-8400; : 978-750-4470; : www.copyright.com. , , - : Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; : 202-522-2422; : pubrights@worldbank.org. :,RockCreekStrategicMarketing,, Critical Stages. Precision Graphics. . - : ­ ; ­ ; ­ ; ­ ; ­ / - ; ­ . ISBN: 978-0-8213-7303-3 xiii xv xvii 1 3 ? 10 ? 21 I ? 30 1 30 31 34 44 48 50 : 51 2 , 56 ­ 56 59 60 65 : 68 ­ 76 : : 77 v vi 3 : 80 ­ , 81 83 85 , 90 : 93 99 101 103 : ? 104 II ? 108 4 , 108 108 110 117 122 125 128 130 5 132 : 132 : 137 : 139 : 145 150 D: 151 6 154 154 160 vii 166 168 - 173 176 7 - 178 , 179 , 184 187 , 191 : - 195 199 : ­ 201 8 204 205 206 « » 212 214 215 223 224 F: 226 9 230 : 230 233 238 241 : 244 , 245 249 : 251 G: 252 : 255 viii III ? 258 10 258 258 260 : , 261 : 267 : 272 , 276 277 11 ­ 279 : , 281 283 287 290 292 293 295 302 304 307 322 357 358 366 369 369 369 370 370 370 383 391 ix 1 ? 9 : 135 1.1 33 5.3 : 1.2 200 137 34 5.4 -: 1.3 , 139 37 5.5 1.4 : 144 40 5.6 1.5 147 40 6.1 1.6 : 156 41 6.2 2.1 , « » : 157 61 6.3 2.2 « » 64 158 2.3 6.4 ? 65 159 2.4 6.5 Banrural SA: 67 2.5 - 164 ­ 6.6 72 168 3.1 6.7 ? 171 83 6.8 3.2 172 84 6.9 3.3 , 174 91 7.1 : 3.4 : - , - 185 95 7.2 3.5 185 (« ») 7.3 97 : 188 3.6 98 7.4 3.7 ? 102 190 4.1 , 109 7.5 191 4.2 - 7.6 111 4.3 112 194 4.4 7.7 114 «» 195 4.5 - 7.8 116 : 195 4.6 7.9 : 117 199 4.7 ­ ­ 8.1 123 209 4.8 130 8.2 - 213 5.1 134 8.3 5.2 214 x 8.4 215 10.3 : 8.5 : , 269 218 10.4 8.6 274 11.1 220 280 8.7 11.2 : , 221 283 8.8 11.3 222 9.1 () 237 284 9.2 240 11.4 9.3 ­ 286 249 11.5 : 9.4 , 286 11.6 « » 250 288 10.1 , 11.7 , 299 « » 260 11.8 10.2 ­ () 262 301 1 12 1993 2002 . 26 4 1.1 , 2 , , 1987­2001 31 : , 1.2 , 5 , 3 , , , 32 7 1.3 , 4 35 , 1.4 8 5 , 1958­ 12 1994 38 6 1.5 14 7 17 42 8 1.6 19 , 9 (1993­2005) 44 1.7 « » 22 10 46 1.8 23 1975 2004 . 47 11 2.1 , 24 (1961­2004) 57 xi 2.2 4.6 , 58 118 2.3 4.7 119 59 4.8 2.4 , , , 60 , 2.5 120 63 4.9 , 2.6 129 5.1 , 66 «» 133 2.7 5.2 - 67 136 2.8 5.3 , 69 , 137 2.9 5.4 , : 69 139 2.10 5.5 , 140 , 70 5.6 , ­ 2.11 , 71 145 2.12 6.1 74 2.13 161 74 6.2 3.1 86 (2006) 169 3.2 6.3 2004­2005 . 86 170 3.3 87 7.1 3.4 , 179 88 7.2 3.5 ­ 94 43% 187 3.6 7.3 96 , 197 3.7 8.1 101 208 4.1 8.2 210 , 8.3 , 109 224 4.2 9.1 , 112 231 4.3 9.2 113 4.4 234 114 9.3 4.5 234 9.4 115 235 xii 9.5 9.12 , 237 9.6 243 9.13 238 9.7 , 250 . . 244 , 9.14 . , 2005 239 246 9.8 , 10.1 « » 264 , 10.2 « » 270 241 10.3 « » 9.9 , , 275 242 11.1 279 9.10 242 11.2 , 9.11 243 287 1 , 2005 . 5 5.2 1.1 , 2005 35 1.2 , 2002 36 148 7.1 1.3 , 1981 . 46 2000 . 189 3.1 7.2 82 193 3.2 7.3 84 197 3.3 96 8.1 4.1 205 113 9.1 4.2 232 118 9.2 233 4.3 9.3 121 18­25 246 5.1 11.1 , 143 298 2.1 62 2.2 , 62 8.1 207 8.2 217 ­ , , 2015 , . ­ « » () - , 30- . - , . , . , . - ­ , , . - . ( ), . , , , . . , , , - 600 - , , , . ­ , , . - , , , . - . , - , , - ­ . , , , - . , - , - . , ­ , xiii xiv 2008 , ­ , , , . ­ 900 , - . . . , . , -, , , , , , - , , , , , -, . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . - . -. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , . , , , () . . , . - « ». - , , , , , , , - (), , « », , , - , , . , - , , - , , , , , , , , , . . , ­ , , , - , . - , ­ , - . - . xv AATF (African Agricultural Technology Foundation) / / CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme) CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) - CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) - CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Developing Countries) ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) - ICRAF (International Center for Research in Agroforestry) - IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) IFDC (International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development) IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) - IRI (International Research Institute for Climate and Society) - IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) - IWMI (International Water Management Institute) NERICA (New rice for Africa) « » SAFEX (South Africa Futures Exchange) , xvii xviii AGO MYS AZE MLI DZA MAR ARG BGD MOZ BLR NPL BEN NER BGR NGA BOL BRA PNG -- BFA - PRY BDI PER HUN POL VEN RUS VNM RWA GHA ROM GTM SLV GIN SEN HND SYR DOM SVK EGY , SDN ZMB TJK ZWE THA IND TZA IDN TGO IRN , TUN YEM TUR KHM UGA CMR UKR KEN PHL CHN TCD COL CZE ZAR , CHL CIV -' LKA - LAO ECU MDG ETH MWI ZAF - , - , « » , « ». - . ; , - . , , , . , ( - , - ). 1 000 , , 1 000 . ( ). - - , , , - - - 2006 ., , . - . 1. , , , ,­ - . - - , , , 2015 . , ­ , . ­ , ,- ­ - . . , , , . . , - 25 , , - . , - - , - . - 2. , - , ­ - , - ,- . - - . . , ­ , - , ­ - , « », - - , , - - . . XXI - , - - - . . - ­ , , . 2,1 « ». 2 . , , 880 ­ 1 . ? 1 2 2008 . - - , , , - . . , - , - , , - , - . - , - - ­ - , . . , , - , - ( «-» , , ), , ­ . - , - - , - - , - , . , - - - , , - , . , , - - . - - - - . . , 600 - - . . , - , , - , , . - , - : , - · - , ? , . , , - - - , - . - - , , . - · - , ? . - , , 3 - . - 29% - () - 65% , . - . · - - - - 30% . ? - - , - , , . - - . 200 , - - , ? ,- . , - - , , - . - « » - . , , - , · . - , - , 86% - . 1,3 . - , « - , » , - . .5,5- . - , - , . , 2,5 - , , - , 1,5 ­ . 3. · . - , , 1.,­28%1993. 22% 2002 . ­ , , - ( 37 29%), - - . (13%). - - - 80% 4 2008 - , , - . . , - , , - - ( ). - . - - ( 1 036 1993 . 883 2003.) . - (. 1). , - - , - -, - 2040 . . . . - · . - , - ( ) - , , . . - - , , . 15 , - , - , - , - 2 . , (.2). 30% - , . - ­ , (. 1): - · ­ , 1.19932002. (­1.) : Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007. 5 2. :, , 1990­2005 .,% . : -2008. . , , . 1.,2005. (), 2005 . 417 2 220 255 (%), 2005 . 68 63 26 (. 2000 .), 2005 . 379 1 068 3 489 (%), 2005 . 29 13 6 , 4,0 2,9 2,2 1993­2005 . (%) , 3,5 7,0 2,7 1993­2005 . (%) (), 2002 . 170 583 32 , 2002 . (%) 51 28 13 : Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula 2007; World Bank 2006. : 1,08 . 1993 . , , , 32% - ; . , , , - , , 7% , , - (70%) - - . ­ - ( 82% , ). , ­ 417 - , . 82% , , - , , - , - 2,2 . . · ­ , 96% ­ - 6 2008 92% - ­ - , . · ­ - - . : , 5%, , - , . ­ . 45% ­ , - , . - . , . - . 255 , , , - , . - - . - . , - - - . . - 20 , - , - . - - - (.2)., , - , ­, , - (, . ). , , 61% - - , ­ - - , - . , , , - (- 5000 - ). . , - , , - - . , - . , - - , - , - . - - , . , . - , , ­ 7 «-» ( . - , ) . «-» (- , - ). - - - ? , , , , - , . ­ . , , , - ,, . ­ - . - «- - » , , , , ­ . , - , - . . - - , , , - . - . . - , . ,, , ( , , - ) , - - , - , (. 3). , - - , . , 3,5 - 3., , - , , - 2,7 . ­ ( - ), ­- ( - ) ­ . , , , , , . : Ligon and Sadoulet 2007. . 42 - 1981 2003 . . 8 2008 4., 2004 2004 : Fan ( ). - ,- - . , , . , , - , ­ , - . . , - . , - - , - - . - . - , , - , - , XVIII - , XIX . , ( 2004 . - - , - 4%, . 1980 . ­ 10%, . 4). - , , . , - . , . - - ,- - - . - . , - ( . - , , , ). - 9 , , - , - - , , . . - , - , - , , . - - , , . , , - , - - 4. - , ( , - - ) - , . - - , . - . , . , . - 1982 . - ,- , - . - , . , - . , - , , . 1. - ? ,- - 50%, ­ 85%. - . , 800 - - , - , - . - . . , . , - - , , - , . , , , - . - , (, ), , - , - , . , - , 2030 ., - , , ­ - , . . - , 2000 2030 . : Rosegrant and others 2007. ( 1). 10 2008 . , - ? , , - . , , . , , - - , - , . . - - , - , - , - , - , , , - . - . , ­ , - - , , - ,- - . . - , , . , , , - . - , , , ; , . . - - - , - , , - , - , , - , ­ , . , ,,,- . . . ­ , - - - . . , . , 4% . , - , , - ­ 39%, , , ­ 29%. , 11 , 19% , 1990 . 15 , - 24 , , - , 2000 . . . - - . , - , , - , 355 . . ó . - , - . , , ­ , . - - , - , - - - . , « - », , - - . - , - :, - , ­ - , . , ­ ? . , ,.,- - , - , , , : ( - · , , ). , , ­ ( 4); , - · , ( 5 6); , · - - - ( 6); . · ( 6); . - / · - ( 7); · . - , - ( 8). , , - . - - . - - , , , , : 12 2008 - , 1986­1988 . . 1980­1984 . 2000­2004 . 37% , - 2003­2005 . 30%. , , - (), - , 28 10%, ­ , 15 4%, , , - , ­ , 9%. , « » - . - , ( ), ( - ( - ), ) - , , (. 5). . , - - . - . - - , , , - , - . - - (- . ) , - . - , - . ,, , 5,5%, ­ 21%, ­ 15%. - - ­ - () - . - , , , . 5. : Anderson ( ). . ­ , , . 13 , - - . , , , , - ,., , . , . , - - - , , , , - , , - , , . ó - - . ( ) , , (- ), - . - (- - ). - - , - - , - . . - . () . - , - , - - , . - . , - , , SMS-, - , - . , « - » - - - 1990- . , - - , . , 1980- 1990- ., , , - - . - , , - ­ - , , - - - , . ó , . , - , 1998 . , - . - - , 14 2008 , , , - « », - ­ - . ­ . , - - - - , , , . 6­7% , , - ,- , (.6). , . ,,,- . - 43% - , ­ , , 138 . ( 2004 .). - . - - ­ .- 60%. - , , - , - - - . : ,- ( , ) , ( ). . , , - , , - , - . - , . - . - , - . . - , - ­ , ( - 6. , 1980 . = 100 , 1980 . = 100 : http://faostat.fao.org ( 2007 ) http://comtrade.un.org. 15 ), - ( , - (- ), ( - ) ( ), - ). , . - , ( , - ). , - - - , - . - , - , - . . . - - , - , . , , , , , - , , , , - . , , , - , , ,, - . . - , , - , - . - - , - , , .- , ,- , ­ , . - , ,- . , - - ; , - - . . - - . - , - - . ; - . , ­ - , , - . , 16 2008 ­ . 1982 - 2002 . , - , . 8 65%, - ­ , - 21 91%. - - , 12,3 . - , ­ , , , 22% , - . ( , - ) - - - , - . , , , - , , - . , - - . , - - , , , - . , , - . , - , - . . - , - - . , - - , , , . - , , - - - (). , - , , , - . - ( - - ), . - . , - , . . : , , ­ 700 , - . , , , 43%. , - , - - , - , , , - . - - 20 , 17 . - ( - - )5. , , , , , - , , - , , - , , - , . - - . , - . , - - - (. 7). - - . - , - . ,,- ­ - , - . , , - - , - - ­ , - . - . - - . , - - , , - (), , - , - 7. . , , - , . ­ - , - . - , - , , , - ,.- - , , : http://faostat.fao.org. 2007 . 18 2008 . ( ), , , , - . - . , - , - - . - . - - , . - , 1992 . - « » -- - , - , - . . - - - , . . - , ­ . - ( ) - . - , , - ,, - , , , . - - . - , , - , , ­ , - . , - , , . 20,, , - , , , - . . - 2­3% , . , , . , , - . , . ( - ) , , - . (, - - ). , - 19 , , , - - , , , . , . - « , . - » , ( - . ), - - ­ - . , . - : , - , 22 30% . , - , - ( - , , - ( 13 ), - ) (. 8)6. - ­ , . , , . - (, - - ), ­ 50% - , - - , . . - (, - ) , - : , - . . . ­ . , , - , . - 8. , - . , - , - . : -2008 , www.unfccc.int. 20 2008 - . , 45 60% - - . . - - , - ( )() , . . - - - . . , - - . , - . - - - - , - , . , , ­ , - . , - - . - . - - - , - , - , - . - . - - . , - , - , . - - . « » ­ - , , - - , . ­ - - : - () , , - . , - . . - , - , , , . 21 , - , , - - , ? - . ,- . , , , . , , - , , - , - - . ­ , - . , . - , - , - - . - , , - ­ , - , , - , , - , - . , - - . , - , , - . - - , , , . , , , - . , , , , - , ­ . . - , - , - . , - , , - - , , , . - - , - - - . , - , - , , . - « - » (. 9): « · 1. - » - . . 22 2008 9. , "" . · . , - . , - , - . · . : - - , - . · . , , : -2008. - · 2. - . . : - - · 3. - . 80% - . - . - · 4. - - , - , . , - , , , - - : . - · , . , - , - - . - . - 1990- . (. 10), 1990- . - - , , 2,3% . 1980- 3,8% 2001­ · . 2005 . , , , - « - , », , «» , , 23 10. : -2008, (International Country Risk Guide, http://www.icrgonline.com). . , . . 1,5%. - - , , - , . . - , - - . - , ­ - , , , , - ,7. ­ - . , - . , , - , - . - . , - , . , , . , - , ,- - . - . , - , /. . -, - - (, , , ), 24 2008 - - , ., ( , , ) - (, ) , . . -, : - , . . , - , - , - , . -, 600 , - ­ 2,2 , , . , . -, - ­ - , - . , ­ , - - , (. 11). , - , - , , ­ - , - , , 8. - , , - . - , - . , , - , - - . , : . , . - , 11. : -2008, . 25 , ó , - , , . - - ,,- . , - , - . . - : - . : , , - , , - . - - - , . , - , - . - ­ 32 ­ 39% , , , ­ - ­ - : - . - . - ­ , , - - , , - - 9. - . - , - - . , - - , , - , . - - . - - - , - , - , . , - - , - , . , . . « - - », - - . . , , - 26 2008 , - . . - , - , - . . , 1982 . - - , - , - - . - - , . ­ - , , , . , - , - . - , . - , , - , - . (. 12). - , - , 1982 . , « ­ 1982», , , - - , - . , - , - 12. : Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi 2006. 27 . - - , : , - - . , ­- . ­ - ­ , - . , « - - » - , , - . , , . . , - , - . - , - , - , - . , - ­ - , . - , , ­ - , , - - ­ , - . . ­ - , - , - . - . - - , . . , . - - , , - - - , . . () ­ - , . « » ­ , . , - , , , - - () ­ - , - , ,- , . - , , , - , - . - , 28 2008 , , . ­ . - - , . - . 24 , , , , , , - 28% - , ­ 80%. . . - - , , - - - , , - , - , - . , , . - - , - , . - - , , - , , , , . - - . . - - , , . . - XXI ­ , - , - , , - ­ . - - - . . - , ? , - , - - , , , , - . - . . - XX ­ . - - , 29 . , , - - - , . . - , , . - , - - - - . . , , , - - , . , - , , . I 1 ? 2002 ., , 883 , . 1. , , . . , , « , »(.1.1). (), 1980 , . . 15 50%, , 30%. . . , , , , 53% . 1981 . 8% 2001 . ( ). , . , , , , , XVIII , XIX 2. . , . , , ( , , , , ) ( , , , , , ). . , . , , , 30 31 1.1.,, ,1987­2001 , , / , % / , % 60 60 3,5 50 3,5 50 ( ) 40 ( ) 40 2,5 2,5 30 30 ( ) 20 20 1,5 1,5 10 10 ( ) 0,5 0 0,5 0 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 : Ravallion and Chen 2004; World Bank 2006y. , , ( 50 85% ), . (. 1.2). ,, , , . . , , , , . . , . , . . 40 , , , , . , (. 1.2). , . , . , . , . , , , . , (), 3. 32 2008 1.2.,,, % , , , 1,0 NPL BFA % , (1990­2005, ) BDI , (1990­2005, ) NER RWA , , 1961­2003 ETH MWI MOZMLIUGATZA GIN 0,8 TCD MDG LAO KEN PNG KHM ZMB SEN AGO VNM CHN ZAR SDN ZWE 1961­2003 TGO CMR IND 0,6 THA ZAR GHA BEN BGD BDI LAO YEM CIV IDN TUR ETH PAK UGA BOL 1961­2003 GTM MLI RWATZA LKA 1961­2003 GHA KHM 0,4 PHL NER NPL MAR BEN TJK TGO NGA EGY SDN NGA CMR HND PRY TCD TJK PER MDG PNG SYR SLV MWI MOZ BFA VNM UZB PRY IRN UZB AZE ECU BGD KEN CIV HND DZATUN IND PAK SYR COL POL IRN GTM MYS MEX 0,2 GIN YEM LKA PHL ROM DOM SEN BLR ZWE CHN UKR EGY COL BRA IDN MAR ROM TUN TUR CHL ZMB AZE BOL SLV ZAF MYSHUN ARG UKR BLR BGR DZA VEN CZE AGO ECU SVK BGR PER DOM CHL THA BRA SVK MEX ARG ZAF POLHUNVEN 0 CZE 90 150 245 400 670 1100 1800 3000 4900 8100 , . 2000 . ( ) : WDR 2008, World Bank 2006y. . . . xviii. ( ) , 5. ( 3464%4). , , , 400 1800 . . , , 20% , , 43% . , . 8 22% , , . , 1800 8100 . . 33 . , ( . , 1993 2002 . 85% 42% ) , , , 2:1 , ­ 3,5:1, , . , , . , , 2020 . ( 1.1), 2040 . 6. ( , ) , , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , ( . , ). , , , , 1 . 1 , 2,5 3 - 2020 . - 2030 . - : 1,5 - , 800 - 1995 . (. . ). , . , , 2025 ., , . 2020. . , , % 4 1500 100 1200 80 3 900 60 2 600 40 1 300 20 0 0 0 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 : United Nations 2004. 34 2008 . . , . , , 81% 1993­2002 . , ; 19% 7. , , ( 2,15 . ) . . , , , , (.1.3.1.11.2). , ( , , ) ( 1.2). , , , . , , , 1 . 2 . (, ) 1981­2003 . 42 - 1% , , , , - - - . 2,5 - . , , - (. . ). - 8. (2005) , , - , , 2,9 , 2,5 , . , - 1% (%) ( 8 - . ) 6 . , (2007), , 4 80 1980­2001 ., , , 2,15 . - 2 63%, 2,7 - 0 . ( 1 . ) 2 ­2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . . - : Ligon and Sadoulet 2007. 2 . , (2004) , . - 95%- . . 35 1.3., , 1990­2005, % 80 BDI RWA 60 CMR MWI SDN PRY BEN NER INDIA PNG 40 NGA CMR (1965­94) BGR TGO LAO GHA AZE CIV SYR MDG BFA ETH ZMB KEN NPL MOZ GINMLI TCD UGA 20 HND PAK IRN YEM KHM DZA GTM BRA PHL BOL SEN CHINA PER AGO IDN EGY BGD VNM ARG UKR (1981­2001) RUS DOM IND VEN SVK TUR MAR TUN THA LKA CHN CHL BRAZIL CZE SLV ECU INDONESIA 0 (1970­96) MEX ZAR ZAF MYS ROM (1970­96) TJK COL POLHUN BLR ZWE ­20 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 / , 2002 : -2008. . , , ( World Bank DDP 2006). - , , . : Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula (2007) 2,15 . . , , , . 2000 . . : Ravallion and Chen (2004) ; World Bank 2000c ; ; (http://www.eclac.org) ; (http://www.bps.go.id) - , . , , . . . xviii. 1.1.,2005 () 615 3 510 965 417 2 220 255 (%) 68 63 26 , 1993­2005 (%) 2,5 1,4 1,0 (%) 82,2 13,6 4,2 2,2 97,8 0 0,9 96,1 2,9 8 92 0 0 12 88 2,2 9,7 88,1 (2004) () 266 1 780 447 () 172 1 020 82 65 57 18 ( . 2000) 379 1 068 3 489 , 1993­2005 (%) 3,7 6,3 2,6 111 142 215 ( . 2000) (%) 29 13 6 . , 1993­2005 (%) 32 7 5 , 1993­2005 (%) 4 2,9 2,2 , 1993­2005 (%) 3,5 7 2,7 : : FAO 2006a; : World Bank 2006y, . 74 5 , , 71 , 2005 ., . 36 2008 , , 49% , 1.(.1.11.2). , , ,. , . , , , : ( 1981­85 . 1996­ 2001 .), ( 1965­70 . 1989­94 .), , (1970­76.1990­96.) . ( 1970­75 . 1990­96 .) (. 1.3). , , , , 15­25 , . , . , 1970 . , , , , , . , , . , . . , (), . , (1.3). , , , , , , , ( , ), . , 1993­ 2005. , 68% ­ 1.2.,2002 () 494 3250 888 335 2100 251 (2,15.) 80 60 26 () 278 1530 91 70 79 39 (%) 83 73 36 73 35 22 (1,08.) 49 22 8 () 170 583 32 70 82 45 (%) 51 28 13 45 11 6 : Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula, 2007. . 60 , . 1.1, . . 1993 . . 37 1 . 3 , , - . , . (. . ). - , , , , , , , . ­, , 1993­2005, % , 1993­2004, % 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 ­10 ­10 ­20 ­20 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 / , 2002 / , 2002 : Central Statistical Organization and Planning Commission , Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI) . , 9, , 11. ., 75 . ( ­ ) 225 . , , ( ). , , ( ) , 60% . 70% 10. . , , , , , . . , , , . , , 38 2008 , (,) , . 12. , , , ( 390 . 2001 . 740 . 2006 .)14, , , , . , , , , , , . , . , , . . , , , , , ( ), ( , ) ( )15. . ( 4). , . , . , , , , , , . . , 1.4. 38% 1,7 ( ). , . , 1958­1994 , ­1 , . ­0,8 . , . . , ­0,6 16, , ­0,4 13. 1958­1994 . , , , , ­0,2 , ( 5). 0 , , - . , , , : Datt and Ravallion, 1998a. (. 1.4). . - - . . . 39 , 100 . , 2000 .18 , , , , . , , ( ). , . . . ( , ) , , , . , , . . 17. , , . . (, ), , , (, , ). ( 1.4). . , (, ), , . . . , , , . , - . , , , , , . . 19. , , , , , , . 20. . , . 2015 . , 40 2008 1 . 4 , , - . : , , - -, - , . - , - . -, . - . - , 2000., , - , , , . - - . ( ). - - - , , , , , 1980- . , . . - ,, -, - . - . - - , , ( ). (, , - , ) - , - (, , , ( ), - ) , . - , - . . : Collier and Venables ( ); Eifert, , Gelb, and Ramachandran, 2005; Wood and Mayer, , , 2001. , , , . ( 1.5). . 2, 1 . 5 , , , , , , . - . . 1985 - 7% 1999 . 1993­2005 ., - , - - 13% 57% 21. - , . , , - , . . , - , 1997 . 1 . 47% 1981 . , . 14% 1996 . , 58 70% 22. , - 80% , . - , . , - , - : Mwabu and Thorbecke, 2004; World , Bank, 1982. . 41 . - . . 1980 2001 . 2 ; ­ 2,5 , , 3,7 . 1970 1999 .23 . ( 1.6). . , , 24 , . . ( . ­ ). , 1 . 6 , : , 1960- . - , - . ( 9). . - , . , - - - . - , ( ), , , 30% 1970- . : , - . - - . - . , - - ( 40% 1970- .), . - 25. , , . 1986 . - , , , 1974 . . - , ( ). , , 75­80% 1980­2001 . , 1973­1975 . . . , - , - , . . , (« , : Hayami 2005. »)26. 42 2008 , 28. . . ; . ( 2). . , , 4 , , , , 27. 29. 15 , , , , 30. , , , . , ( 5). , , , , 31. 1.5. 32. / 0,6 , HUN , , (.. ARG 0,4 ) ROM BRA MEX (. 1.5). 30% ZWE ECU IRN COL MYS ZAF 33. BOL , 0,2 PER SVK , SEN PHL MAR TUR MWI THA IDN EGY NPL BGD , IND 0 UGA 34. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 , . 2000 . : World Bank, 2006y; UNIDO Industrial Statistics Database, 2005. . . xviii . 43 . , . , , , 35. , , , , . . . . , , . , 36. , . . 37. , . , . . 38. , , , , . . , . , 6% , 0,6­1,2%39. . , 30% . , . , 45% 1990 . , 18% . . , , , . , : . . , , 40. 44 2008 : · , , , . · , , ( 10). . · ( 5). , . · . , , . ? , , , , , . , . , , , , ó , . . , , 1.6. ,(1993­2005) , , , 7 7 7 41. 6 6 6 , ( 5 5 3,68% 5 ) 4 4 4 , 3 2,13% 3 3 . 2 2 2 0,55% 4,39% 2,21% 3,16% 1 1,79% 1 1 2,69% 1,96% 15 0 0 0,65% 0 (. 1.6). ­1,01% ­0,63% ­1 ­1 ­1 , , % , % , , : FAO (2006a). 45 . . . , , , . , () . , , . 10 50 1967­1992 . 0,43 . 0,5­1,5% , , 42. , ( 4). , , , (, , ), 1990 . (. 1.7). . , , . , , , . . , , , , , , , , 1992­2000 ., . . , , 10% , 6 , 44. 60% , . , 51% 33 11% 1978 1984 . , ? , 45. , , , . , , (1991)43 , ­ , 18 (), . . 30% 46 2008 1.7. ( ) , % 10 6 5 8 4 6 3 4 2 1 2 1984­95 0 1995­2005 0 ­1 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 ­0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 : http://www.icrgonline.com. : , - , International Country Risk Guide. . (10% 1980 .) 5%(4). (. 1.3). , . . 10% , , , . 46. , , , () , . , . , , , . . ( ) (4% 2004 .), , 1.3. 1980 2004 1980 2004 1980 2004 6,9 4,0 14,3 7,0 8,1 2,7 (%) 3,7 4,0 10,2 10,6 16,9 12,1 (%) (%) 28,8 28,9 24,4 15,6 14,4 10,2 : Fan ( ). . 14 (12 ), ­ 14, ­ 11 . 47 ,700 75% 2002 . ( 4). 35%( , ) 50% (), , , ( 7)47. 1970 . , . , 15­20%, ( 2)48. , , , , ()52,53 49. , , 18% 1979.3,5%2004.(.1.8). , 8 . ( . (. 1.3). 2004.)1984.3,42004. , , 50, , ,. 1970 . 1980 . . « », . 54 (, ) 1980 ., . 1975., 1,2 . . , , , , . , 51. : (1) , , , ; (2) 40% 1975 . 1.8.19752004. , : .,2004. . , 2004 . . , 2004 . . , 2004 . 10 % 20 5 5 ( ) 8 16 4 4 6 12 3 3 4 8 2 2 ( ) 2 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 : OECD, 2006a. . . 48 2008 ;(3) , , ; (4) , , ; (5) , , , . . ­ . « , » ­ , , . ­ 55. , 56. , , . . « », (), . , . - ., . . , ( 11). , 2001 . , . , , , , . , , , , , . : ; , ; . « » , , , , , . « , » , ó . , 1960 . 57. ( ) , « ». 49 , , , , , . . , , , , . , 58. , ­ , . , , , . , , , , 59. . , . , , , , , , , ( 4.4). . , , , . . , , . , , , , . .1930. , , 50% , . , . . . , , 1978 . , , . . . , 2004 . , , , , « »60. , , , , - . ( 4)61. . 50 2008 , . , , , . ( 11)62. . , . . . ? ­ , PROCAMPO, , , . () , , ­ ,, , . . , , , «», . . , , , , , . , . , , , , 63. , , , ­ , . , . , . , , . . , , ,, , , . , . A , . 75% - , . 45% 1993­2002 ., . , , . - ( .2 .3). , : , , - - . , 15 , - 1,08 . , 75% - - - - ( .4). , , , , 58% - - , , . . , - - 10 , ,- , - - - 1. (. .1). 37% 1993 . 30% 2002 . - .1. ( ­ 1,08 . ) , 1,08 . ( .1). , , - % , , ­ - 60 600 1200 35 32%. ( ) - 50 500 1000 ­ 1 0,9 . - 40 400 800 (2,15 . ), 78 30 300 600 70%, 2,2 2,1 . - 20 200 400 . 10 100 200 0 0 0 (40% 2002 .) 1993 1996 1999 2002 1993 1996 1999 2002 (51%), 1993 . . , - , : Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula, 2007. : , - ; - A . 1 ; - , , , 1993 10%. 1,08 . - 2002 . - (Ravallion, 2002 . 1183 ; Chen and Sangraula, 2007). 1067 , , . . - 1,08 2,15 . - , - () . 1993 . , - , - . , 2002 . , . 52 2008 A . 2 25 15% (Von Braun, Gulati and Fan, 2005), . 1981 . 1985 . (Ravallion, , , Chen (2007), . 53% 1981 . 8% 2001 ., - - 500 . - , ­ - , , 76% 1980 . 12% 2001 ., , . . , , , . . - 1980- 1990- . 1952 . 2004 . (Von Braun, Gulati and Fan, 2005). , 70 (Ravallion, Chen (2007) , 1981 1985 . - 60 - , - , 1978 . 50 . , 40 , 30 . ­ - 20 , . 10 - , (Ravallion - and Chen, 2007). 0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 . - (Lin, 1992). , : Ravallion and Chen, 2007. 1978 1984 . , A . 3 , . . 1990- . , - 1960- 1970- . , 1990- ., « - . - » - , , , . , - . , , , - 64% 1967 . , , . 50% 1977 . 34% 1986 . - . , , - . - , , - . , . : World Bank, 2000b; Burgess and Pande, . ­ 2005; Chaudhuri and Ravallion, 2006; Von Braun, Gulati . 1,4 1983 . 1,7 2000 . and Fan, 2005; Topalova, 2005; Ravallion and Datt, 1996; , Datt and Ravallion, 1998a. 1970- 1980- ., , - . 1991 . - 70 , 60 - . 50 2004 . 1993 . , 40 . 30 « 20 » 10 - 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 , . 1980 2004 . : World Bank, 2000b; 2007 National Sample Survey (NSS), Government of India. , . (NSS) , - . 53 A . 4 : - , - ­ 1%. 2001 . 15 - . - . , - 80 10% 4% 1980 . 5% 2001 . , 51,7% 30% - 60 1991­1992 . 39,5% 1998­1999 . . 28,5% 2005­2006 . ( 17% 9% 2006 .), 40 24% . , . , ­ , - , , 59% - , , 20 . , ( , - 0,35 0,39 15 ), . , 0 , , 1991­1992 1998­1999 2005­2006 ­ , . : Coulombe and Wodon, 2007. . ­ - , - - . , . 2001­ - 2005 . 1990 . , - , 5,7% - 10 , . . 5,2%. - , : Bogetic and others, 2007; Coulombe and Wodon, 2007; Jackson and Acharya, 2007. - - , , - . (13%) 60% 2030 .2 1,08 . 4. ( 1,08 . - ), 25%, , , 39% 2030 .3 - , . . . - - . , - . 70 , - , ( - , . 2002 . - ) - - - (30%) 80% , . . - .2. (. .2). - 1951 ., - 4 ( .3). , 3 , - 2 ( .2)5. 1 ­ 0 ? - 1989­2002 1990­2002 1997­2004 1985­2001 1992­2001 1993­2002 1991­2000 1989­99 1999­2001 . : -2008, - 54 2008 A.1. , ­ , , - ). ( 2,15 . ) - 1993 2002 - ? 85,2 82,5 ­2,8 ­1,5 87,6 86,8 ­0,8 ­0,4 1993.2002., 91,5 88,6 ­2,9 ­2,7 , 85,1 63,2 ­21,9 ­20,0 (. .2)7. 88,6 65,1 ­23,6 ­22,1 ­ 35,8 37,6 1,9 6,1 , - 19,8 18,7 ­1,1 ­0,3 2002 . ­ 47,3 46,4 ­0,9 7,8 78,2 69,7 ­8,5 ­6,9 , 73,7 71,3 ­2,4 ­1,6 2002 . ( 1993 . ). , : WDR : Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula (2007). . 2,15 . , 1993 . ­ , - , , , 81% , ­ (6,9 - . , 8,5 - - ? ) - , . . - ­ . . , - - - (. .1). , - , , - - , - - - . . . , ­ , - 67% - 45%,­55% , ­ , - (. .2). , , . , , , , 80% . - ( 52%), , , , - ­ 80%. - , , , , - - 6. (, , - A.2. ( ­ 2,15 . ) 1993 2002 1993­2002 79,8 77,5 ­2,2 81,1 44,6 85,1 83,4 ­1,7 32,8 17,4 89,1 85,6 ­3,5 60,7 56,0 70,6 45,6 ­25,0 53,4 48,8 72,8 44,6 ­28,3 52,0 48,8 23,5 23,5 0,1 n.a. n.a. 16,6 13,6 ­3,0 14,1 3,5 29,6 31,7 2,1 ­10,3 88,1 63,3 54,4 ­8,8 55,5 45,1 59,6 57,9 ­1,8 78,8 52,4 : WDR : Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula (2007). . 2,15 . , 1993 . n.a. -- . 55 (), ­ - ( ). .3. . , , : (. .3)10. - 50 , - , , , - 46 - . , , 83% - , - 42 . , - . 38 , - . - , % - (75%) 30 - , - , 70­80% 20 . 8. - . , - 10 , - - - 0 - . - - . , , « . - : Buys ., 2007. », . ­ . , - ( - - . ), , , , , 2. , , () - , - , () 2000 . , , - , ­ - , , , , - . ­ , - , (. .3). . . - ­ , . - 100 . . , . , - , , . - 11. - 9. ( ) , - . , , - , 2 , 1982 . - , , . - - , , . , , - , : - . - . , - - . - - , - , - , . , , ( ). , - - , : - : , - - , - , - , ­ . , , - , - - , , . . - - , . , - - ( 1). - , ­ , - . - . - 1980 2004 . - () , 2%, . , 56 , 57 1,6% . , - , , ­ - - , 1,8% . - , . 1980­2004 . 1960- . - (2,6% ), , (0,9% ). , - - (. 2.2). ­ 79% - - . 56% , 1980 . 65% 2004 . , . - - 2004 . 21%1. , - - 1990- 2000- . - 2.- 39% , , 29% , 4% , . , - . - - 1961­2004 . 1960- . , ­ 2,8% , , , - 2000 . 80% 1,8% (. 2.1). 2.1.,(1961­2004) , / , / 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 : FAO, 2006a. 58 2008 2.2., 4 39 29 33 11 11 0 10 20 30 40 ,% 1962 1982 2002 24 77 85 48 59 0 20 40 60 80 , % 1980 2000 13 98 190 73 34 81 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 1962 1982 2002 : Evenson and Gollin, 2003; FAO, 2006a. 10% 1970 . 4. - , 2000 . 20% - 22% , ( - 3. )5. , ­ , - - , . - 6. 15 , - 10% 1960- . ­ 7% 60% . - . - - , - - ­ - 6 / 1961­1963 . 143 / (), 2000­2002 ., - , 1­2% 7. , 59 - - 1960 . 30­40% 1978­1984 .16 , - , 8. - , , - ­ , , , , - 1960- ., - - . , - ,- 9. - , - , - (), 17. 10. , , - 1975 1990 .11 53% - - , - , 1971 1994 . , . - - , ( 25 3%, )12. - , , . - . ( - 25% - 1970- ., - 2.3. 13. , ­ , ­ - 14. , - , 1980­2004, % 4 - 3 , - , 15. 2 , -, - 1 - , 0 . - - , - - : FAO, 2006a; World Bank, 2006y. 60 2008 2.4. , , , 2% , ( ) 7 1%,6 , % 8,0 . 6,0 - . 4,0 - 2,0 1970- . 1980- . 0,0 1990- . - ­2,0 10 - , , ­4,0 , - ­6,0 , (. 2.4). ­8,0 - 1968 1972 1976 1980 1988 1984 1992 1996 2000 2004 - : FAO, 2006a; World Bank, 2006y. ( 1). - . , . ( 2.1). ) , 0,9%, . « » , - , - ­ - (3,1%). - 1960- 1970- ., - , , , , - - , - - (. 2.2). - : , 2,8%. - - , - , - , ­ (- ( 2.1). 3,5%), (3,1%) (2,4%) ­ ( ). - ( 5,3%) - (2,4%) - - - ­ , , - , , 18. . - - - - . 25 , - . , 61 2 . 1 , « » : - , , 10 /22. - (4% - , ) (34% . , - ). , - - . . 2­3% ? - - 23. , - - - - - , - . . . ­ 29 1 . « » . , . , . - - , - , . , - . ( - - ). , , - ó , - , ­ ( ? 4). , , . , - , - - , , 20. . , - , - . - , , , , . - - , . , - ( 7). , , - 1990- . , - - « ». . - - , ­ - - ( 1). , ? , , , , , - . . . - , , , , - , , , , 21. , - - , , (1961­1965 = 100) - - 260 ( 7). , 2001­04 ( 6). . - 220 , - , - . 180 - . : Borlaug and Dowswell, 2007; Cummings, 2005; Djurfeldt and others, 2006; Harrigan, 2003; 140 75% - 2001­04 InterAcademy Council, 2004; Johnson, Hazell and Gulati, . 2003; Mosley, 2002; Sanchez, 2002; Spencer, 1994. - 100 , 100 140 180 220 260 (1961­1965 = 100) 52 -- 5 - : FAO, 2006a. - . , 1961­1965 = 100. 62 2008 2.1.[] / / : Sebastian, 2007. . , 10% , . 2.2.,[] : Sebastian, 2007. . , 10% , . - , , - ,..- , - (42% , - ) . (1,8 ) - , 63 2.5. 0 20 40 60 80 100 / / 0 20 40 60 80 100 (0­1 ) (2­4 ) (5 ) : Sebastian, 2007. (26% - ( 2.2). - ) ( 2.1 . 2.5)19. - (820 ) - , , - , , - - . (- , 2.1). - , 54% - , 30% (45% ), - (. 2.5). 5%, - 30% ­ . , 17%. , - , , - . ( 2.2) - . , , - - , . - 16% , (439 ) - , , . - 4­5 , ­ , - - 5 . , 64 2008 . 2 . 2 25% « » . , - , - . - - 150 1 . . . ( 8) . 50 1 . , 1% - 25%. 20% 60% 72% , . (. . ). , , , - 9%. - , ­ 25. , . (63% , 38% ­ « » ), - . , , - - , , - , , . , 24. , - - . - , . . 19% , - . - () . - . , - , % , % , 100 100 - . - 80 80 , 60 60 . 40 40 - 20 20 (34%),- (45% ). 0 0 68% 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 1 . 1 . , - 150 1 . : (): 10 - : 25% : 19% 18 : 9% : 72% . : 65% : 65% : 31% : 83% , : (CIESIN), 2006; United Nations, 2004. - . - - . 60% . - . : - , - , - . - ( 8). - - (- , , - ) - , 65 2 . 3 ? , ­ , - - , , , - ( ), - . - . - . : - : , - . - , - , - , - , , - 33. , 1997­2004 . . . 7,9% 3,8%. 80% , - , 40% , - , . , , - : 1998­1999 . 1990- . 2% - , 1995 . 1% , . . , 1990­2004 . , , , - 5,3% , - , . ( -0,9 , -1,3) : - ­ 14,8% , ( -0,6 ­ 6,8%, ­ 6,7% --- -0,9)31. - , - ­ 5,3%. , - . - , . , , . , - , , - . , - . - . - , , - - (76%) , 20% . - - 29. - , - , , - - , - - 1990­2004 ., , - . , - , ( ­ 4,3%, - - -- ­ 2,3% ­ 0,5%)30. . - C - ( 65% : ( - ­ 1 . )32. , . ) 75% . , 34. , , . - ( 9). , - ( 2.3). . - - ( ). - , , 66 2008 2.6. 3,6% , ­ 5,5% , 26. 58% - , % , 38% ­ 4 , 4% ­ . , 3 . 2 1990- .27. 1 . - 0 10 . ­1 , - - ( 1961­75 1976­90 1991­2003 - : FAO, 2006a. ) ( 60% , ) ( 9)28. , - . . - , - . - - . - , - - . - , . - - , - , - - . , , : , 28% , (. 2.6). - 35. , - « », - - - . - - ., , - , , - , . - . - , , - , - , - , - - ­ . ( 5). - - . 1980­2004 . - - , 67 , , 2 . 4 . - . - 1994­2004 . 1980- 1990- .36 . . ­ , -, - () 45 74 , () - ( 45. . 2000 2005 . , (22 392 . ) 18% , ). - , (19 018 . ), , - - . 46. - , . 28% , - , 2005 . - , , - , - . , . , - 2002/03 ., - , , , - , . - - , - 44. . ( , - 2­3 1 --- 1999/2000 . 47. 10 1 .)37 2004/05 . - , 2.7. 1980- . ( 2000 .) 10%. 80 30% - 60 38. 90% - 40 , 67% 20 . - 0 , , , . - 1980 1990 2000 2004 , . 12 : (COMTRADE). . . , , , , , , , . 50% - ­ , - , - . . « » - - ( 2.4) , - . ( 8). - - , - , . . - 68 2008 , , , 47% - , 21%, - - - , , . (. 2.7). - - : - 2004 . 43% - - ( ( ). B). , , - - : . , (, ), - . - , , , - , 2,6% 25 39. 50 ? - , - . , , - . - - ? - , - ? 40. « » . - - - ,, , , , Fair - Trade ( ), - : , . , , Fair Trade - «»42. , - - . (), -- ( 10,5 . - 2003 .), (12 .)41. () « - » 2025­2030 ( 5). 2050 ., ­ 43. ? ; (, ) - . - , , , (, - ). - - . - , 69 2.8. , % , % 8 8 7 1969­1999 . () 7 1969­1999 . () 6 2000­2030 . () 6 2000­2030 . () 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 ­1 ­1 : Rosegrant and others, 2006b. . 1969­1999 . . , - - ­ , , - «» 48. 1,6% , , - , . , ­ 0,26% . - 2030 . ­ 0,82% 1,9% 1969­1999 . 2030 2050 .50 1,3% 2000­2030 .; - 2,9 1,7% (. 2.8)49. , - : - - - 1% ( ( - ). ) - , - 2.9., (, ). , 300 1969­1999 . () ; - 200 2000­2030 . () - 100 - 0 0,1% . ­100 - . ­200 , , , - : Rosegrant and others, 2006b. . , ­ . . 70 2008 , - 3000 . - , - . - , , , , , , - , 85 2000 . - 265 2030 . - - . - (. 2.9). - - - . . ­ . - , , - . , . - - . - , - - , - , - , 51. . - , , , , 2030 . - ,, , 2300 ­ , (. 2.10). - 2.10., , (1961 = 100) 180 160 0,48 140 0,27 120 100 0,23 80 0,74 60 40 3,53 20 1,55 0 1961 1967 1973 1979 1985 1991 1997 2003 0 1 2 3 4 2003 ., : FAO, 2006a. . , . , 71 - - - - , - - 55. 52. , - , , , - . , - , . 56, 1,2 - - - - (. 2.1); 478 , , ; - 1,5 - , - . , , (8). . - , - - , , . - , , , ( 8). - , - - 5 10 - - 57.- 53. 25% 56% 58. , - , - ( 2.1). 2.11., , - % - 600 , - 60 % ( ) 500 40% . ( ) 54. 400 - 40 , 300 - 200 20 100 . , - 0 0 , - O , , , - . : , , , (2007 .) Watersim. 72 2008 2 . 5 ­ - - , - , . 4 % , . - - , - . 4 40 ­ , - , - 62. , 1980- - , . , , , (. . ). ( 8). 1970­74 1975­79 1980­84 1985­89 1990­94 1995­99 3 9 11 15 4 3 (2000 . ) 4684 24 496 11 319 7669 8287 8347 (%) 10 2 8 16 17 30 21 66 75 41 49 6 (2000 . ) 3433 4152 5174 2252 3222 3506 (%) 19 15 15 18 21 17 : African Development Bank and others, 2007; Carter and Danert, 2007; IFAD, 2005a; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2005; World Bank, 2006t. . ( ) 1970­1999 . , , 40 % , - , 2030 . , - ( 8)59. ­ - . , . 50 , , 2­3°C, , - , - , 60. 61. . - - , ( 2.5), , , 2030 . , - , . ­ - . - , - , , . - - , , ( 8). - . - ­ 0,2% , , - , 73 3°C63. . - , 40% 2020 . , - , (), - - 68. , ( F). , , - , , ,,­ , ­ , 64. , 69. , - - , - , , - 2050 . , - 2050 ., - 65. ( , - ) ( . - B). - - (, - ) - 2 9%66. , - , , . - - 6 . - . , - , , 160 . - - , 180 - , 4,8 70. . - , - , - , . , . , - , , : - , 75 90% - 71. 16% - - 2005 ., - 67, , ­ , 72. 20 , , , ( - ) 18­20% . - - - 73. , - ­ 18% - . - 2002 . 74 2008 2.12. 75. - - , % - 6 ­ 5 7% 4 - 76. 3 - 2 - - 1 « »; 0 - 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 , - , : FAO, 2006a. . - . 77. 34% - ()74. - ? - - - - ­ - - . - , ­ - - , , , . - , , , ­ , - ­- , - 1980- . (.2.12);- ( 7). «- » , - . , - 1%,- - ­ , . 78. - 2.13. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 (4566) (310) (2501) (461) (163) (508) : Sasakawa Africa, . . . , , . 2001 . , , ; 2002 . ; 2001, 2002 2004 . . , 75 - ( 7). ( 7). , ­ - ? - , - , , . - - 80%- . - , - , - , - , , . - ,79. , , , 80%- , . - - - - 80. , - . - . «» . , - (. 2.13). - - . , - , - , ­ - . - , - ,- , ­ . ( 5 6). - - ( - - - ), - ( 5). - ( 7). 100 , 8% , . . , ( - . - ,).- . , - ? , - , ( ). - , - , . , - 76 2008 1,8% , , , 81. - , - , , . - , , , , - - - 82. - - - , . - - - , , . , - ­ , , . , ­ - ( 3). , - , , - - - , - ? (, ) - - - . - - , - , . - - - , , , - , - , . - , - ( 1). . - - - , , , , - , - , . - . - , 1970- . - . . - - - - , , 1. . B : , , . , : , , , . . : - , 5,5­7,3 . , , , 0,38­0,49 . - , 0,45­0,57 . - , - 5. - - , , - , , 3. , , - - - - , - - , , ( )1. , , - , - - - . . , - - 1% , - - 5­6% 2020 .4 ? . , - . - , . , , - - , . - . - . . , - , ( 23% 2006 . . ), 60% , - ( , - - , ) - 6. - . . , - , - , - B.1. 40 2006 ., 90% , 6 - (40 ) (6,5 ) 75% ­ (. B.1). - 8% 4% , ( 1930- .). 12% - 13% , - . , 46% - 20% 75% 42% 2006/07 . ( )2. . - : F.O. Licht Consulting Company, , , 17 2007 . . 2006 . 78 2008 - 2005 . 500 . , . ­ - 30 , CO2 - 16. - - - - , - 2006 ., . - - - , , , , - (, )7. - , - , , , , - - , « »17. - . 8. - , . - - , , - , , , (, , - - ( 2), (- )18. , ). 2006/07 . - , - 9. - ( - , 3% ). 12. - - , 2010 . 30% - - - , - . , 5% - , - 13. - . (240 100 ), - - , - - . , - . . - - . , , - , . , . - ­ () ­ - - , - - . - , . - 10. . , , - - - ( 4). ( 19. - ), - - - - , , , , - 14. , ( ), , - - . . , 90%. - - ,50­60%. , - . , á, - , , - , - 10 30%15. (, - ­ - ). 11. , , , - - - - , , - - . - - . CO2 - 20. : 79 . - , , - , - . 22. , - - , - , - - 21. - . , , C , - , , , - . - - , - , . - , - - . . - , , , ? . - , , , , - , - . : - - . - 3 , . - - . , , , , . - . - - , , 1. , - , . - ; . 9 - , - - ; ; , . . : , , - - , , , - . , - , - . , , , , , , . ­ , . - ,- , , - , , - . . , . - ,- , , , - - , .2 . - , , - , - - . . , , , - . , 80 : 81 - . , , - , - . - . - , , - - , . - , , - - 3. - - , . - - , - . , - , , , , - ( - , ).,- - . , - . - , - . - 70% , , . - - - . - . - ­ 4. , , - , (. 3.1). - , ( ). - : . ? - , , , , , - . - ? , , - , , ? . , - , , : , , . , , - , - , - - . - ­ (, , ) - ­ . , - - 1970­2000 . - , - 82 2008 3.1. 6 13 28 1992/1993 1997/1998 1992/1993 1997/1998 1992/1993 1997/1998 () 0,37 0,43 0,50 0,57 0,60 0,72 () 0,55 0,43 0,59 0,58 0,71 0,75 , - 4,6 -- 6,3 -- 6,3 -- ( ) (%) 31 -- 40 -- 47 -- 34 -- 43 -- 42 -- 1000 1998 .) 893 1702 1138 2042 1359 2978 / (%) 80 62 83 66 83 73 86 62 73 48 64 37 (%) / (%) 78 73 70 61 63 54 (%) 14 13 21 31 29 39 : -2008, VLSS 1992/1993 1997/1998. . , , 10% , 1992/1993 ., 1997/98 .; - , , 10% 1992/1993 . 25% 1997/1998 .; , , 1992/93, 1997/1998 . 25% . , 50% . . ­ , - . - . , - , - , , - 1993 . 2000 . - . , ( 3.1). , - . - , - 5. , , , . ( 9). , - . , ­ , - , - .- - . - , , . 35 - « », - - 6. 7. , - , , - , : 83 , 3 . 1 . , ­ , , . . - . «» - , , , ( - - ). , , , , , - . , , . , , , , , : - . . , - . - , . , , - «» , , , - . , 8. , . , - . , , - , - - - , . , . , - ­ , . ­ - . ( ) - . - , , , -. , , - , . , , , - , 9. - - - . . - - , , , . , - - . 32% - , , 42% ­ , - 27% . . 65% , , 10. , - , - . - . , , - , - , - ­ () . 84 2008 3.2. - - - - - 2004 11 60 71 14 1 14 100 2001 ­ ­ 54 18 2 26 100 1998 13 41 54 24 3 19 100 2004 20 14 34 24 3 39 100 1996 17 8 25 29 4 42 100 2001 18 4 21 45 0 33 100 1998 38 4 41 18 1 39 100 2001 29 2 31 34 8 28 100 2005 9 10 19 15 10 56 100 2000 ­ ­ 16 37 12 36 100 2000 4 7 11 47 3 39 100 2000 4 2 6 40 6 48 100 2003 1 5 6 50 6 37 100 - 1998 14 11 25 53 2 19 100 2001 4 1 5 12 37 46 100 : Davis and others, 2007. . , : 75% . , : 50% . , : 50% . , : 75% . , /: 75% . : (, / , ) , . . 75% . ­ . , - 3 . 2 , , - - . - . , - , - Rural Income Generation Activity. , - : ( - . . , , ), , , , - , , - ; , - - - , , - - ( . ). - , -, . , - , . - , - - , - , . , , , . , , - , , . , ­ - Davis and others (2007) www. - , fao.org/es/esa/riga. . - . : 85 - ,- , - . ( , )11. , - , . (, - , - - )12. (- , , ), - - , . , (, - . 3.2, 14% 56% - ). - - - 75%, , 14. - - (, 20% (- ). , ) 46% (, , ) - . , . - - , . (. 3.2 3.2). - , , - : - , , - - . , . , . - , - , , , (. 3.1)15. , - , ­ 71% 54% - . - . , - . ; , - - , ­ , - 18% 53% 13. ,, - , . (, - , ), - , - - . , (), - 86 2008 3.1. ,1995. ,1996. 0 0 ­1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 ­2500 0 2500 5000 7500 10 000 (.) , , : Davis and others, 2007. 1,3 .14,- , 97% - , 60% 99% 16. (. 3.2). 3.2. 100 80 60 40 20 0 2004 2004 1998 1996 2000 2001 1998 2000 2005 2001 2001 2000 1998 2003 , , ,, , , ,, , ,, ,,, : Davis and others, 2007. : 87 , - . 3.2, - . - - 42% 75% . : - - , , . - . - - , , . 9% - , 27% 48%. , 2%17. , - , - . . , , , -, . , . - , 77% , 59% (. 3.3). , , ­ 4 - . ( ) - - . , - - . , - , , (, , ), . 3.3. , % 100 80 60 40 20 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 , 1998 , 2000 , 1998 , 1996 , / . : Davis and others, 2007. . , - , ­ ­ . 88 2008 3.4. 0 20 40 60 80 100 / / / / 0 20 40 60 80 100 / / / / : 66 ( 15 64 ). . , , , . , . . 19 . 311, WDR 2008 team 2007. , - , , . - . , ,,- . , , , , - 18. , , , . - , , - - , . , - . , , - , , 19 (. 3.4). , , , - - , . . , - , , - . , , . , , , . , - - 20. : 89 , , ( 9). . , , - . - - . . - - , 22. : - , - , , - - . ( ) , - - , , - . - , - , - - . . - - - ; , , - . , . - , . ­ 23. , . - , , - , . , - . , , - ( 9). . . , - , - , , , , - . ­ - , , , - . 21. - , , - , , , , , . , , - - . - - . , - , - , , - - , - . - . , , 90 2008 -, 1990 . , 2000 ., , , « , - , - » , - . 29. - , , , . - , - , ­ . , , , - , ( 3.3)24. - - - - . , - - - , . , - , , - - . . Oportunidades, - 28. - - , . - , -- . - , - 30. . - - , - ( 2). - , . - - ( ). - , - . - - , , . , - , - , , - . . 1997. - - ( 7). «» ( ) , - , - . , , . , - : 91 3 . 3 , 15­24 ( 1990­2000. , ), 1990­2000. 1990­2000. . , 12 12 . ­2% 10 1990 2000 10 1990 2000 , 25. , 8 4% 8 , - - 26. 6 ­3% 6 ­24% ­6% , 4 4 ­7% ­11% . ­12% 2 2 , , , 0 0 15­24 25­34 35­44 45­54 15­24 25­34 35­44 45­54 , . , 1990 . 1990 . , : Buck and others (2007) 10%- (1990 2000 .) , . , 1990 . 2000 . 10- . 1990 . - - . , , «» , . , «»27. , - , , (27% 21%), - - . - , (25% 18%). 1995 2000 . ( ). 2000 . - 1990­2000 . - , - - . 20­25 , 15­24 , - , (. , ( ); ). , - , 1990- . ­ . (6­12%). . ,, , % 25 20 15 10 0 10 20 30 5 , % 0 15 25 35 45 55 65 : Buck and others (2007); Lopez-Calva, 2007; 2000 . 1995 . 92 2008 , ­ - , - 31. . . - , , , , , , , ( ), - - . . - , , , - , - , , - , , . , - , - 32. - , , , - , . , , - . , - . , - , - , , - ( 4)33. , , , - - , 6%35. , , - , ( 7). , - , , - - . - . , - , « », . , , - ( 8). , , - . - , 36. , - - - . , - ­ . -, ­ , - - . . , - , - , . , ­ - - - 34. : 93 39. , , , . - , - - . . : - - . , , - - . -` - , - . - , ­ , , - - 37. - , - , . - - , , - , , , - - . . - - , , . . . - . - . - - , , 38. . - , - , , , - . - . , - , - . . - , - - . , ­ , , « - ». / . , - . . , - - - 94 2008 . - - , .- , - . 4 , ­ - 1,5 4 (. 3.5). - ,­30%41. . - - , . - - - , ­ , , , - ( H). 4 , , (. 3.5). . ,, , , - 46 1987 . 37 2002 . . - - , , . , - 42. , - - , , - . - - . - - . . , , - - ( 9)40. , 43. 3.5. , - 12 , . 9 (World Health Report) 2003 . - 6 (WHO, 2003) - 3 44. - 0 , - ­3 (, , ) - ­6 , , 45. - , , ­: ­: , : -2008. . . 24­65 . 58 ( ) , 2000 . . (Background Note) -2008 (2007). , - : 95 3 . 4 : , - , - 1990 . 2000 . - . - , - , - , , . . - , , - 19902000. (19% 19­24 1990 .), 1990­2000. 1990­2000. 51. - , , - , , 50 50 . , 2000 40 2000 40 , 30 - 30 . , 2000 . 1000 20 1000 20 - 10 10 - . : 0 0 0 0 , - 5­14 15­24 25­34 35­44 45­54 5­14 15­24 25­34 35­44 45­54 , , 1990 . 1990 . ( ). - 1990 2000 ­ «­» 1990 . «­» 2000 . - : WDR, 2008, . , . , 1990 2000 . 10- . - , . . - 1990 . - ­ , , . - 1990­2000., 1990­2000., , , , -- . - - 300 300 (12,9 % 4,8 % ). 1990 2000 1990 2000 - 200 200 , - 100 100 , . - 0 0 5­14 15­24 25­34 35­44 45­54 5­14 15­24 25­34 35­44 45­54 -, - ( 0,8 1990 . 1990 . ). . , , : Potts, 2005; World Bank, 2005p; (), () 1990 . 2000 . - -2008 - . . , , - ( 3.4). . 2,6 1960 . 1,4 2000 . - . 20- , - 96 2008 3.3. () () - % % , 1977­96 43,1 48,3 1,4 0,6 103 ­13 1990­2000 53,5 54,0 3,8 3,1 31 6 1978­93 43,5 46,7 3,8 3,4 42 27 1974­2000 69,3 71,2 15,4 14,7 63 56 , 1990­95 46,6 44,8 1,6 1,4 8 ­5 1990­2000 46,5 37,8 1,0 0,8 31 5 1981­93 34,4 33,2b 1,2 0,8 37 ­8 1971­96 40,5 37,6 1,3 1,0 64 26 1975­97 60,7 58,2 10,7 7,0 6 ­31 1990­2001 77,1 74,5 13,8 11,7 11 ­6 , 1982­93 39,3 40,5 3,3 4,8 ­1 43 1985­96 76,5 76,6 64,6 72,8 ­16 ­6 , 1983­96 47,8 42,1 1,6 2,0 64 105 1973­2001 64,9 60,2 5,8 8,3 14 63 : Anriquez and Bonomi (2007). . ) : ; (); (). ) 2004/05 . 3.6. 50 50 20 40 40 1995 16 1977 30 30 12 1996 1970 20 20 8 1970 1996 10 10 4 0 0 0 0,01 0,1 1 10 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 0,1 1 100 1000 100 000 ( ) ( ) ( ) 60 25 20 50 1970 1977 20 15 40 15 1995 30 10 1996 10 1970 20 1996 5 10 5 0 0 0 0,01 0,1 1 10 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 0,1 1 100 1000 100 000 ( ) ( ) ( ) : Anriquez and Bonomi (2007). . . : 97 . 3 . 5 - (« . ») , , - ; , , , , ( ) - 46. - . , . , . - , - , , - - ( ), , - . , , , (. 3.3). - - . , , , , - , , - , , , , , - . (. 3.3 2). . , , , , . , - , , - . , , 47. - - . . , , - , - - - , ­ - . - . , , . - - - , - - . - . : Kochar, 2007; Rao, 2007. - - , , , , , - . . , , , - , - 48. , - - , - . , . , , , , - (. 3.6). - 20 , ( 3.5)52. 0,2 - , - , - 49. , - , . - . , 98 2008 , - . , - , - . , 11% 27% ­ . - - , ( 3.6). - 5% , , - , , 53. . - . - , , - . 55. ,- 14 - . , - - , ; , - , - , , . 80%. , - 40% ( ). , - . 40% - . , 20% 42% , 93% , . 54. , , 56. , - , . - , - - ,,. 3 . 6 . - . , , - . 100 250 - - . - , , . , , . - 35­90 . 40% - (-, - , , , ) , , 25% , , 16% 4% ( - . . ). , - - ( - , - , ) -, , - . , - . 57. : Blench, 2001; Rass, 2006; Thornton and others, 2002. : 99 , . - . . , , - 1982 2002 . , , , 8 65%, - ­ , ( - 21 91%. ) 50% - 69% 10% 57% - . . - - - , - . , , 58. , , - - , , : , . . - - . ; ,. - - . . , 8 - , , 61. , - - - , . - -- 59. , , . - ­ - , 35% , , , - . . - - () , , ­ . - ­ - , , - , ­ - . - - , . 60. - , , - ,,- - . - . . - , , , - - - - , 100 2008 . . - , - . - - - ? - , - , , . (, - - ), - - . , , , 63. . - 1992 . 80% - , . 1995 . - 50% , , . , - , - , - 65. - , - - . , . - , , , , , , , - . . , , - , - , . , , , - . , . , , , 66. , - - , - , , - . - . , , . - , - , - . , - 67. , , , - 64. - , , ( 6). : 101 . - . , , , - - . . - , - - . , , - , 85% - , . , , - , , , 95% - , - . , , , 68. , - , « ». , , , . , , - , , . , - ( - 69. ), . , - - , , - , . , , - . - , , , , . , - , - 3.7. , / , / 4 6 5 3 1996 4 1997 2 3 1980 2 1 1 1976 0 0 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000 10 000 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : Anriquez and Bonomi, 2007. 102 2008 , , , - - , . - « » . , - , - , (. 3.7). ( 5). - , , - - , . , , , . - , - , - , ( 3.7). - . - , - - - , , - ( ) 70. , , . . - , , - - - , ( 6). . 3 . 7 ? , : . , - - , , - ? , , - . - . - , - . 0,5­0,6 , ­ 0,8 . . « »? - . . , . -, , , , , , - . 72. , , - , , , - . , , , , , , , . , , , . , - - , - . . - - : Anriquez and Bonomi, 2007; Deninger - . and Jin, 2003; Otsuka, 2007; Ravallion and van de Walle . ( ). : 103 , , - - - , , - . , . - 4­8 , , - . 9 - . , - , , - , - . ( 6). ­ , - , . , - - . - - , , - - , - 71. - . , - , - - , , . , . - . - - , , , , . - . C ? , , 850 . , . , : 1) ( ); 2) ; 3) . 1970- ., - - . - - , , . - , - . - - , - . - - . , , - . - - , - ­ - - , . ­ , - , , - , . - ( 9). 135 , - ­ - . , - , - : - . - , ... , , - - , .1. , , 2003 . - (% ) 40 1. , - 206 30 , - . - 299 20 - - 225 10 52 36 . 27 0 ­4 ­3 ­2 ­1 0 1 2 - , 1992­2003 ., % , - , : http://faostat.fao.org; FAO, 2006. . ( ). ­ . ; ­ ; ­ ; ­ ; ­ ; ­ . ? 105 - - , , - - - - - - , 1970- . - ( 2). . , - , - ? , 850 2. - , . - , . , , - - , - - , - - ( 1). - - - () . - , 3. , - - , - . , - , - - , , , (. .1). - ( 5). , - (299 ), - , - (225 ). , - . , - - - . , , 3% , - - ­ 1,7%, (, . ), . - 8% 1970- . - - . 4. , , 9- , - 37 , 1980- . 100 , , , , , - 1990- . , 1995­2004 . 3 . - . - - , , : ­0,1 ­1,7%. ? , - 16% - , - , - , - - - , . , , - . , , - , 25%. , , - . ­ - 25- . , . - 10 - , 14% - , , ­ 18%, , -, - 15%, -, , , - . 10%. 40%. 106 2008 - , , -, : , - ( 4). - 20% - , - , . (UN Hunger Task Force), . - . - , , - , - , 20%. , , , - - ; - , 10- 6. - - ( - 2­3%9. - - ) , , , . - - , . - ( , , - ( - ). , . ), , , - , - , - - , . , , - , , - - . - 7. , 10, , - , . - , - , , , . , . . 12 - 210 : 1 11. - 39% 8. , - - 100 . 12. - , , . - . , - - , « ­ , , , . - , - , . , - »5. , - , , , , , - . , . , ? 107 , . - -- , - - . - , - . - . . II , 4 ? , - . , - - 5% ( , - ) . . - - , , . , - , - - , , - , - , - . - . , , - . , - - - . , - . , , ; , - - ; - - ; - . - , , . . . , , 1, - - - - ( 1)1. , - . . - , , - , - . - - , , . - , - , - 108 , 109 ( 4.1). - - 4 . 1 , , - 1980- . : , - , - . . , - 1986 . : ­ , . - : - - , , . - , , - . , , , - . . : - , , . 2003 . 20 4.1. ( G-20) ,, . , % , 80 70 64 62 60 58 ­ - () 41 40 37 - 34 30 , - 22 . - 20 16 8 5 37% - 3 8 1 13 2 2 0 3 8 6 2 2 1986­1988 . ( 0 E . ) 30% 2003­2005 . , - , 1986­1988 , 1986­1988 (), - , 2003­2005 , 2003­2005 , - : OECD, 2006b. . , , , , , , , , , , . , . - . . ­ - . - - , - - 2. 7%-- . , 2000 . - , () (African Growth 242 and Opportunity Act), - . 273 . . - 90% - . - ( . ) ( ), , , . - . 2001 . (. 4.1)3. «, » - ( ) ­ - 110 2008 , - , . . , . - ,. , . . , - , , , . - - - . 40% , 20% 1986­1988 . (. 4.1). -- - . , - , - , , ­ , , . - () - - , ( - ), ( 4.2). , ( ). , , - - , - - 4. - ( ­ - , - ). . - 1996 . (Farm Bill) . - ­ , , 2008 . , - - , . (), , , - - - . , , - - , , , - , - . - , . World Development Report , , - (1982 .) , - . , - . , - 16 ­ , 1960- , 1980- . 12% , 111 4 . 2- - : , , - 20% ; 18% . ­ , . ; . , ­ , , ­ , , , 283 . . , , . - - , , - , - 20% , , 2006 40 . - , - . . : : : 40 % 20 % . ­ 2000­2005 . - , ­ 778- - , - . , ­ . - 2007. , , - , , , . - 10­15 %, , . ; - . , , , ­ , . - (, 2002 ., «» , , - «, ». 24 721 , - 2006. - , , . ). ; 2006. - . , - , - , - , , - . 40 . 1996 . ( - , , 120 . . ). 2003. ? . . ­ (, - . -, - -, ) - . ­ - - , , - . -, 2001. , - «, », - 2009. . . ­ - , 50 . , - - , . 2005 . . - , - - . , - , - . , - , , , 2006 . - - - , . . . - - , «» - . , - . 2006. - . , , , , ( , - - ), - - . . , . , , 62% , - : Andersen, Martin and van der Mensbrug- - . ghe, 2006a; Anderson and Valenzuela ( ); ­ , Masayoshi Honma, Yujiro Hayami, Dan Sumner, Don , Mitchell, and John Baffes, ( ), 2007. 112 2008 , - 4.2. ­ 24%. - 5. - , ( 1). 1980- 1990- . - , - . - , - - ( ) ` , - ­80 ­60 ­40 ­20 0 20 40 . 59 - , % 1980­84 2000­04 140% 1960- . : Anderson ( ). 80% 1970­1980- . 9% 1990- .; 6. ( 4.3). 11 (. 4.2). - 1980­1984.2000­2004. , , , ­ -` 2000­2004 . ( 40% ). ­ 28 - 10% ( - , 1980- . . 4.2). , - - - , , - - . 4 . 3 1990- . : , - () , . ( ) , - , - - (. . , , 7. .). - ( - - ) , ( - - 1990- . - . ), - ( 1). , - , - . - ( ), : Anderson ( ). - - , 113 4.3. , % , % 30 1980­84 2000­04 30 1980­84 2000­04 26 23 20 20 14 10 13 11 10 10 2 0 0 ­10 ­10 ­20 ­13 ­14 ­19 ­20 ­30 ­29 ­30 ­40 ­40 ­50 ­46 ­50 : Anderson ( ). . , , , . 4.2, 4.4 4.5. . , 2000­2004 . , - . . . ­ 32 15%. - - , , ( ­ 36% , 1980­1984 .) - - , (76% 2000­2004 .) (. 4.1). . 1980­1984 . 2000­2004 . 1410%, 46 - 19% (. 4.3). 15 - 4%, . 2000­2004 . ( . 4.4). , -. - - 53 7%, (, , 4.1. (%) 1980­84 2000­04 1980­84 2000­04 1980­84 2000­04 ­36 76 33 35 ­11 52 ­4 5 ­12 4 ­4 44 ­12 ­3 ­4 8 8 ­8 ­53 ­7 ­ ­ ­38 4 ­11 ­7 ­23 8 ­14 ­1 ­32 ­15 ­20 ­2 ­ ­ ­51 ­36 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­19 ­38 9 9 ­ ­ ­49 ­50 ­ ­ ­ ­ : Anderson ( ). . ; , . ­ 114 2008 4.4. ), , , 1980- . ( ) (. 4.4). ­ , , - - . , - ( 4.4). - . - 1980­1984 . 2000­2004 . ­80 ­60 ­40 ­20 0 20 40 , % 13 11% 1980­84 2000­04 29 13% (. 4.3). - : Anderson ( ). 1980­1984 . 4 . 4 , , - . , . . , , , , - , - , (. ). ( , ­ ). . - , 2001. , - :,1965­2004 :,1980­2005 , % , % 120 120 ­ 80 80 40 ­ 40 ­ 0 0 ­ ­40 ­40 ­80 ­80 1965­69 1970­74 1975­79 1980­84 1985­89 1990­94 1995­99 2000­04 1980­84 1985­89 1990­94 1995­99 2000­05 : Anderson ( ). . 100*[(100+-.t) / (100+-.t) ­ 1], -.t , -.t ­ - ( ). -100 , . , 115 4.5. 1992/93 . 2002/03 . - , - 13 38%. 2- 1992/93 ., 2002/03 . - 24%. , - , - ­80 ­60 ­40 ­20 0 20 40 , % , . 1980­84 2000­04 : Anderson ( ). 9% 2000­2004 . ( . 4.5). - - , , , - 1980- ., - , - . - 8. ( . - ). (, , , - , , , ) - 2000­2004 . - , - - - 1980­1984 . (. 4.5). . - . - - (. 4.1). . , - 1980­1984 . 2000­2004 . , , - ( ), 26 23%, 14 2% (. 4.3). (. ). 9. ( - - , 1992 .) 4 1992/93 . 31% , - 2002/03 . ( , )10. - . , 1980- . , 1992/93 . , - 30- - , - - . . 116 2008 4 . 5- ­ . ­ 300 - , - 50 . . ( . ) ( ) , . ? 1980­1984 . 2000­2004 . , . ( ) - «» - . - . . - : - - . - . - - 1991. , . -, , 1993. - - ­ - - PROCAMPO. - . . - - , . - . , - - Alianza Contigo ( ) - , - . - . 2004 . 1990- . , , - . , PROCAMPO Alianza Contigo 80% - . , «», - , , - , 3,7 . , - - , 1986. - . ( . - ) . - - : , , , , , . - - , , , 1990- ., - - . , (), , . 2008 . - - . , - . - - : . , , , , - - 1978 . , . . . , - : Avalos-Sartorio, 2006; Huang, Rozelle and - 2002 . Rosegrant, 1999; Lin, 1992; McMillan, Waley and Zhu, , « » - 1989; Opolot and Kuteesa, 2006; Qianand Weingast, , 1996; Robinson, 2005; Rosenzweig, 2003; Rozelle, , , , 1996; Swinnen and Rozelle, 2006; World Bank, 2002a; - . Yang, 1996; Yunez-Naude and Barceinas Paredes, 2004; . - - Zahinser, 2004. , - 1910., , - - - ( (). 4.5), : , « » , (, ), - . - , - , - , - . ( ) - , , , , 117 , - 4 . 6 , - , . - ; . , : . , , , . , , , - , , - , , , - , - . , LINKAGE . 27 - , . - , , , - 25 , 13 - , . (, , , , - ). ­ , , - - . , , , . - - . - , - , - , , - , - . , , - . . - , , : - «» , - - , , . . ; - , , : Francois and Martin, 2007; Hertel , 2006; van der Mensbrugghe, 2006. , ( 4.6). , . , - 17 . , - , . - - , 12. , - 2015 . 100 , 30% - 300 . 11. - , 2/3 - , - , ­ (. 4.2). , . - - 6% , 9% . - . - 2015 . 0,8% , , , , 118 2008 4.2. ( 2015 . ) 11% ­ 14. - - - , , , 9,8 6,6 16,4 . 5,2 23,0 28,2 . , , 9,1 38,0 47,0 5,9 2,4 8,4 : 30,0 70,0 100,0 , 0,8 0,6 0,7 : Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe, 2006a. . 2006 ., 2001 . . - ­ 5,2% 3,2% 5,5%, . 1,3%15. - , - - , , - 9 ­ 54 , - 65%. , ­ - (. 4.2). . - 90% , , , - (. 4.6), , - , . (. 4.7). 13. , , , - , , 89% , , - 4.6. . 49 83% 55 82% . 20,8 - , - 15,1 11,9 . 7,0 , 5,0 4,3 - 4,2 11%16 ( 21% 2,8 2006 .), 2,6 ­ 4 8%17. 2,5 - 2,5 - 1,9 % : Andersen, Martin van der Mensbrugghe 2006a. . , 119 4.7. , - 27 . , - 34 , - 7 . 5 , , 21 - 18 2 , - 4 (- ­3 ) - 9 2 , - 1 ( ) - 18. : Andersen, Martin and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a. , , - , . - , - 50%. - (, - ) , 10% (, , - ( - , )19. - ). - . . 12% , , - - 60%20. 7% . 10 - 40% , 25% 8­20%21. ( ) 30­60% , -. , , . - - , ­ , 22. - . , , -- , , - , , , , , ; - 23. . , . ­ 10% , , , - , , , 20% ­ - -. 5% ( ) . 3,9% - 4,2% , 120 2008 , . - 10- , 8% , 4,3-- , - - . . , , , , , - , , , - (. 4.8). ­ . , - - - 24. , , - , . - - ( ), . ( - ) ( 4,3). , , - , - , , - , - , , - . . , - , , . - - . , 15 . , - 25. - - , - , . , -, - 4.8. ,, , - , , - (, , % 3 , 2,0 , - 2 ) ( ) (. 4.3). - 1 , 0,3 0,4 0,0 0,0 , 0 -. ­0,2 ­0,1 , ­1 , ( ­1,7 , - ­2 ) ( , , , - ). , - : : Andersen, Martin van der Mensbrugghe 2006a. , - . 2015 . 2005 ., , . , , 121 4.3. : (%) 4,9 1,1 0,3 ­0,2 ­0,4 ­0,5 (%) 0,7 0,8 0,2 ­0,2 ­0,6 ­0,2 (%) ­1,8 ­6,6 0,2 0,3 0,1 ­0,1 : (%) 0,6 0 ­0,4 ­0,3 0,6 ­0,4 (%) 0,1 0,5 1,1 0,1 1,8 0,3 (%) ­0,2 ­4,6 ­1,7 0,6 ­1,1 ­0,2 : (1 ./) (%) ­1,9 ­11,2 ­1,5 0,9 ­1,0 ­0,3 (1 ./) (. .) ­445 ­133 ­23 86 ­62 ­128 : Yertel and others 2006. . 15 - . 15 , , - , , , . , , - . , . , - - , -, - , , . . : , - , ( - 1 . ), , , . , - . , , , , - , , - , . - . - ­- , , - ­. . - - . - , -, ( . 4.3) - , - (. 4.3). - ( 4.7). - . , - - , - - . , , . 122 2008 32. , , , - , . , - , 33. - - , , , - . , ­ , - 60% 27. . - 28. - - . - , , - , , , , , 29. , - -, - - - 34. , : , . - , , . - . , 1990- . - , , (. 4.2), 30. , - - 35. , - . , . - . , , , , , , ­ - , - 36. . (, ), , , , - , , , - 37. 31. - 2006 . , 2007. 1990- . - - - , - - . . , 123 4 . 7­ ­ - 27% . ­ - . (. . ). . 8% ( ­ - ) , , , , ( - , - 70%), . - , . , ­- . . , . , , 40% , 35% 64% - , ­- (, , , - ­ ). 50% . , - - , - 26. , , , - - 2002 2000 2001 1998 1999 2001 1998 25,5 24,1 41,2 40,4 56,3 62,7 64,4 - (%) (%) () 50,9 22,3 14,9 30,0 8,4 17,9 6,1 () 7,2 ­ 53,3 7,4 11,5 14,8 5,8 ­ - 29,1 30,1 18,8 28,8 25,8 18,9 35,1 ­ 7,1 39,5 4,6 20,8 18,0 27,3 19,4 ­ - 5,6 8,0 8,4 13,0 36,3 21,1 33,6 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 /(%) - 12,0 9,4 22,7 11,5 5,9 4,8 13,1 - 12,9 28,4 27,3 18,9 20,8 10,7 19,9 - 37,6 35,1 39,7 21,0 39,0 70,3 37,4 /,(%) - 11,3 10,2 22,0 10,3 8,1 3,6 8,8 - 1,4 2,8 4,0 2,3 14,4 18,4 12,5 : Askoy ( , ). . , . , , . , , , . ­ . : - , - . . , - , - - , - , . . : - · , - , 38. 124 2008 · - · - , . . - ( 89% , - ) , , , - . . - , , - , , , . , - · « - », , - , - ; . , - 40. - , , ,- - ,- , , . , 1%- , , , , ( ( , - ) , ), , 39. - - - 1% , 8%. -. · « - ». - . - , , - - , . - . - , , . , - ­ , , , -- , , - , - . , - , , (4.7). (. ). ­ . - , - - , , «» , - , . - . - - (. ). , 125 ( , 43. 2006 .). : - - - - , . , () , - - , . , - - , . . - - - . . , - , , (, )41. - , - . - 42. , - , - : , , , - . - - , . - . , , , , - .(- , , - - , - , - - , , , - - ). . , - , , ­ , . - . , . , -, - , , , - , - 5%. - - , - , , - , , - 50% . , , - - , 126 2008 - ,- , . 44. , 16% 2005 . 18% 2006 .45 , - ­ - , - ( ). , , - ,- - - , , , , . , - 46. , , , , , - (. ). , - , , - , - ( , - PROCAMPO ), . - . ( , , , . 5­10%). , - , - - . , - , , - . , - , . - - , . () , - , . , - . -, . - , , , , . ( , , ,, ­ ( 4.7). , - -, , , , - ).- , - , - ().,2004 .- , , , , . , , - , 127 47. - . - , , , . . - ( , ), , - - . 50. , - , . - - , , - . , - - . - - , , , . , - , - . . 45 60 . 30 . - . , - , , . ? - , - . , - - ; , - - 51. 15%48. , - , . . - - , - - - - , 49. . , , . - - , , , - , . - . - 128 2008 , , , ( , (. - , , , - ). - ), , , - 55. , , , - - - . - . , - : , - · , . - , - - . . , , - , - - - , - , , , , , . , . 52 · - . , , , , . - , - . , PROCAMPO ( 4.5)53. , - . , - . , . , - , - , (. )54. , - , . - - - , , - . . - ( ), - - . ( 6). , , - ( 11). , - . . , - ­ - ­ - , - . , 129 , - - , . - , , - - . : 37% (2003 .), 43% (2006 .), 75% (2002 .) , - 75% (2005 .). - . - , - 2002/03 . , . 26% - ; - 80% , - , - - , . , - , - - . ( ). - - 15% 2003/04 . , - - , . . . , , - ( 7). - - - . 56. , . - . , , , - 59. , - , - ( 4.8). , - . . 11%, 4.9. , , - ( 4.6) , % - 7 , , 6 . 5 4% , (. 4.9). 4 , 57. 3 2 , - 1 0 - 1975­79 1980­84 1985­89 1990­94 1995­99 2000­02 58. : Chand and Kumar 2004. 130 2008 4 . 8 ­ 11% : , - . ? , . , 55 60% 1,2% - , . 1985 . , , 0,5% 2000 . , . ­ - , ­ ? , - , - , , . - - - - , . . , , - - - . . - . - , - - - . - , 2002/03 . . 2002/03 . , 7% () . . 29% , 59% , , 36% - () - , , - . . - . 60% ­ - - - - , , . , - ­ , , - , . . , - - , - - - . - , - , . , - . , - , : . , - - . - - 5% . 2005 - ,­ - , - , ­ - - . - (37%) . () - : Beintema and others, 2004; Birner, Sharma, , - (15%). 3% () and Palaniswamy, 2006; Govereh , 2006; . Pletcher, 2000; World Bank, 2003d. - , - - - . - , . ( 11). 1980­1984 . - 2000­2004 . , - , , - - , - 28% 10%, 60. , 15% 4% , - - 9% . 61. - , 131 , - . - - . - - - . , - , . , .- - . - , , , - , - , , . , -- , . , , , - . - - . , . , - 5%, - - (- ). - 9 - - , 0,3% . , , , . - . - : - , - ,-- - , , - - , . , . , - , - - . , - - .- , - , - - - , . - . - - , , - ; , , , - , - , - . - ­ . - , 5 - . , - , , , , . - - - , - . , , , , , - , . - . . - - - , - . - , , , , - . - - - . (- , ), - . (, , , - ) , - (- , - , , , ), - . , - - . , . , - , , , , - , - , - . - - . - : - , - , . - , , - 132 133 5.1. «» . 100 , 1998 . 1,9 31,0 1,2 0,9 1,7 0,9 0,727,0 1,5 22,80,8 1,1 0,3 1,7 0,6 0,3 17,3 ,, , , , , , , , : Natural Resources institute, , 2006. , - . - , - , () . - - . , - , . - - . , - , - , , , . , - , - . , - . , - , - - . , . - , 50% - . , , , - (. 5.1). - 50­60% 1. - , , - - - . , , - , - ­ ( 5.1). 134 2008 5 . 1 . , - . , , , . 4­6 - - - , , - , , ( - , , - ), . . . , - . - . - , . , , - , . 50% - - 1%. , , - . , . . . , - . - - - , . - , . , - - - . . . - , - , , , , - , , , - . - - . , - . , - - - , - - . , . . , , - . , . , . ­ . . - , , - « », - , . , . ­ . - , - , , , (- , - - , , . , ) , . (Derkon and others, 2006), , , . 15 . - 6,7%. - , , : Limao and Venables, 2001; Van der Walle, , , 2007. - - 2. , - , , . - , , , - , - , 3. , , , - , , - - 135 (, , , ) - , - . . - - AgMarkNet, , , . , - . , - : , - -- , - . , - - TradeNet ­ - . , - ­ - , , - ( 5.2). , , - , -. , , - - - , - , - (SMS), , - 4. 6. - FM-5. . , - , 2004 . , 7. , 21 - 5 . 2 : E-Choupal ITC. 2006­2007 . ITC E-Choupal 2 , 2000­2007 . - , , 80 400 ITC Limited 6400 400 . . . - (e-houpals) 9 , 38 . , ITC. - 4 . ITC -, - , - . () - . - . . , - TradeNet: (www.tradenet. , biz/gapto) ­ . . 2006 . - E-Choupal TradeNet ­ - ­ - , SMS- - 60 . . . ( ). , E-Choupal ITC - , , 13 - . , - , : Kofi Debrah, - , 2007; DeMaagd and Moore 2006; Shivakumat, - . , 2007. 136 2008 - , , - , , - , - 8. 2005 . - . - , - 8,7 . 9. 20­30% (SAFEX) , . , , , ,,- 2006 . 1,9 - , (, . - ), SAFEX , . 2006 . (. 5.2)11. -, - SAFEX, , , . - , 10. - - . , , - - . - - - , , , . , - 12. - - , , , , - , - . - : , 13. - - , - - - 5.2. - , 14. - . , 325 () - 275 ( ) , - 225 , - 175 - - 125 . - , 75 , - 25 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 , - , : Rashid, Assefa and Ayele, 2007. 137 , - (- 5 . 3 , , - : , 200 ) ( - , - - ) ( 6)15. , - , 160­210 . . - - , . - - « » - , , . . - . . 1998 . - , ­ , - ( - - . - ). . , , - - , - - , , , . . , 2,42 , , 16. 6,1 - , - . . -- , , ­ - , - . , - , ; - 50­100 . - : Del Ninno and others, 2001; Dorosh, , 2001. ; - , 5.3. , , ; - ( ) - 1000 17. «» 800 «» ( ) : 600 400 - - 200 , . 0 , - 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010p 2015p , , , - : . ­ . 1990 . , . 2007 . . . , - . 1990 . 2007 . ­ . - . - , - 18. - , - (. 5.3). - , , - , , , . 138 2008 ( ) - (, , , «» - ( , - ). ). - ­ - , . - () ( 4)19. , , 20. , - . - , - . . , - 24. - - 1990- . - 21. , ­ - . - , - . - - , , - ­ - , (, -) . , (, ) ( - -')25. - , ( . , - (- , - , , « , - ») , , , , - )26. (. , ). - 85% - , , 6­8% - 22. , , - - «» 27. KILLICAFE, - : 23. , - - -- - . - , - , - - 139 - 5 . 4 -: - ( 5.4). , - :- Dunavant - -' . - . - , - , , - - 28. - , . 1995 . Dunavant. - Lint Company of Zambia ­ - ­ , 29. , Clark Cotton Lornho, . Dunavant - - Dunavant. ? ­ . 2000 2002 . - - , - ( ) 65 - 90%. , 300 . , . outgrowerschemes(- ­ . - - -: 128.. 1998 . - ). - - ­ . SOFITEX ­ - - - . , . ­ , - . outgrower - 50% ( 6). schemes - , , - , SOFITEX, - , . SOFITEX - - . ( ) - . 30. - , - - 128 . . 2004/05 2006/07 . , . 2000 . , : Bonjean, Combes and Sturgess, 2003; Food Security Research Project (FSRP), 2000; ( 5.4). 1998 . 2000 Christopher Gilbert, , , , 2007; Tschirley, Zulu and . Shaffer, 2004. : 5.4. : , , , % , 40 39 ­ - 1981 , 30 2005 , 22 22 22 22 - 20 20 19 (. 5.4). 14 15 - 10 - 6 . , 0 , , . : Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia, http://www.bps.go.id. 140 2008 5.5. 80 70 60 50 . 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 , . . . : Reardon and Berdegué 2006; World Bank 2006y. - 63 . . - - ), - (28% . 13%- ). , . - - , . - 22% ­ , ­ 15% - 1990- . XXI . - . - - , 50% (. 5.5). - - , - , - - , (, , ) . - . - . , 80% - - ,2002. ,,3,2..31 - , - - - - (143 . . , - 141 40% - - , . 32. - , - , , - , . 36. - - , - , 17% , - , , 40% , - 6% - 33. () , . , , - - - . , , - 34. - , , , 37. , . - , 38. , - - , 35. - ( ), , - ( ) , ( ). , - - - . - ( ( - ), ) - , , - ( . ). , - - (- , 39. ), China Resources Enterprise - , 40% . - - , 40. ( , ). , - - , , . 142 2008 , - , . - (, , , , )41. : - « , ». , . - - . , , , - , - : , . , , , - , . , , - ( ), 42. , - 46. - , - ­ ­ - . - - . , , , , 47. - - , 43. , 40% - , , ( ), . , - , , , ­ ­ . - - . , - , - , , - - . , , . , - - , (- 2,5 , ( - ). , ). - - , , - 44. , ( 9). , , , - - - . , . , 10­100% (, , )48. 143 , - - , , ,- 49. , - (. 5.1). - , , - - , - « » , - . - , , - , , - , - - 50. . - , ( ) , . 1984 1993 ., - , ( - - )53. 209 . 145 .51 - - - , , - - ( )52. , , - , - - . - - 5.1. , ; (, , , ), , , ; ; , ; , ; ; : World Bank 2007. 144 2008 , ( 5.5). - - , - (, )54. - , ­ - . , - . - - - - (, , , . ), - . , . , - , - , , , - , - , ( 6). , - . - - - , , - - 55. - - , - , - - , - ( 6). 5 . 5 : : ( 30­40 . NorminVeggies ­ , 2006 . 80 ). 29 - 152, ­ , : 0,2 1992 . . 2003 . 2005 ., - 2005 . 21 . Normincorp, Yulin : 6%- . , , - , , . Konzurn - . - Normincorp Ruoheng - ­ 10 . , . - - - . (40%), (25%) - (35%), - . - . , , - , - , - - , . Konzurn , . - . , - Normincorp - Yulin, « ». , , - (3 : Concapcion, 2006; Dries, Reardon and . - 1,2 ), Swinnen, 2004; Zuhui, Qiao and Yu, 2006. 145 5.6. , -- , - . 100 , 2004 ( ), - 4,6 34,1 ( , ), 13,5 ( ). - - , - 2,3 0,4 0,9 0,3 12,1 - . «- » , , - , : Global Development Solutions LLC 2004. - . , , : , - (- ) 57. , - - - - , , - - , ( 2). - - , 58. , , - , - 56. , , - , , , 47% - ( , , 2004 . ). 138 . ( 2). , - Produce Working Group for Good Agricultural , Practices, 33 - , , - 59. (. 5.6). - - - , - - . , - (), - . - 146 2008 , «» «», - . - - . , , , - , - . - . - , , , . 63. , 60. , , - ,- 61. , , 64, . , - . , - 0,5­5% - 3­5 , . , , 1­3% . - , , - , - . . , - , - , , , - , - - . - - - . , - ,- , , . - , - . - . - , - , - - , . . , 62. - - - - , 66. ( ­ ), - , 147 - , . . . ­ - - , . . - . ­ , - - . , . ­ , . . , - - 68. - - - , . - - - 12%, , ­ 67. , , ( 5.6). . , , . - - - ( 5 . 6 - , () - , - 15 , ). - - . (). - ­ , - , 42% - , 3 . . , . 1991 . 7 . . 2005 .. - (. . ). - , - ( 23 10% - 1,2­2,3 - ), - , - ( 10 34% , , ( ) ). , - ( - 2,4­4,1 . ­ (2005) ­ , % , % 40 60 30 40 20 20 10 , 0 0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 , , : Maertens and Swinnen, 2006. 148 2008 ), - , - , . - (. 5.2). (, « "Blue - Mountain" »), - , - - - . , . Organic (« »), Fair , , Trade Rainforest Alliance. . , - , , - , 71. Fair Trade 69. (« ») - - - - (Standards and Trade Development Facility) ­ 72. , , - Rainforest Alliance, - - . , 70. , - . 2005. 31 , «» - , , 2006 . (. . ) - 23,9 .73 - 5.2. ; ( , , «» , ); , , ; , , ; , ; ; ; « »; , ; : World Bank 2007a. 149 - - )77. . : - ? ,- - - . 2005 . , - , - « - , », 1,4 . . «», «- « ( » 74. )». , - « »: , ? , , - "Fair Trade" , , - , . , « » - ( . - , , , - ), ( - , ), - , , - - 75. , . - « » . - - - , - FairTrade , - - 78. , - . « » , - - , , , « , ». - . - . , 79. - « » - (- , )80. - - , . , - , 43% - , , , - - « » , 42% ­ - 81. 76. , - - , - . - ( - , , , 150 2008 , - - , - . 82. , - - - - . - . (- , , - - , , - , , ). , - - . - , - , - . - - . - - - , , - - - . (), - , - - - . . - , - , - . - ( - ( , - ), « » , , - ). - . - , , - , . , . - - ( , - ) - . - . - - . , , - - . . , - - - , , . D , , . . . , , . ­ ), , , 20% . 30% , . , ( . ­ 13%)2. , , , , , ­ , 1. , , , . . 3. ­ ( 10). . , , . . , () 4. . (. D.1). 40% 10%, ( : ? D.1. , , % 60 , 50 . 40 , , , 30 ' 20 (. D.1). , 10 , , , 0 150 400 1100 3000 8100 (2000 . ), . : -2008. Jaffee (1999); . : World Bank (2003f); Pryor and Holt (1999). ( . , - ) , . - , , , , , , , , , ', , , , , , , . ( ). 152 2008 D.1. 2004 . 2004 . ( .) (%) ( .) (%) a (%) «Monsanto» 3180 10 3118 12 605 14 «Dupont/Pioneer» 2249 7 2624 10 562 13 «Syngenta» 6030 18 1239 5 302 7 «Bayer Crop Sciences» 6155 19 387 2 173 4 BASF 4165 13 ­ ­ ­ ­ «Dow Agrosciences» 3368 10 ­ ­ 130 3 «Limagrain» ­ ­ 1239 5 ­ ­ / 7519 23 16 593 66 1425 34 ­ ­ ­ ­ 1037 24 b CR4 (2004) 60 33 38 CR4 (1997)c 47 23 : UNCTAD 2006b; International Seed Federation (- : http://www.worldseed.org). a. 1982­2001 . b. CR4, , . c. Fulton and Giannakas 2001. ­ . , , . , « CR4 » ( 5). 40%, 45% ­ , . , , , 500 , , . , , , ­ ( . , . 64% ), 60­70% /3 1990 . 10% 2002 ., 1 , , . . () , . 80% , . CR4 5. 40% , 51% 2004 . 50% 6 ( . (CR4) , ) 60% 7 33% , 60% 1970­1972 . 28% 1998­2000 .12 47% 23% 1997 ., . . CR4 ­ 2004 . 38% (. D.1). , , . , . . 1974 1994 . , , , 2004 . . , , 91% 9. , , ­ , 13. CR4 40%, 10, 14. « » , , 11. , , ­ , . . , , . , , , 25 . ­ 153 D . 1 . , , , (), - - . , - . - , , - , . . ­ , 2002 - . 405 . , , - , , , 25%, . , - - ­ - , . , . - . , , - - : www.businesslinkageschallengefund.org . , , . ­ « » , , , «TetraPak». . ­ , , , , . 17. ­ 16. ­ , , , , . , , ­ , , , , . , . ­ «Danone» «Grameen Group» . . (D.1). , , , , 15. . « » 18. « », . , , , , , . , , «Mars» . , , . , , . , , . 19. 6 , 1980- ., . , : , - · , , , - , - - , - . , - , , - , - , - ; . · . - , - , , . - , ; , · , - , - - ,- , , - ; . · , - - , - - , , ­ . - 10 - ; · , , , - , - , . - , . , - . , - , 154 ... 155 , - - . - - , , - 1. - . , - - , , , , , - , , . , . , - . , - - - - , - - . . - . - , - - , , , , - . . , , - , - - . , , - . - , - , , - (, «- . »), - , . ( - - ) , - , - . - , - () , , , - 2. . , , - - . , - - - , - - 3. . , , . - , , - 156 2008 ( . - - ), , ; . - · - - ,- : · , (, - , - , - , 4; - ); , · , . - 6 . 1 () - , , - , 1998/99 . (66%). - , - 632 . - . , , 1 . - - , , , - 15% , - 2003­2005 . - , , , 6 (18 - ). . . , - 1 , 60 . . - . , , , - . , - - - , . , , - , , . , . , - , 7, - . 65 ­ 20­60 . - . 5 ­ , . , 95% , - , - , - . , ; 99% , - . 1,4 . , , 80% - 90% ( , ) - (GPS), - , - . , - - - , , , , - . - , - , , - . , - . . (76%) - : Deininger and others, 2007. , ( 6.1). ... 157 , , 6 . 2 - 6., , - . - . 39 9 , , 2,4 0,6% - ,- , - , . . ( 2100 600 .) . - - - - . - , : Dabrundashvili, 2006. , , , - , - 8. (, - . , ), , - , . . , , , , - - , - (, )10. - - , - , - - . , , , - - 11. . - . - - , . . - ­ - . - . - . , - . - - , - , 700 . 12, - - . - , - . - , , , , - 1980 9. - 2005 ., « - , »13. - 158 2008 6 . 3 . , , - , , - , , . , . 1978 . - , 2/3 - , , - - . . , · - · - - . 60% - ( 25 45% «» , , ), ­ - , , ­ . . - 15 , - , 17% - - , , 55% ( - . - ­ 20%) , - , - 29% ( ­ 23%) . . - , - . · , ( 5% . ( - 1988 . 17% (12,5 ) 2000 .), , « , 60%, », 2003 .), - , - . - . , - : Benjamin and Brandt, 2002; Brandt, Rozelle , - and Turner, 2004; Cai, 2003; Deininger and Jin, 2005; , Kung and Liu, 1997. , - , - . , . , , - - , - - 16 . 14. - , . 50% , - 14 . , 8%, ( 120 480 . ) 15. , . , - - , ­ 16; , , , , - 16%17; , - , - , . - - ( 6.3). , - - ( 6.2), - , , - , , . - . , - . - ... 159 6 . 4 . - , - ­ , . - 19. . , , - - , - , - , . ( 6.4). . , - , - , ( 26% 1971 . 12% 2001 .), - - , . - (150 . . 2001 . ) - , , - (46 34 ­ ). - . - , , - , - - . - - , . , . - , , - . - , , , , . , , - . , , - (37% . - ), , - , : Deininger, Jin and Nagarajan, 2006. - , 20. , - - 20- , , - - 22. : - , - , - , , , , - . , - . , , , - . - , - . - , , - - , - ( ) - , 21. 23. , «», . , 160 2008 - , , - - , . 24. - , . , - () , - . - - . . - , - , , . - - - ( , - , - , ) - - 25. . - , - , , - , - . , , - , . . ­ - , - 26, - - , , . , - , - - , , - ; . - . , , , - , - . , , - . - - (), ­ , , - . - - . , , . - - ... 161 , - , - , , 40% . - . , , - , , 50­75% , - , - - , , , , ( ) , - 60­90% , . (. 6.1)29. 50% - , , , - , 30. . , , - , - , . . - - , - - . - . , , 6 . , , - , 87% , - , , , 71% - - - - 27. - . - , , - , 6.1. - . - , , , % - , - 100 28. , - 80 , 60 , - , 40 - 20 , - . 0 - 1 - 1 . , : Boucher, Carter, and Guirkinger 2006. 162 2008 , . , - , «- , »31. , , , - 20, 40 50% - ( , - , , , ), . - , , . , - . , . , - - . , - , . , - . , - 32. FUNDEA - , - - . - - , - , - . . Caja los , Andes - . , - - - Grameen. - 33. 2006 . () Banco Los Andes Pro- , credit, , - 10% . . , - - , - - , - , , . - - , - , , , . ,- , . - . , . - , - , . , - , - , , ... 163 . - , 35. , , - - . 1980- .36 - - - , . 40 - - - 37. - , . - 34. - - - , . , - - , . - , . Banrural , . - - - - , - . ­ - - - . ( 6.5). , , - , , Bank Rakyat Indonesia BAAC - Thailand. . (, , , ) - - - ­ , - . - . . , - , ( 2006 . KhanBank) , NMB - (). , - - , , - , . - - - - , - , 164 2008 2,2 , 6 . 5 Banrural SA: . Banrural Bandesa. SA , , , - , - . - , , - -- , , - - . . , . - Banrural 1997 ., - - , - . , Bandesa. 200 . ., . Banrural - Banrural . 1,5%. , - - 1 - , , - . - , - , 1,3 . . - . , . - - ­ , . , , , - - , - , . - . . Banrural - 38. , . - 30% Banrural - . , , - 70% - 150 , , , , , - - . , . . , (3), (2), , - , (1), , - . , - (1), - . - : Trivelli, 2007. - RCPB - , . - - , - , - 39. , - . - . - - - , , - - . . - Wizzit(),GlobeTelecom Smart (). . - , , - , - . , . ... 165 - . - , 40. , . , , - - , - , - - . - , , , , ( - - , )44. , 41. , - ­ - - - . - . - - , , . - - . 42. , - . - , , - , . - - . - . - , - . , - . - ­ - - -- . ( - - ) ( 5). . , - - , ( ), - , - , - - - , , . ( )43. - . -, - , , , -- . - - . -, 166 2008 - . - - - . - , 47 - , , - . , - , - , 45. , - , - , 48. , - ( ) , , . ­ . ( , ). - , - , . , - - - . . , - , . , - , , - 46. . - , - , , , , - - - . . , .­ , , - , - . . , - , - - ,- . , . , - , - - ? , . , , - . - - , - . , ( ) , . , - ­ - . - ... 167 , , - , ­ - , , . (, - ). - , - , , - , , . , - . , - . - , , . - - ­ , . - - . ­ (, ( ). , ). - , , - , . ( , - , - , - . ) - , , .,- - , . , - - - . , - . - , , . - , , - - , . , . 2004 . 1,6 - - , - - 26 . - (24 ) - - 49. . 2006 . 28% - , - ,- - - . ­- , , - . 168 2008 , 6 . 6 , - , 2005 . - - 51., - , , - - , , , - , , , 52. . . , , , . , - - ,, , , ­ , (), - . ,. - ( - , . ). . . - ­ - ( , . ). , ( . , - , , ) , 33- . (- , 100 , , , , - - 80 ). , . . - : World Bank, 2005l. - . , . , - , , , , ( 6.6). . - , , - ,- . - , BASIX , - - ( 2). . - - - - - . , , , - , - - , . , - . - , 300%50. . - . - , ... 169 - - . , - , ? , , - 56. , . - , , . - . , , - - - - - . , , , 57. , , , - - - - . . , - , 25 . , - , , - , , . ­,- , - - , . 53. - , , - , , , - 58. , 54. - , , - 55. (. 6.2). - 6.2. ? - (2006) , ./ . 400 , - , - 300 , , , 200 , , . 100 - 0 . . , : Gregory and Bumb 2006. 170 2008 - , - - , . , , - , , . - - - - . , - , - , . , . - , - . , , , - , , - 60. - - , . - . , 37% - 2005. , , - (. 6.3). , , , 61. - . , , ( 6.7). , , , - , 59. - , - - , - , . , - «- », - , . 62. , , 6.3. , - 2004-2005. , . 11% . ( ) 15% 3% , - , , 2% - . - 20% . . 37% , - 11% , : Jayne and others 2006a. - ... 171 6 . 7 ? - · , - - , . - , - , - ; . ( ), · - ( - - ) - - ( , , , ). - ( , ; . · ), - , , , , , - , - , - . ; . - · - , , , (, . -, , . , - , , ? -, - - , - ). , . , ? - . , , - - , , - , . - , , - , , : . , - · - - , , . (, , - : Conley and Udry, 2001; Foster and Rosen- , - zweig, 1995; Gramlich, 1990;Morris and others, 2007; , )? Sachs, 2003; Pedro Sanchez, , ; 2007. - ? . - , - - , - , . - - - , . - , . « ? », - , - , , - , - . - - . - ; , - 172 2008 63. , - - 64. - ( 3,5 - 2006­2007 .). , 65. . - - GIAR - , - - , . - Sasakawa Global 2000 . , - - , - . , () - 6 . 8 ( 6.8)66. , , , , Seeds of Hope, - , 67. - , . - , , - ­ International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC» , , . , : . · , - , . . , ­ , - - ; , - · - . . - - , - 1%. - - , 50% , ; · ( 1 - . - 2 ) . - - ; - · , - . - . . , - - - , . - . , : Morris and others, 2007; Kelly, - Adesina and Gordon, 2003; International Fertilizer . Development Center (IFDC), 2005. , . - ... 173 , , - , 68. , - : - · - , , , - . , (- - , , ); ( 4 5). · , - (, - ); . · , - - - , - - . ­ . -, , , - - - . . - - 80% - , : , , - , - . 69. 9 10 - , , , - 60% , - , 57% ­ ­ - 35% ­ . 70. 1960- . - - - . - , , - : , - - . . , , - - . , . - ,, ­ , . - ­ - - . - . . , - - ­ - - . - , - , , . - 71. 174 2008 - 1980- . ( 4), - ( 5) . (. ), - - - . , , - ( 7) - ( 8). , - . ( 10). , , - - - , , - - . , - ( 11)73. , - ­ . () 3, - - - () . 2005 . . , 250 - 12,3 72. 22% , - . - - ( 6.9). , - ( 25% - )74. 1927 . - . 310 . , - - ( , 2 ), - . - 500 . - . , 6 . 9 , ( ) - ( , ) () - , 75. 1946 . - 2000 . (CGIAR). AgriCord ­ 1992 . , - Via Campesina ­ , 92 - . - , AgriCord , , - - ­ - . . , , . , - 115 - ­ , 76. 80 , - . - , - . , . , , - , . : www.IFAP.org/en/index.html; www. - - viacampesina.org. - . - ... 175 , , , . . , . - .- - - , , ( 5). . , - , , - 77. 410 ­ , , , - - . , , - 79. ; - , , - ; , - , - , , - - 78. , . - , . - - . ( 3). . - , - . , , - , - , - , . - , 80. , , , , - - . - . , - - . , - , - . - - . - , - , - - , , - . . 176 2008 . . - ­ - , - , ­ , - , - , - , - - , . , . 83. - , . - , - - , , , , , - , - . (, , )84. , « - », - , - , , . - , . - . , , - - - 81. , - . - - - - . - , . 82. , - - - , , , , - . . - . - . . . - - , - , . . - - ­ . . - , , , - - ... 177 , - , - . , - , - . - , XXI - , - 7 , , , , , - . . - , ­ - , - - . . - , - , , - , . ­ - . - . , , , - . - , - - . , 1. ( ) , ( ). , - - - ­ ­ ( ), , , , , , , , ­ . - . « ». - , - , . - ,- . « : » , - · - : - . - · - , , - () - - , - . , - - 178 - 179 , . · , , - ­ - , - , - . . XX , :- - , - , , - - . - . - , - - , , .- - , - . , - - , - ( ). , - : , - . 1960- ., , , - ,- , - , . 7.1. , , , 200005 ., % . 100 80 60 40 20 0 : WDR 2008, Evenson 2003; http://www.faostat.org; IRRI, , 2007; CIMMYT, , 2007. . , , « ». 2000-05 ., , 1997 . 180 2008 - , , ­ - . « » (. 7.1). - « » - ?7 - , , - ; - - ; (), , - - , ; - 40 8 . - ­ 2. - ( 2)8. . - , . - - : 1980 . , · . « ». - , - - , - 1980- , , 50% 21% , . - - - . - . 2000. , - 18­21% , 9. , 2006 . , 4­7%, 13­15 , - (80%), ; , (30%), (28%), , - (49%) (73%)10. , - · . - 3. ­ , ­ , - - , . - . , 80% . ­ , , , - - 4. 11. - · . ­ - 1%, , - , 1981 . , , - 5. , - ­ « »6. 1996 . , , 200 . 12. - 181 - - , , , 17. - , . . · . , - , « » - 10 , - ; , - (Phaseolus vulgaris), ­ - , - 13. . , - , G () ( - - ) , , - , - , G x E, - « ». , - . - - ­ , , , , - , , - . 1997 . 2004 ., - , - - , - , . - 8 . , - . - , 40 , 8 . , - - , - - 14. , . - 5­7 , , 10­15 , - 18. - 15. - 300 - . ­ , , « - », . - - , - , , - , - 16. . , , , - , , , - - , -, , 182 2008 . - 23. , - - ­ , - , - . - 360 . 24. , « »: «, , »19. - , ­ - , - , - , , ­ 20. ( )25. - - ­ - - ; , - . , - - , Ug99, - , . (Puccinia graminis , tritici), , , . , , , - . - . Ug99 - 1999 . 30 - - ; 2007 . - . , , . Ug99 - 20% , - 26. : , . - - ,- Ug99 27. , - 21. 28. , 1953. 1954 ., . , ( ) 3 , - . 22. , - , , - - , , - , - - . - .- , - , , - ( Xanthomonas ) 29. . - , - , , , - ­ , - . , - 183 - , ( 11). . - , , - , , , - - - . - ( 2). ? - 30. - : , - . 1985. 2005 . , - , , - 1 . 1290 . 1 990 . , 140 330 31. - - , - - , - . ­ . - 100- - 32. . , , - , , 1,8 , ­ - 500 . - 33. , 30­40%35, , - - , , - . . 2003 . , - - , - , ,68% , 46% . - 17% . - - , , ( - 9­54% , , ). , , , GIFT-34. , - - ; ­ , - ; ­ , , - - - 36. . - - - , , 184 2008 - . 35% - , - - . , , - 18% , , 37. - , , ( ). , - ­ «- - », - , - , , . 38. , , - , Bt, , , . - - -- - , , ; - , . - . , , - , - . ( ) , , - , - . - . : - , - , , - , , , , . - , - , , - . . ( ) , - 40 ,, ( 43% )39. - , - , - ( ). . , , - , , - (, , - ,) - , - , - , - 185 - . , - 7 . 1 : - 100 . 41. - ­ - - ( 7.1). - -, - - , 10% - ( 8). - . - , - 1 - - ( 20 35%), . - , ­ - , ­ , - , - , - . - , - , ( , - , - - , 2004 . 0,8 . Rhizobium). () ­ - . . - 60 - - , - , - 42. , , 57%, , 3,5 . 40. -«», , - - , , , , , , - - , , , . . ­ . - - . - , - : Malik, Yadav, and Singh 2005; Paris , . 2003. ( 7.2)43. , , . , , ( , ), ,- . 7 . 2 , - - ( - ) - . : - 12 ; , - , - - , - . - . - - - , - , - , , - . , . - 80 000 - : Consultative Grope on International - 2 . Agricultural Research Science Council (CGIAR) 2005/2006 . - 2006a - 186 2008 49. ( 8). - - , - - - . . , . , , - - , - 44. - . , - - - , , 20 , - , . - , , , , , . . - - ( - 9 . )45. , - , - - - , - . - - , - , , , - , 46. , . - - , - , , , - 47. 50. - - - , ( ( 8). - , - - , , ) , 48. , , - , - , , , , . , - - , - , . . , , - 187 ; , , , - - , - . ( 8). - , ? . - , - , - - - - . . - - - - , ; , - , , ( ). 51. - - , - ( ). - . , , , - - , , , - - , . , ( 7.3). « - » ( 8). - - , , - , , - - -. , - , , - , . 7.2. - a­43% , - (1673) - ( 2)52. (990) , (683) - , (188) - , (222) 700 43%53. (11) , (. 7.2). - (262) 0 20 40 60 - 54, , - : Alston and others 2000. a. 1953. 1997. . . 188 2008 7 . 3 : - UPOV 1991 ., , , - (), . . - - , - , , - . - , - , , , - . , , , - , , - . , - - . , 1978. - . - - ­ , , - , (UPOV), . , , , , ­ UPOV . - . . (, ) , - - , (- , 2004 . . - , , . ()), - - , , , - ( , 1993 . - - ). . - . - - , : Oxfarm International 2007b; Tripp, , , - Louwaars, and Eaton 2007; World Bank 2006k. , , . ( ), . . 5,16% , « » . . , , - , ­ 94% - 6% ­ 55. . , - 1960- 1970- , - ( - ) (. 7.1). , - , , - , - « » . . , - 2000 . 0,56% , - - 189 7.1. ,1981.2000. % 1981 2000 1981 2000 .2000. 1 196 1 461 0,84 0,72 3 047 7 523 0,36 0,41 1 049 3 150 0,41 0,40 533 1 858 0,18 0,34 764 1 382 0,61 0,66 1 897 2 454 0,88 1,15 690 1 020 1,15 1,81 6 904 12 819 0,52 0,53 1 832 1 658 1,45 3,62 2 533 3 828 1,31 2,65 8 293 10 191 1,41 2,36 15197 23010 0,79 0,80 : Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, http://asti.cgiar.org; Pardley . 2007. . - . 1981 . 2000 . - , (10 ). , 63% - - , ( 1). -- , , , - , , 56. , ( 4)58. , -, , - . , - . - , - ; 27 , «» - ,- . - , . , - - . , - 59. - ? 60. : -, - - 61. - - - « » - ( 4), - 190 2008 7 . 4 . , - , 100% . , · . · - , - - , : · , - , - , . - , . · - - - . - . , . -, ­ - , 400 , , «» - , , , , - - ( ) - ( 4% - (, , ); - , , , ), . « - · . -, ». - . - ­ , - 50% , , , , - , , , . , 1- - -, - , ­ Pardey . (2007) , . - 0,05, 0,27 . ,2000. (, ) 147 160 175 390 120 51 ( ) 12 224 8 100 9 368 25 63 100 ( . , 1999 .) 1 085 1 860 3 465 (. . , 1999 .) 89 230 370 Sources: FAO 2006a. Pal and Byerlee 2006; Pardey and others 2007. (. ). , - . ­- - ­ , - , ­ , , , - 62., . , , , , - - (7.4). - . ­ . - - 191 ( D). 7 . 5 ­ - , , . - ­ , , . - - - . , - 2000, 1998 . . . , - - , - . , , - , . - 25%, 63. . (39%) - 50 , - , . (59%), , , , 380 . 1979 . ­ . ­ , , 1 - 1998 . - : Canadian International Development 40% Agency, , 2006; Morris, Tripp, 1,1 1,5 . and Dankyi 1999. , ( 7.3), - 2002. . ­ - , EMBRAPA ( - , - . ), , , ; . (, ). - ­ «- - » - ( 7.5). , , - - 64. , , . , , - , ­ 65. - , - - , -, , 21% - 66. ( G)67. , - - . - - - - , - - . , 30­50% . , - , , , 192 2008 68. , - . - - , . - , - , - ( G). - , - - - , , - . . - -- - -, , , - - , 69. (« - - »). - , , - , . . , 64 15 - ­ ; . , - . , - - - . ,- - . ( 11). - . (- , ) . , , , - . - - , ­, - , - . . - - , - , . - . - (FONTARGO) ­ - , . 1998 . 13 , . , - - - 70. - - - , . . - 193 7.2. / : , , , ( ) / () / / / / / : : Byerleeand Fischer (2002) and Spielman and von Grebmer (2004). . . , - - , - , . 13 , , . - - ( -() 7.6); - - ; , ; - , , - 72. , . . . - . - , , - - . , , , - , - , - (, - , , (. 7.2); ). 14 71. - , , - , , - , , - , , ( ) . 194 2008 - 7 . 6 15 , - , 5 . . - , - - , - - - ­ , , 10 . . . - · . . , ­ , - , , , - - - - ( , . , - · , . - , « » - - « » , ). «» , , - , - . , . . , - , - , , , - . (, - ( 6) - ). - . - · . - . , - - - - , « , - », - , . , . - , - - . , - - , - - ­ , - , , ( - , ), ( 7.7). - - . , , : , , , - · . , - , , - . , . - , , « » : African Agricultural Technology . Foundation (AATF) 2004; Wright and Pardey 2006. , - (, - - ). , - - , - - , - , : - , , - - , . 74. - 195 0,5%- 7 . 7 . - , «» 75, «»73, - ,, - . , 1996.- - 76, , - . , , , - ,,, ­ , - . - , - .- . - . , - - . - - 1998 . ( , - - ) - , , ( 7.8). «», - - . - . . . : Ekboir ., 2006. , - , . . - - - - . , - - 7 . 8 . , : . - - , , , , - . , , , - . , . - . - 1980 . 1993 . , 101 37 - - . 1993 . : , 35 . , , 6,2 . . . - , - 2004 . , . - , « - » - , - , , : . , - ( 2)77. - . - , , - - - , - ( 6). 100 - , . , , - - : World Bank 2006h. 196 2008 , . , - - . : - , - 78. , , , - . 1990- . - - - , - - , - ( ) - ( 11). , - - , - ( . ). - , , - , , , - , ­ , ­ - - - ( G). ­ . - - - - , . - - , , - . - - 79. , - - - , ­ - ,- . 2000 . - , ­ - . - (ATMA) , , ­ , - - - . - . - «» , - - 1975 . 1995 . 70 - , «- » (). , - - . , - - 197 ( 25%- 7.3. , - ATMA, 5% ), - . , , - , 80. . . . - - , , : Chipeta 2006. - , - , - , ( 5). . - - - , , , - , . , - , (, « » « - ) » « » - - - 81. . , , , , ­ - - . , , - - , - , . - , , - (. 7.3). - , - (. 7.3). - 7.3. - - - - - - - - - - - - : Birner . (2006) .. = 198 2008 , . , - - - , - - , , - , - . , - 82. ­ , , - . - , , , - , - . , 83. .- - , . - 83% . , - 56% ­ . . , 77% - , 19% ­ . - . - « » «» - ­ 2006 . «» , 400 . - 84. , « 6 , », - ­ . - 9% , , - 60% . . 80 - 80% - ,- , 5% - 85. 87. - , - , , - - , , , 88. 86. , « » - , , - . -. , - , - , . , - , . . , , - ( 7.9). , , , - - 199 . . - 89. . - , , . , - - . ­ , - , , - - 90. , - ; , , - - - , . ; - . , - , , . - , - , , - , , , . . -, ­ ­ . - - , , - - , . -, , - , ,- . - 7 . 9 : - - - . , -, - , - - - - , - . , . - (e-Choupals . ( 5) , - , , - , - , - . . , - - .. , , - 1997 . - , - - , , , . - . , . - - , - , - - - . , - , - : M.S.Swaminathan Research . Foundation (MSSR) 2005. , - 200 2008 . - . , - , - - - , , . , ­ , , - - , . E - , (), , . 2006 . 22 100 , 8 (. .1). , . , , , , , , . Bt - Bt , - 1998 . . . , - Bt - , - - () - . Bt , Bt - - , - Bt 5. ( , , ,, , ) . Bt , ( , - 6, ), 2. - , 7. (). Bt , - 470 . (340%), , , - , - , Bt, (..1)3. , -. - , 2006 ., 9,2 - - 8. , , - , Bt 7,3 1. 4. , .1. , - , 120 . 2001 . ( - ) Bt (- 100 - ), 44% - 80 // , 2006 .9 Bt - 60 , . - . 40 , - 20 , . - 0 , , , , 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 , , , : James 2006. . , , 200 . , . - . 202 2008 .1. Bt b a c (%) 33 19 26 11 65 (%) 31 340 47 12 198 2.4 ­ 2,7 2,2 ­ 47 67 73 77 58 (%) : . a. FAO 2004e. b. Qaim and other 2006. Gandhi and Namboodiri 2006, (88%). c. Bennett, Morse and Ismael. (Gouse, Kisten, and Jenkins 2003; Gouse and other 2005; Hofs, Fok, and Vaissayre 2006). ­ . - - .10 , , , - 16. - . , , - ? - 20, . - - , ­ , - 10- - , : ( ), - , - , - , - . - , Bt - . - - 80- , 11. - - - , - , - . ­ . - 21. , , - , - . 0,2­1,4 - , - , 12 ( 7), ­ - - , ; . - , , , , - 13. - . , , - . - , - - , , - , 2000 . - , , 14. , 7% . ( 35 . ) , - - 17. , . - , , - - , - , , - - , , 18. 15. 1,5 . , - . - - - - , 19. - , . ( , - . - ), - ­ , - , - . - , , , - Bt Bt - 203 .22 - , - , - , ( - ( , 1 . Bt , ), - ). , - . - , .25 - , . - , - . , - , , - , - , - , , , - - , - . . - - - 26. , - - , ( 7). , , - ( ), . . - - , - - , , , - . , , - - , - , . - . - - - - . - , - . , - , , . - , - - , , - , 27. - 23. , - , - , , - - . - , - - , - , - - Bt , . . 24. - - , - - , - , - . « » , - - 1970 1995 . . 8 , 10­20% , - ( )3. , - 4%1. - - , (. 8.1) - ( 2 . 7). , - , - , , - , - - , , - 2. , , - . . - - - : , , - , , - , , . , - . . , - , - - , - . , , - . , - , / , , , , , , , , - . , - ,« , . », , ; , - - - ­ - - . . , . . , , - , , . ( 11). - 13 , 204 205 8.1. () () (- (, ) ) ( ( ) ) (., ) - ( , , , , , ) , - , - . . - , - - -. , ( 2 - . - ). - , , - 4. , , : , , - , . . , - , , - , - . , , - . - , , , - . , . , , . . , , - , , , , , , - , , (. , . 8.1). , , - - . , - . , . , - , - , - . , - ( 2). , - 206 2008 , , . - - . , ­ . 9. , , - - . . - 5. : - ; - , , - . , - . . , , , ( - - , , ) - ­ , , ; , - , , 6. - - . - - , , - , , . , XVIII , , - . , - - - ,- , , . . , , - , , , . - - - (, , ), . - 7. - - - 85% , - - , , . , - 8. 18% , , - - 40% , - 10. 207 8.1. ( 1,0) ( 0,8 1,0) ( 0,5 0,8) ( 0 0,5) : Smakhtin, Revenga, and Do#ll (2004), United Nations Development Program (2006) . , ( , , ). - , - - . - , - , ( 2). . . - ­ 20 ³ 1950- . , , - 250 3 13. - , , . - - , , 15­35% , . - - - ­ 11. - 1,4 12 - (. 8.1). - - , - - , - , - ( 8.1). - , - , , , . , , , - . 14. - - ­ , 208 2008 8.1. - ( , - ). , 40% - 16. . - - , , - , , , , . 0 20 40 60 80 100 ( % , , : FAO AQUASTAT - ). , - http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/main/index.stm, http://www.icid.org/index-e.html. - , , - ( 2). , . , - - , , - . ( 2)17. - - ­ - ­ . - , - . - , - - , 30 - 1 , , , 15. - - . , . - XX - . . - - - - - ( , , - ). ­ 209 , 8 . 1 - . - 4 . - , - - , . . . - 1980- . - ­ , - 30 . . , , 1990- . , , ó , - , . . , 1999 . , , . 13-- , , , - , , . , . , - - 10 , 18. 7 - , - - , - . - . : Pala 2006; World Bank 2006q. . , , , - - , . , , - , 19. ­ - , , - . - , ­ , - 21. - . , - ,- , - - , - - , . - ( 8.1). . - - - . , , . - - , , - , - - - , . , 20. - ,, , - , , , - 210 2008 . - - , - , . - . , - « », Office du - Niger, , , 1970- . 23. 1980- . , - , , - . ­ - - , , - . - , - ( 11). , - , 5,8 1982­2000 . - . . 3,5 , - , 24. . , - , - . - , - - , . , , - . 22. , , 8.2. , , 25 ( 4) . ­ «- », 1/5 - , - - - (. 8.2). - , 0 20 40 60 80 100 , , : World Bank 2003d , . « » . , - . « » - , . . 211 ­ , , - - 26. . - , , , , , ,, . , - , , - - . , 27. , - - - - ( - - , . , 28 - - ). . , - - , - - , - 32. 29. , , - 30. ( , - - ), , . - , -, , , , 31. . , , , , , , - , - . - . , , ,- - , , , - . , - . - - ­ ­ , - . . , - - ­ - . - , - , . - . ­ - , , . , 212 2008 , - - 33. 36. - - , - - - , (, , , . , ), - , , , - . - - , - 37. , , ­ . - - - , , , . 38. - - . - - () ­ - ­ - , . , - 39. « , - » . , , - - - , 34. , . - ­ - « », . , - , , , , , . . - - , - , . , , , - . , . - - - 35. - - Office du Niger : ; ( 11). 213 - ; , 8 . 2 - , 40. - . 12 - - - , , - - . . - , , - - . , - ( ) ( ) - , - , . - « ». , - , - . - , - : Ali and Byerlee 2002; Katabi, Hobbs, . - and Adhkary 2001. - ( 8.2). , - . - - 41. , - - , , - - - - ( 8.3)44. , - - - - ( 7) . 42 -, - ex situ - , - - ( - ( 11) () ( 7))45. . - - , , . - , - - . . - , ( , - - - ), . , , - - , - , - 43. - - , 46. - , - - - . ­ 214 2008 , - 8 . 3 . - 47. - , , · - , . - Beauveria - · - 1991 . , - - , - ( 2). . , - , - - 154 . , : . . · - , , , - ; · , - 30% , - , , 20 . , - · , : TAC's Standing Panel on Impact - , Assessment SPIA 1999; Waibel and Pemsl 1999. . , - - ( 7). ­ - , - - . . - - - , , - - , , , , , . , , - , - - . - . , , - - . . - , , - ( 5). , . , , - , . - - - , - . 48. - - , . - 215 ( 2). 54% - (), - 31% - (), - ( 2). , () (), - . (). , (, 8.4), - . - , , - , , - - , - (, - , - - ()). . - - - , : 49. ; -- , , ; , - , , - ­ ; , - , , - 53. , ( H)50. - , . , - , , . ( 8 . 4 ), - , , , , - 2006 . ­ , ( 500 - , 2003 .), , - ­ . - . , , - (. ). , - , . , - , , . , 51. 2000 , 1600 1992 . - 2003 . - 1200 - - 2000 . 24- 800 - ; 400 , ; - 52. , - 0 , - 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 , - . , , - : Steinfeld and others 2006. - - 216 2008 , , - , 5. , 34 - 0,5% . . , , . , 13 . 59. - - - , , , - . - - . - , ; , , - ; - , - ( 8.2). ; . «» 60 ( - , , - 54. , - - ) ­ , - 61. . - - , , - , . , - - - , . . , - , ­- 1% 55, - ( , , . , - 56% - )62. - ­ 56. - - 3,8% . 57. - - - . , , - 5% . 30 58, - -. 70% . - - . - (- ­ - , - ­ , ) . - , . - , - 217 8.2. ,, , , ( ) >1% ( ) 0,01­1% : Lepers and others 2005. . . , « », , . ­ - « » , . , «» , , - , 63 - , . - . , ( 8.5). - , - , , : , ­ - 64. ( 3). : , - .­ , - - - - . , - , - , - 218 2008 8 . 5 : , - , 65. - . - , . , , , « - , , » - , , - , 1980 . . - - . - . - - . - , , . , . - . . . - - , , , -- ( , - - , , , . -- - , ). . - - . , - . , - , . . , - (, , , , , - . ), - . , (- - , - ), 66. , , - - . : World Bank 2007i. , , . - . . - - - - . - , ­ - - - . - , , - . , - ;- ; . - , - - - , ( 7). - - , - , - .,- , - , - - - . - . . : (1) , - , - , , (2) - . 219 - , - . . 10% , , 60% . . - - ( - «», , , , - , 67. ) , - 68. ( 7). - - - , , - , ­ - - . - . 1990- . 70. - - - ( , - « ), » ­ , , . , - , ( , , ­ , , - ( ) ). , - , ­ , , 40 . , , - 100 000 - (, -, ; , ). - - 2 71. . - - Fadama , 5­6 ( 8.6). - ­ , - , , - ( 7). . , ( , 2004 2006 . ) 50%. , , - , 72. 80%69. - - - () ­ - , 73. . 74. 220 2008 - 8 . 6 ­ - . , , - , . 1970- 1980- ., - ( ( ). , , . ) - (Faidherbia albida), , . , - , - . , . . ( )77. - 1975 ., , . - , , , , - , - 10­20 . . , ( 6). 20 , 5­6 - , - - - . (, . , - . , - 1 000 . , - , . 5­6 . ). . - , - . - , - . : Larwanou, Abdoulaye, and Reij 2006; , , , Polgreen 2007; McGahuey and Winterbottom, - - personal communication, 2007; Reij, personal , , , communication, 2007. . - - (, - - [IFAD]), - , - , - , , 75. - , , - » -. 78. «», «- » ( , - - - , , , , ), , - , , - - . . , , , - - - - . - , , - . - 76. - - , . ­ - 221 - - , , . , , - 82. , - , . . , - , , , 79. , - . - . , - , , . , 80. - - , - . - 33 . - , , , , , 20 , , - , ( 81. , 8.7). 8 . 7 , , - . - -- - . - , , ­ , - , . , , . . , ( 16 , 70% - , , - 1992 1999 .) - ( 30%) , , - . . . , - 76% . , ­ . - , -- , , - ( . . - . ), - . . , , - - , , , . , . . . - . - . , - . , 3 , . 9 67%. . - , , , , - 16%- - -- 6­12%. , . 172 000 . : World Bank 2004f; Ykhanbai and Bulgan 2006. 222 2008 - , - , ( 8.8). , . - . , - , - , - , - , ­ - . - . (, , - ) - (), , , , , . ( - , - , 8.7). , - , - , - . - - , - . , - ­ 8 . 8 - . - . , ; 400 , , , . . - , , , , . , - . - , - . - , . - - . - . , - - . . , , , , - - , . , - , - , . , , - , . . , , , , , , . . - - ( . - ) , , - - . . , - - , - . , , - : Hazell, Oram, and Chaherli 2001. 223 - , ( , . ). . , - , , , - , ; , - - , - , , , - ; , , , . - . , - . - , . , - , « », - ( 1997 .) , 2005 . - , . - 270 000 , , 10% . . 2002 . , 2005 . . 540 000 ( 1% )85. - - , , 83. - , . , , , - - - , - - . (. 8.3)86. - , - , « » . , ­ - , , - - , , , , - . , , , - , , , , , , . (, ). - , . - , , - (), , - . , - ­ , . - :, , - (, ), , , , . 84. ­ () 224 2008 8.3. , ( ) - ( ) ­ . , - ­ . ­600 ­500 ­400 ­300 ­200 ­100 0 100 200 300 - , . : , - : Pagiola and others ( ) . -- ­ , (2003­2005 .). , 30 . , 1992 . , , , . . () ­ - - ( 11). ; - , , . « - » - . - «Scolel Té» - ­ , , - , «» - , . . : , 3,30 . 60% - , - , , 300 . . 1 800 . 87. - , , . . - - (40% ) . - - , - - . . - - , , , . - . . - - , , , - ( ) , , , - , - . - 225 , - - - . , - . - ­- , , . - , . - , - , - . - , - ( 11). - - , - , . - , , - . . F , . , , . , . (), . . 2. . - - - (1° 2° , ) - . - , , - - . , 75 250 , . . 7. - ( 2). 3° - , ­ - . , , . - - ( . 3­4°) 20­40%, , - - - 3. : , , - CO2 , (CO2), 4. , - , - , . - , . . - - - - , - . - - , . , - « » , , 11 , , 1. - , - 5. , (1­3°), - - 8. - - , , - - , , - 6. - - - , ( . - ) , , - , - 227 - . 9. , () - , - , - 10. () - , , - - . 15. - , , . - - , , - , - - , . , - - 16. . , , - , - ­ , - , - , , ­ - , - . . , , , , , - . - « , », - 150 300 . . 11. 17. - - - ­ - ó , - . - . CO2, , , , ( , - ) , (. F.1). - , - F.1. , - 12. % - 63% ­ - 60 13. - 40 20 15% 11% , 1982 . 7% 4% . 0 ( ) - : -2008 data from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, www.unfccc.int. 14. . , , 1994 . , , , - ( - ). - 20% ( 10 30%) 1990- . , - (Watson . 2000). , (11,4%) . 228 2008 , - 0,01 . CO2). - . - , ­ - 3 . , ­ 15%. CO2 . - 20 , 27 . ( ( - ( - ), 2007 . B). 26-35% - . 80% - 2008­2010 .) - 5 ² 2050 .21 , - , (. F.1)18. - (, - - - . - - ), ­ ­ , - () - . ­ ( - . - ) - ( 11). - , - - - - - , , - 19. , , . - - , , , - . , , - . (- . , ) - - , - , - (, - , 2012 ., - . ), - . - 22. ( - - - , ), «- - » - . - . - - - - , , - - - , . . , . , - - . - , , . - 2 . - 145 - 23. ( - 229 , - . - , - , , . - - ( 11). - - 9 . . , - , , - , - . - - - - . , - , . , - - - . , . , ­ 20% - , . - - - . , - - - . . - . - - , - , - - - . - . - - - . , , . - , - . , : . - , , 1,5% , . - 4 . - . . 1 . , - , , . . , - 230 231 9.1. , , . , . 500 1200 400 1000 800 300 600 200 400 100 200 0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 , . , . 1200 140 120 100 800 80 60 400 40 20 0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 , . 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 : FAO 2006. . , - . - - , , - . ­ - (. 9.1). - 232 2008 9.1. . , 1998a 0,74 0,03b 0,05 0,18 , 2003 0,55 0,02 0,15 0,22 0,05 , 2004a 0,67 0,08 0,12 0,10 0,04 , 2004a 0,55 0,13 0,19 0,12 0,01 , 1999 0,65 0,06b 0,10 0,17 , 2000a 0,15 0,13 0,21 0,22 0,29 , 1996a 0,35 0,18 0,19 0,15 0,14 , 2001a 0,43 0,06 0,24 0,12 0,17 , 1998a 0,17 0,09 0,34 0,23 0,16 , 2000a 0,35 0,04 0,08 0,49 0,04 , 2001 0,53 0,27b 0,20 , 2005a 0,29 0,04 0,25 0,21 0,23 , 2001a 0,18 0,18 0,19 0 0,45 , 1998 0,42 0,20b 0,09 0,30 , 2000a 0,29 0,18 0,25 0,24 0,04 , 2001a 0,17 0,09 0,32 0,23 0,18 , 2003a 0,25 0,22 0,21 0,14 0,19 , 1997 0,22 0,21 0,31 0,17 0,10 , 2001 0,13 0,15 0,44 0,16 0,12 , 1998a 0,49 0,07 0,44b -- : World Bank, 2005 , World Bank, 2005n , World Bank, 2003 , World Bank, 2003 , World Bank, 2005k , Escobal, 2001 , Davis and others, 2007 . . ( 3.1) b. . ­ . (. 9.2). , - , - , 47 49% - . , , - 38% . 1, - - ­ 20%. . ­ - 25% - - (. 9.1). , , . 30 50% 11% . - , 3, - , - . . , - - , - . , - , . 233 9.2. % () /, 56,6 33,1 46,8 24,6 8,5 38,4 /, 4,0 21,8 9,4 9,4 10,1 20,9 . ., 6,9 11,8 11,5 8,8 7,4 9,2 . ., 8,6 15,4 17,4 30,9 31,3 17,2 21,7 14,6 14,4 26,0 27,5 13,4 /, 53,5 12,7 38,4 38,6 6,9 22,8 /, 1,4 11,4 5,7 1,0 5,4 2,3 . ., 6,8 2,9 11,3 2,8 1,6 11,7 . ., 2,8 2,7 8,4 3,9 18,1 11,5 32,7 64,3 35,5 53,3 46,9 51,2 : -2008. . 2000 . 66 , 55% , 97% , 66% ( ), 74% , 47% , 85% . . . 19 3, 000 . . , , - , - ­ , , , 2. , - , , - , - . - , ­ - , - 3. , , , - , . . , - , , , - - , , - , 4, , . - , , - . , - . , - - - , (. 9.2). , : - . - - 15% . . 234 2008 9.2. , % 100 UKR RUS TJK 80 KGZ CRI CHL 60 PAN VEN IND GUY COL JOR ZAF 40 BGD MEX STP HND ECU SLV TUR LSO NIC BIH GTM DOM BRA 20 KEN PAK IDN EGY PRY THA JAM POL HRV MDG PER VNM YEM MAR RWA BOL MKD ETH UGA ZMB AGO ZAR MOZ KHM ALB GHA SENHTI CMR CPV MHL 0 BDI BEN TMP BTN ROM FJI 90 TCD SLEBFA GMB 400 1800 8100 , . 2000 . ( ) : -2008, World Bank 2006z . . . 9.2. , , . . xviii. -, , - (. 9.3)6. , 60%. 42 47% 100 ., 1987/88 1993/94 ., , 7. , 5. , , - . 9.3. , . 2000 . ( ) , % , % 60 80 80 50 60 60 40 30 40 40 20 20 20 10 0 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 : (, , , , , -, , , ); (, , . , , , ) - : http://www.ilo.org; . : Glinskaya and Jalan 2005 235 50% 1974 . - - 257 1956 1987 . (. )8. - . , , , - 11. , . - - - . 1999.20% (. 9.4). - . - , 50­60%9. - , . , ­ - , . , , 30%. 12. - , 50% - , . - , , , - ; - ,.- . ( - ) - , - . . , , . , , , - - , 10. ­ , - . - . 9.4. ( 1991 = 100) 140 120 100 80 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 : Carneiro 2003, . 236 2008 1972 2002 . 65 80% - 89 92% 13. - . . , - 1993/1994. . 1990- . 49%, 36% (17%)14. . - , - ­ « », ­ , ­ - , , , , - , , ­ - . - 15. - , . , 17. - - - . , , , - - , - . - , - . , - . - , 18. (), - ( ). 350 . - - - - - 16. ? - - 2005 , , , - .- , , - , - , . , , - , - - , , - . - . - - , , - , - - ( ). , - - 237 . - 9 . 1 . () , , - - () , - , . , , 1600 - - , , , - - « » ­ . , - . , , , , , 1996 2006 . , - - . , , - 213 ./ , - 807 . ./. 1989 2001 . , - 96% - 100%. , ,- - . 19. 100 75%. - - , . 150 , - , - - , , , - -, - ­ , . . . : World Bank, 2003 , , 9.5. ­ , , ­ - 500 . , , - 400 , , - , , 300 - 200 20. - , 100 - - 0 . ( ) ( ) - : Weinberger and Lumpkin 2005. , , 21. , - - , - . . . , - - - ( 9.1). - . « - , , » , - (. 9.5). , - 125 , - 238 2008 (29 ), - 10% . 1980 2000- . 25% 1960 . 49% 22. 2002 ., 14 31%. - , . 1997 . 1970- . ( 30% 1990 . 40% 1995 .), 2003 . 32%. 68% - , 1990 . - , 0,7% 1990- ., - 0,1%25. . - , - - . , , - , (. 9.2). 1960 . (, , ), 1990 . 23. 20%, . 2002 . , 30 7%. , - - , , - , - , - (. 9.1). - - - . , , 9.6. , 26. % c 100 , , , 80 - 60 60 75% - 40 (. 9.6). 20 , - 0 . - , , , - , , , , , - , , , , ( 1). - : -2008. . . . 9.2. . 239 , 80­90% , , - , , (.9.7)27.- - . - 2,4 ., 79% , - 1­2 . 58% , - 45%. , . - - . - ( 5). - , - , , . - - , - . . - « , , » , - 28. ­ . , - , - , «- , » - . , . - - : - - , ­ . . , - , - . 9.7. - ,.,2005 , ­ . , . . , . 400 1600 , 300 1200 . - , 70% - 200 800 . 73% 100 400 , . - - 0 0 1 2 3 4­5 6­10 11­100 >100 , . - . : -2008, , - 240 2008 . - - 83%. , , . 17% , 45% - , . . - - , , - , - , , - , . ( 9.2). ( - - ) , ( ) - ( - , - ) . , - , , - . . , , - - . . - ; , , - . ; , . , , - , - - - ( - , ) , . . - . 9 . 2 , - () -- - . 1972 . - , - , . . - . - . 1,2 . 2004 . () , . 250 . 14,4 . - - . , , , , , « », - - , 73 . . . - 20%- , - , . . , : World Bank, 2006i. - 241 - ? (. . , ) - , , , (. 9.9). 29. - - , - - - , , - , - . , - . , , , , - . , , , , - - . - , - ,30%, - , 20% , . - ( (. 9.8). , ) - 56% , . - - 30. , . , , - - , - . 9.8. , , 1999 2002 2002 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 5 10 15 20 , . , . , . : -2008. . . . 9.2. 242 2008 9.9. ,, 1999 2002 2002 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 5 10 15 20 , . , . , . : -2008. . . . 9.2. , - . , , (. 9.11). . 30 - (. 9.10). 1988 1996 . - 30% - : 9.10. 160 120 140 100 120 80 100 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 . : : Fundacao Getulio Vargas Estatisticas Agricolas. : CEPAL, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Carribean, . . . 243 9.11. 350 250 300 200 250 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 1960­ 1965­ 1970­ 1975­ 1980­ 1985­ 1990­ 1995­ 1960­ 1965­ 1970­ 1975­ 1980­ 1985­ 1990­ 1995­ 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 : Rama and Artecona 2002. . ( ); - . , - - ? , - , (. 9.12). - , , 230 . 59% 9.12. , . - , , 7% , - . - , , - . , 10 - , 1400 ., , - . . - 100% - ­200 300 800 1,300 1,800 2,300 2,800 . , . : -2008 - , . 9.8. (World Bank 2006j). , . , . , - , 11 , 22 . 31. 244 2008 : , ( ), , (, - « »). . - - , . - - , , , - , - , , - - , . . , - , . - - , . 9.13. , 250.. , - . , , % , - 8 , , 6 . 4 . 2 - 0 . ­2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 , 150 , , % - 12 (. 9.13). . , - 8 , - , - 32. 4 - - 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 . , , : Araujo, de Janvry, and Sadoulet 2002. . - 15 . . 1990 2000 . . 245 : , - 37. , , - - . - . - , . 33. - - , . . , - , - , - . . 1993­2000 . , - - . - - 38. , - , - , - 34. - , . . - , . , - - , - , ( 1). - 25 - , - - 39. - 575 .35 - - , 2000­2005 . 20 . . - - - , 2000­2005 . 1,25% . . , , - - , 28% 1992 . 40% 2002 . 0,8 0,7% - , . , - , - - - - - . , , , - ­36., , - - . - - - . 246 2008 9.3.18­25 () 8,5 7,3 10,1 9,3 10,6 8,7 7,6 6,5 10,1 9,2 11,1 8,9 5,5 5,3 8,0 6,8 9,7 5,7 4,3 3,0 7,7 5,0 10,0 5,8 e: -2008. . 18­25 58 ( ); , , 2000 . . 2008. - . ( 3). . 2­4 . , - ­ , . - ( 3). - 41. , , - - , - - , (. 9.14). - , - - - . 40. , (- , ), - - . , . - (. 9.3). - - . , , , , - - . - 9.14. , - - () 8 . , , . 6 - 4 , - , 2 . - (), - 0 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 , () - : (2000), (1998), (2000), (1999) 42. - (2000) . 247 , - .. (T.W. Schulz, 1975), - , , - - . : - . « » - 50. , - - 43. () - - , - 51. , , 44. - , ( G). . , - 13%, 45. , , - - - . , . - - - , - 200 . ., 100 . - - . - - 46. , , ; - , (- 47. ) , - - , , - , , , - , - 48. , - . - - - , - . - - . - - - , - . . - ( ) ­ , . - - - 49. 52. 248 2008 - - , - , ­ - - . - . , - - . - , . 2005/06 . , - 10 . , . , - , - - . - , - , - . . ­ - . - - . . - , - - . . - . 55. - - : - . ­ . . - - Escuela Nuova ( ( , ), , .), - - , - . . . - - , - - . . , - . 1997 . , - , - 53. , . , - , - . - . («- - ») - ( 9.3). - , (Opor- tunidades) (Bolsa Familia)54. , , 249 , - 9 . 3 ­ . - , - , 2004 . , , 218 -. - , 12 , 20% - 56. . , Bono de Desarrollo - . , Humano , 52% ­ . , . , - 17%. 23% - , , - - . ­ 30% - 5­14 . - . , , - , . . 31% (. ). ( : ­ 19%); 9,8% - 23%. 2,5% 59. , 26% 20 , 9% , - 40 . , , , % , , 40 . . , , , , 30 - - - . - 20 40 57. - 10 . 0 , - , , - - . , , - , - 58. - , - , - . , - : Edmonds and Pavcnink, 2005; Emerson and Portela Souza, 2003; Gunnarsson, Orazem and - Sedlacek 2005; Ilahi, Orazem and Sedlacek, 2005; . - . Yap, Sedlacek and Orazem, 2001. ­ 2006 . 60 , ­ - - . - . - , - - 61. ­ 20%. - , 3 . 60. - , . - , - . , - , . 90- . , - , - - . , , 250 2008 , - . , , , . ( 9.4). , , , - , . - , - , - . - , - . , - , (), , - , , - . - - . 1982 . - . 62%. Trabajar , 63. . - . - Trabajar , , /3 , -2 9 . 4, - , /3 , 1 . - - , . - - - , . , - . , - . - - - . : 2001­2004 . - 57% - . 2005 . , . - 2,55 . . . - , - , - - - , , - . . - - . 1996 . - . . , , , . - , , . . , - - , , , . 30­50% , , - -62. . , 2,6­5,3 , - - - 64. . , - 251 - . , : - , - , , , - , - , , . - - , . , , , - . , , , , - . G , . , , . . , , . . ( ) . ( - ). , - 19% - , , - ( , - 7. - 23%)3. ­ - ­ - - , . , - - - , , , , . - . , - , - , - . - , - - . 4. - - - , - ­ - , , , - ( 3). , 5. . - - . ; , . , - . , - - - - 5­14 - , - - , 37% , , - , 32% - , , - 1. 8. . - , - . - , - , , , , - , , , , - - , , - . . - - . - , - . . - , - ­ - ­ ý, , - - ­- - . . , - , - , - , - . 6. - - PROBE , - . - , - . (82% )2. - , 9. , - - 253 « - . « » » - - « - , » 10. - . - . - , , - . , , - . - - "Jovenes con Oportunidades" - . - , . 9­12 . ,- 12- - . - - , - - , - - - 11. . - . , -, , - - - , 75% . - . , - - . , - , , - - - . - 13. . - EARTH (-)14 . - , , - - , , - , - . , 15. - - - . , . - , - - - , , - , - - , - . - - , , - 16. . , - , - 2,2 8­16 , , - 20. - - . /4 - 3 , 45% ­ . - -17,- . 1960- . - 1 . - (), - , . . . 1970- . - , - - , . 27 500 - - 1990- . 21. 12. - ( 7)18. - - « . . » ­ - - - . , 18% , , , - 19. . 254 2008 ? - , - - , . . - , , ( 1 . - - ) ­ 9 10 - - ,- , , 15 22. , , . 40% - , . 23. « - . - () », - - - - . . . - , ­ - , - - , - , , - «» , (), - , - . - , - , . . - , - - , «­»- . H - , , , . , , - , . , . - , , , , ­ , . - 4. - «» 10. , - , - - , , . - - - 5. , , , - , - () , - - , - , . - 6. ­ , - ( - , , , ), - . XX . - ,2 355 . . , 1. /3 ­ - , - 11. - , , - , , - . - , , - . - , - , , - . - , - - , 7. . - - , . - - - . , - , - . , . -', - - , - , 2 , , « »12. - , - 8. . - - - , - . - , - . , , 1990- . - . - . - - - . -- ( - 1990- . ). , 171 - 9. 1940­ 100 . . ­ 1941 . , - . - 300 500 . - 48 4%. (19%) - 1 - ­ (13%). , ­ 3. - , - - - . . , , , ­ - - , - . - , , - 256 2008 , .1. . - 13. , - 1989­1991 . - . , 14, , % , - , 2002 . - 70% , - 100 CARE, . (2002) - 80 (2005) - 15. - 64,1 59,6 56,0 . 60 43,8 - 40 36,2 - 28,9 23. , 20 - . - 0 , - - . . , - : Donovan and Massingue (2007) , , - . 24. , - . , - . , - ( ) , 16. (// ), - (3 . ). - 2006 . 39,5 . , 2,9 , 17. , , 2004­2010 . . 1415 - , - , 20­24% , 61% , - . , - - . 175 - . . , « - - , » , 75% . 25. - . - , , 18. - . , , - - . 21. - 1997 . , : - - - (, , , , 23% ), ( , , 19. , - ) - - (). , , - . - - , - . , , H5N1 - . - . - - , - . 2003 , - . H5N1 - (. . 1). . 4544 - / - 36 , 269 , 163 .1996­2000. ( 2007 .) 58% . , 20. - - - , 257 , - , - , - . , . 28. 26. , , - , 27. - . III - 10 ? . - , - - . , - - , - ? , , . - , . . - , - - - , , . . - - - - - , . . - 11. - , , , - . 4­8 1990- ., , - , - - . : (1) - (- , ( 4). - , - ()); (2) , - . - ; (3) - . - ; (4) - , (- - , - , ) . - ; - (5) , ; (6) ( 5). , - - ­ 258 259 ­ , - - , - . - ( 6). , - . - , - , - . , - ( 7). - , ( 8). - , . - - - , , 1990 ., ,- - - 1. . - , , , - . , - , , . . , . - - - , , - , , . , , , , . - - - . - , . , - - , , - . ( 11). - - - - , - - ,. . , - ­ - - - - , , - , . - - . - - ­ 260 2008 , - . - - - , - . - - - , - . 1 0 . 1 , , « » 1. - . - . - ; - - - . 2. . 4 - ; , - , ; , - . - 3 , - , , , - , - , . : -2008. 4. - - , , , . , . . ­ - , , , , - . . - ­ , , , - . 3. ­ , , . - - ­ , . - , , - , , , - . ­ - , - ( - . . , ) - ( - . - , - , - - ). ­ . . 261 , - . ­ -- - . , , ( : ) - . , , - . , , . , , , ( 10.1). - . - , , - . - . - - . . , . - ­ - , 1990- . , . , - , . . , - - « », , - - ( 10.1). ­ . , - . ­ - . - : . ­ - , , , - . ­ 89% - , . - ,- - - , . : 2,3% , 1980- . 3,3% 1990- . 3,8% . 2000­2005 . 1990­2005 . 10 13 . (. . 2 - « - »).- , , - . - ­ , , . . - - ­ - - , 262 2008 1 0 . 2 () , · , , ; , , - ; , · , , , . . . · ( ), , , , , (1) ; (2) (3) -. . . : , · , , : , · . , , , 8. , , ; , ­ · 6%- . () · , ; (), · , 40 , 10% ( : , ­ 4%); , · , - , . ; . 12 · , , « » , 6%- . ( ; 2008 . ); : , 2005, 2006. . , - ,, ,- , - , - , . - . - , , , ( ). , - - . . , , , ,- - . . . ()(10.2)- (). - 263 , - ( 2). - . , 1999 ., - . - 5. ­ , , , , , - , ­ - , , « 6. » ­ - 2. , , - . - . - , , , , , 10 , , . 70% ( - ­ 4%), - 60%7. . 4% , . - « » 1960- . - , . - - - , , , - , - , - - . , - 8. , , . - , . ­ . , - . - , . - - - , . 40% 20 . , / , - 12% - ( ). , 3. , , - - , 50% , 4. - , - , ( 6). - . - - , - , , . - 264 2008 : - · - - , , - , - , - . · - , - - - . (. 10.1). - . - - , - , - . - - . . , - , . , : - · , . , . - · - , - - . - - , , , . . - , , - 10.1.«» , 1 9. - , - . 2 4 - . ; , , - - - 3 - , , ( 5, 6 7). - 1990- ., - : -2008. . - 10- . . - 265 . . - - , - , - . - , - ( 6). - «» . () - , , «» () - , , - - , ( 2), - - - . . , - , - . ­ , - , , , «» - - ( 6 7). - . - , , - - - , - . - . ­ - , , , « » - . - ­ - , . , - . - . , , - , - - , . . , - - , - , , - . . , - , , - . , ­ 10 1 « », ( : ­ , 100 ). - - - . - - ( 6, 7 8). - , 266 2008 . - . . , - , - , . . - - - . - . - , , , - ( 4), - ( 8). . - - , , , - , ( , , ). , , 10. - - . . - . - , - - ( 7). - . - , Tradenet, - , - , , (- ), , - (), ( 5). . - - , , - , .,, , , - - . . - - , , , , - - «» () . , , , . - ,- , . , 267 . , , - . . / - - - , . , - , . , ( 9). , - « » , - 11. , , -- - . , - , , - , , , , . - ( ,- 7), , - - , , , , - - . - - . , . - - . - , (- , ) , - - , ( , ). , - (10% . - ). - - , , - , . - ; . - - . - - - . - , - : , , - - . - - - . «». - 268 2008 2,2 ., ( 600 . ­ 1 . , ). . 98% , 96% ­ , 92% . - , - . , - : 1990 . ( 10.3). 6% , , 8%. - , , - . - . ­ - , 1993­2005 . 2,9% , 0,4­0,5 ( 3). « » - 1970- 1980- . 3,3%. , 1993­2005 . 1,5% , 7% . , 2020 .14 , , - , , - - , ­ - , , . . - - . 80 - , , 15. , - - ­ . - 82 . : , 6% . ­ - , - . , 33 - , 66 76 . - - ( . ) . , - . , - , . , - - - . ­ , 1993 . 4,4% . , 269 1 0 . 3 : () , - 72%. - , - 18%. ­ . . 1993­2003 . , 2,0 . , () , , 14% , - , 34 28%, 16,8 32,6%. , 5,5 . 1,2% . - - - , : - . 1993­2003 . , , 29%13. , - , , - . . 12 12 11 40% , : , , 11 ­ · ­ 70%. , 9 ­ - - ­ - 9 ­ . ; - · - - : , . 1995 . . , - - ; 53 , 9,7% . · , - 88% 80% . - , - , . , . · - , , , 1 3 15­24 55 . - - , . . 3,4 , - 1,9 . : Assad, El-Hamidi, and Ahmed, 2000; . , - FAO, 2004a, FAO, 2006a, FAO, 2007a; Mirza, 2004; 95% Shetty, 2006; World Bank, 2006b, World Bank, 2006w, . World Bank, 2005h. , - ( 2 8). - - - - , - ( . ). , - . - « » - . , - - - - . . , - , , , - . ­ - - , , ( 4). - , - , , ( 2). 270 2008 , - . , - - : , , - . , 16% 2005 . 18% 2006 .16 - - ; ­ · - . , ; - · - - - ( - - ), - ( 4). , - . (), - « » - ( . « ) ( 10.3). » - , - (. 10.2): · , - . - - , - - ( « ­ ; ­ »). · « » - 10.2.«» , , 1 , . - , - 2 4 , , ; , , - , . , - 3 , , , - ( 2). : -2008. . «» 10-- . . 271 , . , - - , - , , , ( 6). . - ( , - - ), , - - . , . , - « » - . . ( ) - - , . « » - - « - » , , . , - . - - - - , , , , ( 8). - , - . , , - - ­ - , . - . - - - ( 5). - , . , , - , - . , , . , - , , . , - , , - . , - . - . , , 272 2008 - - . . - , . - , . . : - - , . - - - ­ 1993 2005 . . , 5%. , , - , . , ­ , - , , , ­ - . - . - - - - - . . , , . . , , , - . , , , - , , - , - - ( G). , . - . , ­ - - - - , - - , , , . , - - . ­ - . , ­ , - - 17 . , - - 273 , 55% - 18. . - - , - , 60% , - - , . 22. - - , . . - - : - , 80% , 19 - , - - ( , - ), . , - - , . , , . - 20. - , , , - , - , - . - 23. . - , , , - , . - , 40 - 2,5% , , . , 58 . ( 2 . )21, - , 24. , 2002 . 46% - , 10 . , - , - - (28%) , . - - , , 15% , - 1993­2002 . . , . - , . , - - , , , . , - - . 70% - 274 2008 - ( ) - ( 10.4). , - - . 1991­2000 . - 1980-. - - - , - 25. , - - , - ( , , , , ). . 1 0 . 4 - - 1990- . , - , , , . 1920- ., , - ­ 1950- . , , , - - , - . . , - - , , - - - , . - , 1990- . - - , - - . - . - . , . - , - - , - ­ . (. . ). . . - , - , - , (2.) ( ) - - . , 2000 % . - 100 30 ( ) 95 ( 90 20 ) 85 2000 . - 80 10 . , 75 . ­ 70 0 , - 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 1993 1996 1999 2002 . : Ravaillon, Chen and Sangraula, 2007; World Bank, 2006. : Swinnen and Roselle, 2006. 275 - 10.3.«» , - - 1 , - , . 2 4 ; () , - . 3 Sierra Exportadora - ; ; , - 26. : -2008. (. 10.3)27: . 10- . · - , , - . - , , , - , . - · - . - - , - - . - · . - , - - - . , - . - . , - . , - - - , , - , (- , ) - . - 28. - - : - - , - , - , -, - , , - - . 276 2008 - , . . - , - , , , - , , . - . - - , - - . - , , . - - . , - , 29. , ( 11). , - - , - , - . - - . , , ­ - , - , , . - , . - - . - - , , , , , - . - , . - , - . - - , ,- . , - , . - . - , - , - , - , , - . . . - , - , - , , , , . . - , 277 , , , , (, . ), , - - ? - - , , - - - . , - , - - - . , , . , - - - - () - . , , - . , . - - (- , ? - , - ), - , . . - , - ­ - , . , , - , - - , , . . - , , « - - »: (1) . ; (2) - , - ; (3) . , , , - , ; (4) ( 11). . - - - - - . - - . - . 278 2008 ­ , , - - . , , , - () - - , ( - ). , - - . ( - , 15 , 30 . , -), - - - . - - , - , - . - - . - - - - - , , . - . , - . , - - . , - . - - . , , - . - , , - . - , - - . . - , - - , - , . - . ­ - - , - - ­ - , - . ­ , , 11 , . 10 . . ­ : , . , , , , ? , ? ( 4). ()? : , ? , ? , , 10, (. 11.1). , 11.1. 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0 ­0,5 ­1,0 : Kaufman, Kraay and Mastruzzi, 2006. . , . 279 280 2008 , . , « » 1982 . , . . , 1982 . , . , , , , , ( 11.1.)1. , , ­ ­ , . 1990 . . , ­ 2. , , . , ( 1.) . 1 1 . 1 , XIX . . , . , . 1982 . . 1999­2000 ., , 1,8 ­ : . « . » (), « , » (). 1966 . ­ . , , ­ . , , . (). , , . 4 ­ . , , « . , » (), , . . . . , . , , , . , . (), , : . Deininger, Ibanez and Querubin, 2007; World Bank, 2002b. . ­ 281 , , ­ . . , , , , . . ­ , , , , . , . . ­ , « » ­ , , . . , : , , , . . 1980 1990 . , . « » : , , , , . ( 4). , , , , ( 5). . , . , ­ , , , , , , , , , . , , , () , . , , ­ . , , , , , , , , , 282 2008 . . , , , , , . , , ? , , , , . , , . , . ­ , , , , , . ­ , , , . , ( 5). , . , , , . . . , , , , , , , , . . , ­ , ( 5 6). « » ­ , , , . , , . , , , , , , ­ , , , , , , , , . ­ . . , , , , () ­ 283 , , . . , « ». , , , . . , , . ­ , . ( 1). , , , , , , . ( 11.2). ­ , , , , , . . ­ , , , . , , ­ , , , , . , , . ( 11.2.) , 1 1 . 2 : , ­ , , , , , , . . , , , , . , , . , , , , . , . . 13 , , , , , ( , , . , ). . , . , , , , . : Kisamba Mugerwa, . , 2007. 284 2008 1 1 . 3 2002 . , ­ 1993 . , . () (Conseil National de Concertation et de Cooperation des Ruraux; . , , , 6.10). , 35 . . ­ , ­ ­ (Loi . d'Orientation Agro-Sylvo-Pastorale), , , , , . 20 . , . 2004 . . , , . 22 , , , , . , . , . , (ROPPA), . : , , , , , . . , . , : Resnick 2006; World Bank 2006c , , . . , , , , ( , D) , . , ­ , , , , 4. . , « », . . , . , ., ()3. , , ­ . , « », , ( 4). . , , , , ­ 285 , , , , ( 11.3). 7. . , « « » », , . , , , 5. . . ­ «Canada « ». Rural Lins» ( ) () , . , , . . . , , , ( 10.) . , , . , , . «Oportunidades»() ­ . , , , , . . ­ , . « », , , ( 11.4). 6. 1995­1997 . , , 286 2008 1 1 . 4 , . , , , 2002 . , . , , , ­ . . . , , , , , , . , , . . , , : World Bank, 2006a. , . ( 11.2), 1985 . 2000 . . 48%8. , , , , , . , ( 4). , . , ( 11.5). 1 1 . 5 : , , . , , . « . , « », « » ( . (WECARD). (NEPAD). ). , , () , (UEMOA), (ROPPA) ­ ( 11.3.). . , . , (UEMOA), , , , . . ­ . « : African Capacity Building Foundation, » . 2006; Resnick, 2006; , , 2­3 2007 .. ­ 287 11.2., , , , ( ( , . ) ) · · · · , (. 11.2), , ( , ( , , ) . ) , , ­ : Birner and Palaniswamy ( ). , ­ , , , , , . , . , , , , , , ­ . , , , . , .. , ­ , . ( ). , , , ISO 9000 . ; , . . , . . (. 11.2). , 288 2008 , . , , , : · , , , , , , . , . , , ( 7). · . , , , , , , « , ­ », , ­ ( 6). , , ­ , , ( 11.6). , . · - ­ 1 1 . 6 « » , , , , , , « ». , « », « , » 60 . ( 8), , « » . « » . ( 7). 1982. 2002 . · , , , , , . 1964. 1967. , . . , . « » , «, . « » ()», , . . . · , , , , , , . , . , . . , . 70 , . 198017802004 .9 : Aw and Diemer 2005; Subramaniam « » 1995; Swaminathan 1993. . ­ 289 · - , . 12 , . , ( 6). ­ , ­ , . ­ . , , , . , , , . , , , , , . « ». , , , . , , , ­ , . « » , « . »: , , . . 10. (), , Bt11. , . ­ ­ . . , , . , ­ , . ( 6). , , , , . 290 2008 , 12. , , 13. , ­ , , , , . . , . , , , , . ( ), . , ­ , , . . . 14. , , , ­ , ­ , . ( 10). , « » . 80% , , 70% 15. , 17. , , 16. , , () ( ) . , ( 6). , ­ , , ; . , , ­ , , , , ­ . , ­ 291 . 16% , , , , . ; , , 10% , , , . , , (84% 2000­2001 .)18. , , , ( . ), ,, 1920. . , . , . 2004 . , , , , . ­ 21. . , , , . , , , , , , . . , . , ? , , . . . . 1996­2004 . 292 2008 . , . ( panchayati ray ) , . , , . , , . 22. , , ­ , , , . , , , 23. . , , , . , , . , 1994 . « », , , , , . , 24. , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , . , , , . , . , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , 25. ­ 293 , 27, , 28. , , , , , , , . . , , . , , , 26. , , ­ ­ . , . . , . 24 . , () 28% 29, , , , ,. 80%30. , , , , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , . . 2005 . 20 100 , , . . 9% , . , , , , 31. , , , . , 294 2008 . » ­ , , , , , , , . . «», , , , . 32. , , , ( 4). , ­ . ­ ­ . , (), 2005 .: , 33. , , , , . , , . , , , . , 29 , . , , (. 11.2). , . , , , , 34. . , (), , , ( 2005 . , , ) « » ( . ), . « , ­ 295 2005 ., . , XXI ., , , , 90% , , . , , . , , 2006 ., , , , . , , . , . , ? . XXI , (4­9), , . , , . , , . ­ , 35. . , , , , . , . ­ , , 57% , 1992 . 88% 2005 . ­ . , ­ , , , , , , . , 36. . ( 4). ( F). . . ­ , , , ; . 296 2008 , «» , (, , ) (). . , , , . . , , . , . 2002 . , ( 8). , , , , , , , . ( 7). 2050 . . . , : . ( 7). , . , . , , , ( F). , , . , , , , . , , . . ­ , ; . , , , . , , , . , . ­ 297 . , , , , . , , , , , , ( 5). , , , 1992 , , . . , , . , . . , 1990 . , , . , . ,, , , . , , . . ­«», (WWF), , CARE ­ 37. () , , , . , . , 1942 . () 1971 . . ( 7). , , , , «» , . , , , «Codex Alimentarius» ( 11.1). , 298 2008 11.1., / (, , «Via Campensina» [« »]a (, «», « »)b ( ) c «Codex Alimentarius» « » (HarvestPlus)c ,- - (, , )a (, «», « »)a (, , )a c b c ; G8 + 5 , , : -2008. a. . b. . c. ( / / ). , , ( D). , . , , . ( 11.7). . 38 , , . . ( 11.7 11.8). , EMBRAPA , (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria), , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , , , , ­ 299 1 1 . 7 , ­ . , 2004 . « » . XX . , . , , , 1971 . 18 () 100 . ( . 2007 .) . 64 , , 25 ­ , . 250 451 . ( . , ­ 14%). 115 . . 39. « » . , ( 7). . . . , . 2 . , 1979 1983 ., , , , . , , . , , , , , , , . 2010 . . , , , , , , . (, , ). . . . « », « » ­ . ­ , 1,4 2,6. . : , , . 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A4. 1. 2. 3. , : 4. 5. , 6. 358 2008 1. - , % % . - , - . , .- , / . , , ., , ,%, ., %, , %, 2003­2005a 1990­2005% 2003­2005a 2002­2004a 2002­2004aa 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 1990­2005 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 2,4 ­0,3 12,0 383 4,1 40,5 18 704 2,9 21 919 3,4 2,8 0,4 34,0 204 5,4 43,3 4 554 1,1 12 865 1,8 4,0 1,4 48,6 .. 39,9 52,4 1 013 2,8 484 11,9 1,7 ­1,3 55,3 668 58,1 44,9 1 452 3,0 1 022 23,4 12,1 0,0 37,4 2 069 20,9 52,2 7 572 4,3 1 021 9,7 7,3 0,8 47,4 .. .. 53,8 1 747 4,6 159 8,1 3,9 ­0,7 10,1 .. 1,2 8,6 14 700 2,7 4 159 10,3 1,1 ­0,4 35,7 .. 45,7 21,4 778 2,9 2 340 23,0 104,8 1,6 75,3 30 451 51,7 51,5 11 303 3,2 157 21,0 2,8 ­1,5 28,2 .. .. 22,6 1 989 ­0,9 1 797 10,0 0,3 ­1,3 2,8 75 1,8 28,2 3 253 1,5 19 753 1,1 4,9 2,7 60,2 .. .. 46,2 1 274 5,5 311 32,1 2,4 ­1,5 30,2 284 9,9 35,7 2 140 2,6 4 693 10,7 3,3 0,7 36,3 .. .. 35,4 1 132 2,9 300 15,2 2,1 ­1,4 54,8 .. .. 52,3 748 0,1 5 098 10,3 30,2 ­1,6 16,4 16 627 20,8 19,1 39 213 4,1 1 489 6,6 - 10,5 2,6 82,1 .. .. 46,9 1 296 3,6 110 31,0 6,6 1,6 90,3 .. .. 53,3 235 ­1,7 36 38,3 6,2 ­0,3 10,4 384 1,3 23,4 18 633 0,1 18 879 1,0 3,4 ­0,3 34,0 226 5,7 24,5 3 802 0,3 3 588 4,5 1,8 ­3,9 7,1 990 10,3 5,5 3 583 2,1 1 678 4,5 60,7 1,0 74,0 24 721 59,9 49,0 9 936 4,2 182 21,7 5,2 0,5 61,8 .. .. 34,3 720 .. 143 27,9 11,5 1,1 53,0 .. .. 44,8 3 389 3,8 283 37,3 6,5 1,6 53,2 .. 38,7 9,0 6 381 2,7 1 117 22,8 6,0 2,2 67,4 .. .. 48,6 666 4,4 88 19,5 20,5 ­0,2 24,8 892 2,4 37,4 24 594 0,8 14 241 1,0 3,8 1,9 53,9 .. 36,2 21,4 898 2,3 410 13,4 4,5 0,6 41,0 649 14,5 49,2 10 482 ­0,5 8 065 5,9 2,2 ­0,9 47,7 1 124 54,2 39,8 853 ­6,1 1 061 18,4 0,8 0,0 14,5 85 3,1 24,5 3 895 3,0 22 260 1,9 . 3,2 ­0,3 34,1 .. 15,9 18,5 2 544 4,1 1 934 11,8 , . . 41,6 2,0 57,3 .. 28,7 48,2 12 244 3,3 497 15,6 7,5 2,7 65,0 .. .. 47,1 1 047 3,0 136 20,7 1,0 3,3 28,4 77 15,5 70,5 .. .. .. .. . 8,3 0,7 64,5 .. .. 53,7 744 0,6 95 17,6 0,6 1,7 8,4 46 2,0 20,3 .. .. .. .. 771,9 1,4 71,5 .. .. 37,5 123 324 2,5 219 19,3 115,6 ­0,5 53,1 41 652 44,6 43,5 38 429 2,3 421 14,9 1,0 0,6 18,1 59 3,8 69,1 284 0,1 505 2,8 22,6 ­0,3 33,6 .. .. 43,2 17 892 3,2 1 058 11,2 . 1,6 0,6 39,8 120 6,6 6,3 3 820 .. 10 582 2,5 10,0 0,4 23,4 1 005 5,7 33,2 31 709 2,4 12 372 3,5 18,9 0,0 32,5 1 087 5,0 41,8 36 477 1,2 14 380 2,4 , . 14,9 3,1 73,1 .. .. 44,0 1 578 5,0 168 14,3 6,4 ­0,7 42,9 2 465 34,8 26,2 3 036 ­3,0 1 137 7,6 11,2 1,9 80,9 .. 60,3 55,4 1 710 3,8 181 33,7 7,4 0,5 46,3 .. .. 45,1 2 966 5,1 386 20,9 6,4 ­0,1 20,0 436 2,7 45,9 14 687 0,6 20 082 2,2 26,6 2,3 79,5 .. .. 49,0 4 166 2,6 169 28,2 . 3,3 1,2 64,3 982 52,7 36,1 669 3,0 549 34,1 784,5 ­0,4 60,5 .. 44,1 47,7 246 982 3,7 292 12,7 () 0,0 .. 0,0 9 0,3 .. 109 .. .. 0,1 12,2 0,8 27,6 .. 20,6 19,9 11 285 ­0,7 1 346 12,5 , . . 38,2 2,4 68,4 .. .. 53,1 3 018 ­0,1 88 47,9 , . 1,6 2,3 40,2 .. .. 59,8 255 .. 176 5,7 , . 9,3 ­1,3 19,4 1 982 8,7 45,6 22 416 1,0 6 922 3,7 - 1,7 0,6 38,8 262 15,3 10,1 1 473 3,2 1 833 8,7 -' 9,9 1,8 55,4 .. .. 39,9 3 415 2,5 426 22,7 0,0 0,1 1,7 .. .. 0,0 221 6,1 8 078 0,5 0,7 ­0,7 32,1 .. 14,1 30,0 507 ­1,2 2 046 4,2 0,5 0,4 13,5 .. .. 38,7 1 149 1,9 11 485 6,5 1,1 ­0,3 33,3 245 17,2 25,7 1 191 0,7 2 743 6,0 4,4 1,8 79,7 .. .. 48,6 1 157 4,5 264 46,8 1,8 2,7 59,7 .. .. 52,8 357 ­1,9 231 25,6 13,3 2,6 73,4 5 859 78,0 49,6 1 303 1,9 99 28,7 , 0,6 ­1,6 31,9 117 20,9 38,4 589 ­0,1 2 811 13,2 10,5 1,6 83,2 .. .. 56,3 627 6,2 66 37,8 8,4 ­0,5 33,8 .. 14,7 26,7 10 843 1,2 2 898 9,2 9,2 2,1 70,0 .. .. 46,3 1 658 2,9 161 37,2 359 1.() - , % % . - , - . , .- , / . , , ., , ,%, ., %, , %, 2003­2005a 1990­2005% 2003­2005a 2002­2004a 2002­2004aa 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 1990­2005 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 12,5 0,0 42,0 4 048 44,8 57,4 7 515 1,3 719 15,6 24,8 0,5 24,3 6 670 16,7 12,6 24 339 1,7 1 091 3,9 12,9 1,3 66,3 .. .. 59,5 1 220 5,2 83 23,1 2,1 ­0,8 53,4 869 44,4 30,4 417 ­5,3 505 20,0 1,1 1,3 43,3 414 42,3 45,0 353 ­3,4 626 24,3 1,3 1,8 65,4 .. .. 41,3 548 3,0 595 11,0 22,5 1,8 84,7 .. .. 44,1 2 458 2,9 99 38,6 11,2 3,2 83,3 .. .. 47,7 1 089 3,2 93 39,9 72,7 1,2 52,7 .. .. 38,1 16 463 4,0 430 22,1 3,3 ­2,5 20,5 232 2,9 31,9 11 339 1,6 23 396 2,2 2,1 0,9 41,4 .. 18,6 10,1 751 4,0 777 17,9 0,6 0,5 13,9 160 8,2 34,3 .. 2,2 .. .. 1,0 ­0,9 22,9 86 3,7 36,0 3 614 1,7 17 486 1,6 0,7 0,9 28,5 .. .. 6,3 444 3,7 525 1,9 99,5 2,0 65,5 19 593 42,1 42,0 20 537 3,5 272 22,7 1,0 ­1,1 30,2 202 17,0 3,6 1 031 4,1 1 551 7,8 -- 5,0 2,4 86,6 .. .. 49,3 1 539 3,2 355 41,9 2,4 0,8 42,1 .. 32,3 4,8 1 352 3,4 584 21,3 7,6 0,8 27,6 .. 0,8 20,5 4 738 4,9 610 7,4 14,5 ­0,1 38,0 2 597 18,6 40,0 10 760 1,3 1 627 4,7 4,5 ­0,9 43,0 635 12,5 58,7 4 714 ­1,0 3 607 3,2 38,7 ­0,1 26,9 .. 10,8 27,7 27 578 ­0,4 2 037 5,3 7,3 0,6 81,8 .. .. 53,9 785 4,8 98 41,6 10,0 ­0,4 46,1 3 287 34,6 45,6 8 445 0,2 3 404 12,5 2,7 0,4 40,5 480 19,0 8,1 1 421 0,9 695 9,6 4,3 0,9 19,2 304 4,7 8,9 9 819 1,6 5 523 4,2 6,7 2,2 58,6 .. .. 48,9 1 299 2,7 157 17,5 17,1b 3,9b ­2,0b 47,9b .. .. 40,1 3 270b .. 1 851b 0,1 0,0 .. 0,0 5 0,3 0,0 93 ­2,4 19 959 25,8 . . 9,2 2,4 49,5 1 813 30,3 65,2 5 827 5,6 1 196 4,0 2,4 0,2 43,8 125 5,7 27,5 1 620 4,1 3 700 2,6 1,0 ­0,1 49,0 84 9,2 46,2 711 0,0 29 206 36,1 21,4 0,8 60,1 .. .. 38,1 7 572 9,1 371 1,3 57,4 ­0,5 19,5 2 753 1,9 25,3 133 850 3,5 23 066 46,2 - 3,2 0,9 60,0 .. .. 46,4 478 .. 150 24,2 4,9 2,0 75,1 .. .. 52,2 422 ­0,1 210 10,1 43,3 0,8 67,9 15 178 44,4 46,3 16 164 1,8 554 45,8 28,6 2,3 76,2 .. .. 53,6 4 797 3,7 167 41,9 3,6 1,9 60,6 .. .. 42,1 829 3,1 242 12,1 3,5 0,4 35,1 .. .. 41,7 3 310 2,4 1 432 19,9 2,6 1,7 54,0 .. .. 51,9 1 204 ­5,7 793 12,7 23,7 0,2 33,2 7 509 34,3 64,2 31 585 1,1 1 545 32,4 24,4 3,1 87,5 .. 69,1 49,2 2 167 3,9 101 30,7 16,3 2,0 63,2 .. .. 45,4 3 188 2,6 486 11,7 15,3 ­0,9 32,3 .. 19,5 31,0 6 786 ­2,1 1 035 11,0 0,3 ­1,7 8,1 .. 4,4 12,9 1 528 1,9 4 156 14,7 31,1 ­0,1 38,1 11 544 37,2 24,5 12 949 2,4 429 3,1 2,0 0,4 38,9 121 5,1 35,4 4 863 1,5 18 515 2,4 14,2 ­0,2 23,5 1 006 4,2 33,9 42 432 1,1 25 639 7,1 1,9 ­0,9 43,7 270 16,1 33,4 2 024 ­0,8 6 855 55,2 2,5 1,9 62,1 .. .. 51,1 723 3,9 262 26,1 7,1 2,8 75,1 .. .. 51,8 1 042 3,9 155 3,1 2,7 0,4 26,4 215 4,5 28,8 3 004 0,8 4 045 5,7 2,1 ­0,6 12,7 801 13,5 12,9 4 934 3,7 2 076 1,3 1,9 ­0,9 25,2 162 4,1 38,1 4 029 ­2,1 9 481 1,6 1,4 ­0,1 15,8 92 2,1 34,3 4 620 ­0,1 16 600 17,9 - 16,5 1,1 84,8 2 540 34,7 35,1 3 276 1,4 353 7,0 4,9 0,4 37,7 .. 9,0 15,9 2 260 1,1 699 17,1 3,4 2,2 80,9 .. .. 51,4 119 ­1,7 37 43,9 58,9 1,9 84,2 .. .. 40,4 3 893 2,4 64 3,1 19,1 0,8 41,2 .. 11,3 25,5 5 565 1,3 947 5,6 1,2 0,2 47,2 .. 19,7 29,5 461 ­1,5 912 1,7 43,8 ­0,3 34,3 2 927 4,6 42,7 74 849 ­0,7 19 177 17,6 . , . b. . 360 2008 2. - (),- ,% - - . . % - . /, , , - - . %. %. 2004., . . , , 2000. ./ . . . % % 2004 2004 2000 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 1980­1984a 2000­2004a 2003­2005a 1993­2004b 1995­2003b .. .. 3, 38 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16, 4 5, 7 .. .. 29, 3 67 .. .. .. .. 11, 5 3, 1 .. .. 17, 2 31 99, 8 .. .. .. 11, 5 2, 6 .. .. 34, 8 .. .. .. .. .. 7, 1 1, 0 .. .. 153, 1 .. .. 1 236 2, 8 .. 7, 4 6, 6 ­19, 2 ­15, 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13, 4 4, 5 .. .. 25, 4 .. 98, 6 838 1, 7 0, 44 53, 7 2, 4 ­3, 8 3, 9 326, 0 37 18, 7 .. .. .. 0, 5 1, 0 .. .. .. 64 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0, 40 36, 8 7, 0 .. .. 18, 6 32 5, 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3, 1 98, 0 .. .. 202 6, 8 .. 81, 3 8, 4 .. .. 93, 0 .. 29, 0 .. .. .. 9, 2 1, 7 .. .. .. .. 99, 0 15 304 36, 6 .. 18, 0 5, 0 ­23, 7 2, 0 .. 53 .. - 294 6, 9 0, 71 64, 5 8, 6 .. .. 36, 1 25 0, 2 .. .. 0, 36 14, 1 4, 1 .. .. 75, 2 19 0, 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26, 8 .. .. .. , 209 4, 5 .. 9, 0 20, 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0, 13 217, 2 7, 8 .. 20, 6 .. 84 72, 3 .. .. .. 44, 8 7, 7 .. .. 106, 9 .. 5, 2 127 0, 7 0, 47 57, 0 3, 3 ­25, 2 ­2, 4 74, 1 61 20, 9 187 1, 7 .. 10, 6 3, 8 .. .. 67, 1 55 .. .. .. 0, 46 13, 5 6, 0 .. .. 36, 7 22 1, 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54, 2 6, 6 .. .. 64, 2 .. 35, 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10, 8 3, 8 .. .. 63, 1 .. 99, 7 .. .. 3, 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 319 4, 8 .. 7, 7 5, 3 ­30, 7 2, 5 5, 2 .. .. . . . 4 338 11, 4 0, 72 44, 8 3, 9 ­13, 3 ­9, 2 16, 8 .. .. 66 3, 8 0, 62 41, 4 3, 0 ­25, 5 ­30, 5 129, 7 .. 2, 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116, 3 .. .. . 355 9, 3 .. 6, 9 3, 6 ­46, 7 ­72, 9 238, 8 .. 8, 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 70 154 11, 7 0, 34 417, 1 11, 9 2, 5 15, 1 106, 4 61 48, 1 3 609 3, 1 0, 21 134, 0 3, 7 15, 3 36, 5 191, 8 94 89, 9 .. .. 2, 05 2, 7 0, 3 .. .. 98, 3 .. .. , . .. .. 0, 52 2, 0 1, 6 .. .. 12, 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1, 63 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , . .. .. .. 34, 0 8, 7 .. .. 82, 2 21 26, 0 .. .. .. 2, 4 1, 3 .. .. .. 77 .. .. .. .. 62, 0 10, 9 .. .. 27, 1 81 9, 0 223 1, 5 .. 30, 7 3, 7 ­17, 8 ­0, 8 18, 4 20 21, 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 396 4, 1 2, 68 112, 4 10, 4 ­29, 9 3, 7 149, 5 44 4, 3 . .. .. .. 8, 5 4, 2 .. .. 57, 7 76 99, 6 114 948 11, 3 0, 43 199, 3 8, 5 ­50, 8 0, 9 45, 9 97 .. () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 644 2, 1 .. 48, 5 5, 7 3, 9 28, 6 12, 1 .. .. , . . .. .. .. 18, 6 0, 5 .. .. 92, 9 26 .. , . .. .. 1, 53 0, 4 0, 1 .. .. 9, 1 .. .. , . 23 089 76, 8 1, 73 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - 165 5, 5 .. 11, 2 14, 5 .. .. .. .. .. -' 217 4, 0 0, 86 5, 7 1, 7 ­57, 3 ­41, 4 30, 6 .. 22, 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30, 8 90, 0 .. .. .. .. .. 5, 6 3, 0 .. .. 11, 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26, 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 39, 3 13, 0 .. .. 21, 7 64 .. .. .. 0, 99 43, 9 15, 5 .. .. 75, 5 .. 2, 5 .. .. 0, 25 31, 4 2, 8 ­51, 4 0, 7 49, 2 25 5, 2 , .. .. .. 7, 5 2, 9 .. .. .. .. .. 173 7, 4 0, 49 60, 5 9, 5 .. .. 116, 5 38 1, 0 2 988 12, 7 1, 58 2, 5 0, 8 ­5, 7 2, 3 .. .. .. 383 10, 5 1, 01 61, 9 8, 4 .. .. 27, 9 .. 2, 2 361 2.() - (),- ,% - - . . % - . /, , , - - . %. %. 2004., . . , , 2000. ./ . . . % % 2004 2004 2000 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 1980­1984a 2000­2004a 2003­2005a 1993­2004b 1995­2003b 1 039 5, 4 1, 00 23, 2 2, 5 ­35, 3 ­2, 6 .. .. .. 5 893 17, 0 .. 6, 5 2, 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58, 7 4, 7 .. .. 171, 5 .. 2, 1 .. .. .. 13, 6 7, 2 .. .. 20, 2 .. 98, 9 .. .. .. 6, 5 4, 0 .. .. 37, 6 36 27, 8 .. .. .. 7, 7 5, 0 .. .. 10, 3 57 .. 259 2, 1 0, 27 45, 3 7, 5 .. .. 46, 6 17 17, 4 .. .. 0, 20 26, 4 4, 6 .. .. 66, 3 37 0, 2 1 560 7, 1 0, 38 17, 5 0, 6 13, 5 ­5, 7 16, 4 47c 27, 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52, 0 5, 2 .. ­9, 9 47, 9 28 41, 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3, 61 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0, 9 11, 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0, 24 102, 4 2, 6 ­14, 2 ­2, 7 45, 8 61 69, 0 155 10, 5 .. 3, 3 6, 1 .. .. .. .. .. -- .. .. 0, 78 10, 4 3, 1 .. .. .. 68 2, 9 363 5, 0 .. 6, 7 10, 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47, 1 10, 1 .. .. 59, 7 43 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5, 0 .. .. .. .. .. 3, 05 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6, 2 47, 4 81 .. .. .. .. 31, 7 5, 9 .. .. 43, 8 .. 0, 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 56, 4 0, 6 89 .. 9 2, 9 .. 6, 9 4, 0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0, 3 3, 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1, 02 61, 8 .. 7, 1 ­30,3 .. ­12, 1 .. 29, 1 .. 6, 0 d .. .. .. 42, 4 .. .. .. 35, 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. 0, 58 2, 4 1, 9 .. 25, 4 12, 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72, 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ­18, 8 ­1, 7 .. .. .. .. .. 0, 17 7, 4 0, 5 .. .. 523, 7 .. .. .. .. 2, 65 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - .. .. .. 12, 2 2, 8 .. .. 44, 4 .. .. 5 502 11, 7 .. 33, 7 14, 8 ­0, 1 7, 6 86, 3 74 96, 2 .. .. .. 19, 8 3, 9 ­59, 1 ­25, 9 0, 7 .. .. 55 1, 6 0, 40 104, 6 5, 7 .. .. 120, 2 38 1, 1 1 387 15, 7 0, 75 1, 1 1, 5 .. .. 2, 9 .. 2, 4 .. .. 0, 70 3, 2 0, 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0, 4 2, 6 .. .. .. .. .. 459 4, 1 .. 6, 9 0, 5 ­16, 7 1, 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0, 50 46, 6 3, 5 .. .. 245, 4 .. 2, 4 .. .. .. 11, 3 5, 4 .. ­12, 7 .. 57 99, 3 103 3, 0 .. 2, 6 0, 4 .. .. 104, 6 .. .. 2 395 5, 0 .. 1, 2 3, 3 0, 8 27, 0 .. .. .. .. .. 0, 41 38, 8 7, 1 .. .. 80, 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2, 8 1, 4 .. .. .. .. .. - .. .. .. 8, 8 8, 1 .. .. 5, 5 .. 0, 3 .. .. .. 19, 8 5, 4 .. 21, 9 46, 6 5 0, 1 422 7, 5 .. .. .. 4, 2 6, 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4, 9 5, 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 655 5, 3 .. .. .. ­7, 5 ­3, 8 .. .. .. - 295 8, 2 0, 64 93, 4 7, 2 9, 9 12, 2 66, 9 .. .. .. .. .. 21, 8 8, 6 .. .. 23, 3 .. .. 930 4, 3 1, 73 9, 6 3, 2 ­14, 4 ­8, 2 .. .. 2, 1 .. .. 0, 38 129, 4 6, 4 21, 4 ­1, 5 1 288, 0 32 0, 4 .. .. 3, 04 13, 2 1, 8 .. .. .. 21 .. .. .. .. 4, 1 4, 2 .. .. 11, 5 .. .. 355 9,3 3, 62 .. .. ­46,7 ­72,9 .. .. .. . , . b. , . . . 362 2008 3. - - - - - (. 100 - 1- 1 - b - - - , - . - % - , % d, . - ,% 3 % 2003­2005a 2003­05a 2001­2003a 1990­2003 2003­2005a 2000­2002a 2005 2002c 1990­2005 699 0,5 1998 0,84 49,5 ­0,9 76 .. 8 595 62 0,0 48 799 57,2 .. .. 5,2 2,0 47 .. 24 202 75 0,2 1 454 4,1 2000 0,59 0,3 0,0 220 21,1 6 680 1 ­0,2 2 064 1,0 .. .. 70,5 0,4 12 .. 966 68 0,0 8 215 1,1 2001 0,65 6,9 1,1 13e .. 341 65 ­1,8 3 590 0,3 .. .. 2,3 0,0 3e .. 9 284 60 0,2 28 900 8,2 2002 0,85 5,4 0,0 47e .. 7 123 74 0,4 555 1,7 .. .. 51,2 0,0 21 .. 3 017 66 1,2 8 417 0,1 1996 0,48 54,3 3,8 198 3,7 740 96 0,1 5 636 5,1 .. .. 2,3 0,0 185 .. 3 805 30 ­0,5 863 5,2 2000 0,56 4,6 8,6 .. .. 1 145 .. 0,1 2 917 0,7 .. .. 0,4 2,0 0e .. 1 221 45 1,9 3 480 7,6 .. .. 16,5 ­6,4 145 .. 2 713 19 ­0,6 3 256 0,9 .. .. 4,1 0,5 6e .. 33 054 81 0,4 1 109 7,6 .. .. 0,3 5,1 41 .. 9 086 .. 0,1 66 600 2,5 1996 0,77 4,4 0,8 136e 10,5 29 066 62 0,5 - 4 900 0,4 1993 0,42 0,5 1,5 7e .. 945 86 0,3 1 355 0,2 .. .. 1,6 2,6 1e .. 1 338 77 3,2 5 784 5,9 2000 0,66 3,0 0,3 299 50,7 2 408 3 ­0,6 4 805 4,5 .. .. 4,8 0,8 115 9,4 595 32 ­0,6 , 3 400 1,6 1997 0,88 16,9 1,5 135e .. 27 185 47 0,6 8 920 0,2 1998 0,50 33,9 0,2 245 20,8 4 410 68 ­2,5 1 100 0,2 .. .. 8,4 0,4 .. .. 1 524 94 0,6 6 385 0,5 .. .. 0,5 0,3 4e 0,1 1 370 66 1,7 2 050 0,4 .. .. 6,4 0,6 90e .. 8 667 80 1,1 1 750 0,2 1995 0,48 5,6 0,5 2e .. 25 104 90 0,6 12 078 7,0 2000 0,63 4,0 0,0 217 21,3 1 297 20 ­0,2 1 428 0,7 1993 0,66 5,6 1,2 41e 25,1 13 311 80 2,5 3 800 2,9 2000 0,58 37,4 1,4 119 26,0 5 223 80 ­0,9 1 066 1,3 2004 0,65 44,1 0,2 24 .. 12 985 59 0,0 2 265 12,9 2000 0,51 19,6 0,2 116 12,5 1 108 43 ­0,8 . 1 596 1,2 .. .. 17,2 1,8 .. 35,8 2 218 66 0,0 , . . 3 469 0,1 2000 0,38 100,1 1,7 572 .. 24 86 ­3,5 5 289 0,7 .. .. 2,8 15,0 .. .. 6 873 76 0,9 222 0,6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3 350 0,4 .. .. 5,2 4,7 30e .. 945 79 1,4 402 2,7 1995 .. 45,4 0,1 1 608 .. 116 62 ­0,7 169 583 0,3 1991 0,58 32,7 1,4 107 .. 1 152 86 ­0,4 36 500 0,4 1993 0,46 12,7 0,2 91 .. 12 867 91 1,6 275 0,5 1997 0,78 27,3 1,2 498 17,0 129 75 0,0 , 18 092 1,1 2003 0,75 42,7 0,7 51 .. 1 883 91 0,0 . 1 203 3,3 2000 0,44 .. .. 452 16,3 11 781 0 ­3,4 18 614 7,3 .. .. 20,7 0,9 108 17,4 2 562 68 ­2,2 10 525 4,1 2000 0,80 24,9 0,1 137 61,3 3 114 45 ­1,3 , . 1 669 0,2 .. .. 31,4 2,5 2e .. 195 95 0,0 22 562 8,5 .. .. 15,7 0,1 7 .. 4 978 82 0,2 3 852 0,4 2004 0,69 7,0 0,6 3 .. 8 571 98 1,3 7 160 0,9 .. .. 0,4 1,1 8e 0,9 16 726 74 0,9 52 115 72,9 1991 0,64 1,5 0,8 51e .. 88 238 12 0,0 5 212 0,2 .. .. 1,8 4,1 44e 3,5 604 64 0,3 . 1 391 1,1 2002 0,90 76,0 0,2 14 .. 9 041 94 ­0,3 115 632 0,1 2004 0,41 47,5 1,2 395e .. 2 156 68 ­1,7 () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 690 0,4 .. .. 23,3 2,2 173 166,7 46 990 46 0,1 , . . 7 800 0,2 1990 0,37 0,1 0,7 .. .. 15 639 31 0,3 , . 547 0,4 .. .. 0,4 3,7 .. .. 55 515 9 0,1 , . 1 839 0,6 1990 0,34 47,1 ­1,0 389 120,5 1 344 48 0,1 - 525 0,7 .. .. 20,6 3,2 365e 225,3 25 975 53 0,4 -' 6 900 0,9 2001 0,65 1,1 0,5 10e .. 4 231 65 ­0,1 18 0,7 .. .. 77,0 13,9 886 .. .. 52 ­6,7 1 032 4,2 2001 0,58 2,1 0,7 87 .. 7 259 13 ­0,4 313 3,1 1999 0,69 33,2 1,7 96e .. 1 197 67 ­0,8 1 725 4,0 2003 0,62 0,4 ­6,5 143 2,9 4 569 7 ­0,5 1 074 0,2 1999 0,41 17,2 2,1 .. .. 33 616 90 0,5 500 0,3 .. .. 9,8 0,2 .. .. 130 88 2,4 3 550 0,3 .. .. 30,6 0,4 3e 0,3 18 113 96 0,4 , 612 2,9 .. .. 9,0 ­3,0 18 .. 2 655 .. 0,0 2 590 0,3 .. .. 2,3 8,9 23e .. 1 250 80 0,8 7 585 2,0 .. .. 4,8 0,5 203e .. 22 882 62 0,4 4 840 0,5 .. .. 5,0 11,8 .. .. 4 438 90 0,7 363 3. () - - - - - (. 100 - 1- 1 - b - - - , - . - % - , % d, . - ,% 3 % 2003­2005a 2003­05a 2001­2003a 1990­2003 2003­2005a 2000­2002a 2005 2002c 1990­2005 9 376 0,9 1996 0,62 15,5 1,3 52e .. 962 87 ­0,1 27 300 1,2 .. .. 23,2 0,7 67e .. 3 967 77 0,5 4 580 0,3 .. .. 2,7 1,0 5e .. 5 068 87 0,2 2 148 2,6 .. .. 13,9 ­0,4 10 .. 258 33 ­0,2 1 200 2,1 .. .. 7,0 0,4 4e .. 13 626 52 0,7 820 0,9 1997 0,36 1,0 4,7 2e .. 3 052 71 0,8 2 484 0,1 2002 0,49 47,2 1,0 12 .. 7 305 96 1,6 14 500 1,2 .. .. 0,5 1,0 0e .. 251 95 2,3 33 400 0,9 .. .. 0,8 1,2 6e .. 1 563 69 2,4 940 1,9 2000 0,57 60,0 0,1 564 85,2 674 34 ­0,4 2 161 2,2 2001 0,72 2,8 0,2 28e 19,1 36 840 83 1,4 3 372 10,2 .. .. 8,5 0,1 300e 9,8 79 778 42 ­0,5 .. .. .. .. .. 2,5 .. .. 82 625 11 ­0,2 80 0,1 .. .. 88,4 1,9 .. 12,1 390 90 0,0 22 110 0,3 2001 0,41 81,1 0,9 167 6,1 336 96 1,6 695 1,0 2001 0,75 6,2 3,2 33e .. 45 613 28 0,1 -- 875 0,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 059 .. 0,4 3 136 1,4 1991 0,93 2,1 0,3 75e 21,5 15 936 71 0,8 4 310 0,6 1994 0,86 27,9 0,1 73e 11,7 57 780 82 0,1 12 794 1,9 2002 0,70 0,7 0,0 126 5,7 1 404 8 ­0,2 2 334 1,8 1999 0,75 27,2 0,3 113 55,9 3 602 78 ­1,5 123 970 9,2 .. .. 3,7 ­1,8 13 .. 30 135 18 0,0 1 470 0,2 .. .. 0,7 8,3 .. 0,9 1 051 68 ­3,4 9 845 4,0 .. .. 31,2 ­0,1 41 8,7 1 955 57 0,0 910 0,4 .. .. 4,9 0,9 66e .. 2 587 59 1,4 3 798 2,1 .. .. 42,7 0,1 99e .. 104 89 0,0 2 507 0,3 1999 0,50 4,6 4,0 22e 1,6 2 213 93 0,5 e 3 751 2,1 .. .. 0,8 ­10,9 .. 8,0 5 456 .. ­0,4 1 0,2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 138 .. 0,0 . . 5 602 1,1 .. .. 24,0 4,3 73 5,3 368 95 ­1,6 1 426 3,3 .. .. 12,6 ­3,6 95 20,3 2 339 .. 0,0 203 8,3 1991 0,62 1,5 4,6 330 69,6 9 348 .. ­0,4 17 420 0,9 .. .. 11,0 0,1 4e .. 828 97 0,8 177 851 30,6 2002 0,78 12,5 0,6 114 .. 9 446 41 ­0,1 - 645 0,2 .. .. 5,0 0,5 .. .. 28 957 92 0,6 1 057 0,5 .. .. 68,2 0,0 .. .. 10 122 92 0,0 17 687 0,6 1993 0,47 26,6 1,3 113e 10,1 3 269 95 0,6 5 100 0,2 1996 0,38 3,5 1,8 13e .. 2 183 89 1,0 2 630 0,8 1996 0,42 0,3 0,0 6e .. 1 871 45 2,9 4 930 2,1 .. .. 8,0 1,1 26e .. 419 82 ­4,3 2 266 1,5 .. .. 89,1 1,2 .. .. 290 98 0,0 26 409 1,3 2001 0,58 19,5 2,0 75 9,8 3 150 74 ­0,3 7 350 0,3 1991 0,59 0,1 0,0 1e .. 1 353 40 1,8 5 040 0,8 .. .. 87,4 0,1 .. .. 623 93 ­0,5 33 375 5,1 .. .. 6,8 ­1,5 15 .. 1 128 52 ­0,2 1 412 3,8 2000 0,79 14,3 3,8 122e 25,3 17 848 96 ­4,4 10 700 0,4 2002 0,57 14,5 0,0 84e .. 5 767 74 2,2 2 228 8,5 .. .. 2,9 0,0 128 5,6 20 396 3 ­0,1 19 597 11,8 2000 0,58 13,3 1,9 204 45,5 2 932 10 ­0,5 1 345 4,6 2003 0,67 0,4 12,4 122 .. 8 485 .. ­0,1 2 024 0,7 .. .. 0,1 5,9 .. .. 34 920 4 0,1 3 630 0,5 .. .. 0,8 5,3 .. .. 1 539 83 0,6 3 292 4,4 2000 0,92 0,7 0,0 130 11,4 1 290 2 0,0 2 307 1,0 1997 0,58 82,4 1,2 249e .. 54 249 64 ­0,4 433 1,0 1990 0,50 5,8 0,0 198 33,4 5 432 2 ­0,4 2 681 9,6 .. .. 4,3 0,0 105 6,1 18 949 9 0,0 - 1 916 0,2 .. .. 34,4 2,2 137e .. 2 548 95 1,2 2 524 0,8 2000 0,71 33,0 0,4 89 26,3 32 657 82 1,4 565 0,2 .. .. 3,7 ­0,6 1e .. 636 97 0,3 11 769 0,2 2002 0,47 2,6 4,3 3e 0,6 1 712 94 0,9 15 712 2,7 .. .. 9,5 2,1 49e 15,6 955 63 0,0 284 0,6 1996 0,79 8,8 0,0 26e .. 3 541 49 0,1 4 714 1,2 1995 0,59 54,7 ­0,7 364 .. 3 365 62 0,0 a. , . b. , , . c. 1987­2002 ., . d. . e. 2004­2005 . f. . 364 2008 4. - - - - - - - - - - , - , - , , , - , , /, %, , %, , %, . .. , 2003­ %,1990­ 2003­ 1990­ 2003­ 1990­ 2003­ 1990­ ,%, 2003­ 2003­ .. 2005a 2005 2005a 2005 2005a 2005 2005aa 2005 1990­2004 2005a 2005a 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 161 ­1,5 3 371 2,7 26 2,9 281 3,4 3,2 104 351 41 9,9 1 925 3,9 1 946 0,5 206 2,0 269 2,8 1,7 ­3 146 4 509 17 019 19,5 590 0,1 5 978 0,8 115 0,8 197 2,5 0,6 ­9 6 577 4 639 4,5 246 6,5 2 595 4,4 17 4,0 247 4,7 0,5 160 345 226 6,4 122 2,9 1 438 3,7 18 1,8 186 4,9 1,1 1 286 3 422 49 0,2 49 7,3 583 4,8 9 2,4 47 0,5 2,1 .. .. .. .. 941 4,0 3 850 2,9 105 0,4 283 1,6 1,8 ­2 798 862 16 577 47,5 127 3,2 1 936 1,4 18 0,2 342 2,3 1,8 69 221 18 2,8 285 3,2 3 535 2,8 3 2,7 28 2,5 1,2 339 2 249 482 7,2 604 ­1,2 2 758 0,4 66 ­2,1 239 4,0 ­1,8 208 1 459 1 063 8,0 265 .. 8 788 .. 174 .. 292 .. 0,4 ­447 21 442 24 556 8,2 135 5,1 1 144 1,8 6 1,3 76 3,2 2,6 75 217 220 82,5 733 ­1,9 3 279 ­0,3 28 ­6,6 184 ­5,7 ­1,4 ­141 832 954 9,8 162 3,6 1 851 1,9 49 3,7 165 2,2 1,8 82 230 560 25,1 303 2,6 3 627 ­0,1 11 ­3,1 251 3,1 ­1,7 119 816 114 6,8 339 3,4 3 133 3,6 106 5,7 249 1,7 2,7 817 3 545 26 656 27,7 - 263 3,6 1 040 2,1 17 4,2 24 0,0 1,3 52 114 245 83,1 38 ­0,4 1 324 ­0,3 3 ­3,2 265 0,3 ­2,0 11 18 38 43,4 360 ­0,1 7 085 0,8 56 ­0,7 49 ­2,6 ­1,0 322 36 159 12 700 3,7 1 377 1,0 4 719 0,7 107 ­1,9 327 ­0,7 ­0,4 ­381 2 201 3 581 6,6 , 132 3,8 3 310 1,8 52 4,6 147 1,6 0,7 407 1 800 208 0,5 475 5,0 4 641 3,1 32 7,0 162 5,6 3,8 ­512 1 382 4 591 26,5 45 ­0,6 824 ­1,4 12 4,3 142 0,2 ­1,1 .. .. .. .. 91 3,6 1 437 1,5 8 1,7 160 6,2 3,1 162 820 1 818 56,4 95 ­1,6 1 747 ­0,6 20 4,2 241 4,2 0,6 204 981 1 515 41,5 130 4,4 1 476 2,6 6 5,6 180 1,3 0,8 57 124 13 2,4 551 1,9 6 614 1,4 85 0,5 63 ­1,4 0,1 ­1 529 48 859 34 613 3,9 77 ­2,1 1 475 0,2 29 5,7 305 1,2 ­0,7 169 590 787 52,6 449 ­0,3 3 905 0,7 42 ­0,9 673 ­0,6 ­0,6 331 5 360 3 390 22,0 154 3,2 2 050 ­0,3 24 ­0,2 233 ­2,3 1,3 103 306 85 13,8 1 685 0,6 6 088 0,7 438 2,7 61 ­1,5 ­0,2 ­162 7 695 14 589 19,7 . 68 2,3 4 138 0,5 40 3,4 212 0,6 ­1,7 156 640 289 35,5 , . . 296 3,5 7 545 2,3 20 4,8 329 4,4 2,1 1 061 3 296 1 143 13,9 107 ­0,6 1 732 1,3 .. .. 32 0,0 ­0,9 35 171 278 19,4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 222 0,5 .. .. .. .. .. . 85 ­3,3 673 ­3,7 16 3,4 30 1,5 0,0 217 426 813 42,2 43 ­1,4 3 171 ­0,2 86 7,4 454 0,7 ­0,3 538 2 252 1 541 4,1 219 1,4 2 417 1,6 6 3,2 118 3,8 0,9 ­1 797 5 117 8 867 10,8 298 1,5 4 278 0,8 12 2,6 97 4,3 0,8 1 003 4 923 10 606 15,1 15 ­4,9 1 418 1,6 26 3,9 282 2,3 ­0,7 326 1 194 410 13,3 , . 321 2,2 2 407 3,3 24 2,7 398 4,0 2,1 827 2 776 1 701 3,7 539 1,2 7 442 1,1 253 0,6 59 ­1,2 ­0,8 352 4 262 7 505 7,3 470 1,4 3 052 2,2 125 3,3 700 1,7 1,4 1 535 21 850 24 080 13,5 359 0,8 5 043 1,1 69 0,2 568 0,1 ­0,1 ­523 31 957 19 320 5,6 , . 23 ­2,6 740 ­1,2 12 5,4 63 3,7 ­0,2 347 1 045 194 4,5 905 ­2,4 1 048 1,3 49 ­4,9 196 9,5 ­2,5 ­446 878 919 4,5 379 6,0 2 231 4,0 16 4,2 58 0,8 1,9 14 76 50 2,2 102 4,3 1 532 3,4 14 1,8 229 2,8 0,7 216 432 604 25,2 1 626 ­0,7 3 018 0,8 166 4,4 99 1,0 0,3 ­3 077 15 024 22 486 7,1 101 0,9 1 682 ­0,1 15 2,1 119 3,6 ­0,6 132 429 1 077 54,0 . 325 2,4 2 776 2,3 37 ­0,7 191 8,1 2,2 22 101 118 18,3 313 0,0 5 095 1,2 58 6,3 390 9,3 4,4 ­520 26 232 22 968 3,8 () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 450 8 912 189 0,9 109 1,3 3 821 3,5 36 2,1 202 2,4 0,3 564 1 822 3 611 21,2 , . . 27 0,1 772 ­0,2 4 0,2 52 ­2,7 ­4,5 .. .. .. .. , . 3 3,1 790 0,9 8 2,8 82 3,2 ­0,7 .. .. .. .. , . 142 ­0,8 6 238 0,6 36 3,5 296 1,4 0,7 1 992 12 317 2 697 1,1 - 47 ­1,4 3 140 ­0,1 47 2,1 1 066 4,2 0,6 148 603 2 108 33,5 -' 92 1,5 1 719 6,0 10 2,4 153 1,5 0,4 283 781 3 241 50,3 1 14,9 2 578 1,0 .. .. 92 11,1 10,7 174 1 152 51 0,3 476 0,5 2 436 3,1 32 ­8,1 100 ­3,5 ­4,7 ­1 681 342 8,2 38 5,2 2 493 1,7 50 7,5 447 ­2,1 ­2,3 120 1 190 201 14,0 806 1,5 3 083 4,1 60 ­3,8 144 ­0,2 ­2,4 ­72 1 042 1 087 11,4 490 5,6 3 648 3,5 17 5,4 176 13,0 3,8 .. .. .. .. 53 1,1 953 1,2 30 3,7 10 1,6 ­0,6 41 112 84 25,6 191 2,0 2 369 1,2 16 0,8 68 0,8 ­1,9 90 182 387 74,0 , 295 ­0,3 3 074 1,6 14 ­2,4 447 0,8 ­0,2 43 377 216 12,7 141 2,6 1 149 1,8 5 2,5 90 3,3 3,7 41 167 413 85,0 93 1,0 3 321 1,0 51 2,2 73 1,3 1,4 643 5 594 10 562 8,5 245 3,2 979 1,4 20 3,5 72 2,6 ­0,3 50 175 340 35,9 365 4.() - - - - - - - - - - , - , - , , , - , , /, %, , %, , %, . .. , 2003­ %,1990­ 2003­ 1990­ 2003­ 1990­ 2003­ 1990­ ,%, 2003­ 2003­ .. 2005a 2005 2005a 2005 2005a 2005 2005aa 2005 1990­2004 2005a 2005a 2003­2005a 2003­2005a 233 0,5 1 243 0,4 20 2,6 255 2,9 0,6 727 1 967 2 133 21,4 299 1,4 3 009 1,4 52 3,6 253 3,7 1,1 2 158 13 251 8 400 4,4 99 10,5 925 7,7 5 1,1 23 ­0,9 0,9 150 289 245 17,0 620 0,5 2 592 ­1,5 23 ­6,6 386 ­4,1 ­2,4 6 237 274 32,4 50 ­12,0 690 ­2,8 73 ­1,6 23 7,3 ­0,7 48 120 91 10,8 54 2,7 441 2,0 .. .. 20 7,0 ­2,2 42 290 598 28,7 288 2,7 2 286 1,8 10 2,4 97 4,0 0,8 12 343 139 21,2 246 3,3 409 2,1 7 ­0,3 57 6,3 0,5 92 195 75 26,2 177 1,7 1 368 1,3 8 2,6 133 3,4 0,7 594 1 925 61 0,3 111 2,3 8 308 0,8 188 ­0,7 290 0,5 ­1,5 872 25 562 43 339 15,5 175 5,0 1 781 0,8 31 5,7 51 ­1,7 3,3 65 289 567 77,4 218 0,9 7 360 2,5 356 1,1 512 2,3 1,8 137 1 551 10 044 53,6 298 ­0,3 4 161 0,5 62 2,0 45 ­1,3 ­1,1 329 3 222 4 756 5,6 2 0,7 2 332 0,7 .. .. 186 2,6 1,6 118 969 384 2,7 203 2,8 2 456 2,4 13 2,0 68 2,5 0,9 ­715 2 703 1 666 12,1 114 0,3 1 851 0,1 54 4,0 284 ­2,5 ­1,5 77 462 739 83,6 -- 2 6,9 3 539 3,3 .. .. 398 2,5 ­0,1 84 199 324 17,1 300 4,9 2 236 0,9 65 ­0,2 135 0,0 0,8 ­66 200 1 233 81,2 139 6,8 3 426 2,5 37 5,3 210 6,1 4,1 415 1 321 2 461 19,3 698 0,6 3 212 0,7 91 0,9 230 0,9 ­0,4 ­103 5 515 6 261 8,7 106 ­2,1 2 533 2,3 67 1,3 401 0,3 ­0,2 717 6 415 1 859 5,3 506 ­1,2 1 842 2,0 34 ­3,7 131 2,9 ­1,4 ­598 12 426 2 798 1,5 39 2,8 1 029 ­1,3 6 4,0 319 0,1 ­1,0 10 43 30 59,9 872 0,3 3 288 0,8 46 ­3,7 332 1,8 0,9 225 2 005 716 3,1 124 ­0,2 2 530 2,4 20 3,8 77 1,2 ­0,3 110 770 408 30,9 135 ­3,5 4 559 0,2 31 3,6 151 0,8 ­1,3 1 573 6 689 954 0,7 115 1,6 1 089 1,6 11 2,0 65 6,4 ­1,5 345 818 448 34,1 4 194 2,4 19,7 b 1 030 0,4 .. .. 102 ­0,5 343 0,5 2,5 ­100 767 814 1,5 .. .. 1 786 4,2 .. .. 5 9,3 ­14,3 214 4 602 2 844 16,5 . . 307 2,6 4 099 3,8 23 5,3 236 2,6 1,3 185 1 163 967 3,7 611 26,7 5 282 2,4 72 ­4,0 85 ­4,9 .. ­57 1 478 1 000 2,7 262 1,2 .. 0,8 90 0,6 167 ­0,6 1,9 127 1 089 425 13,8 144 2,4 6 443 2,3 10 ­0,5 92 3,4 1,9 288 635 469 8,5 1 253 1,2 1 223 ­0,1 133 2,1 225 1,1 0,6 ­9 847 57 568 61 974 91,4 - 58 ­5,2 2 240 6,8 .. .. 79 1,4 ­2,5 34 71 38 16,3 136 10,7 3 044 2,4 .. .. 155 1,1 ­2,1 46 66 113 16,3 527 3,0 1 403 ­0,1 31 1,8 178 1,5 0,9 ­2 244 4 875 15 550 44,1 126 2,2 1 031 2,4 10 1,9 69 0,4 ­1,2 122 319 583 31,0 132 3,6 1 540 1,2 6 1,8 31 ­1,0 ­0,4 22 75 122 9,3 222 ­0,4 2 878 3,9 25 3,9 333 2,9 0,0 297 1 100 854 10,2 594 12,1 2 397 0,7 45 7,1 215 3,6 4,5 14 189 255 10,1 465 0,7 1 559 0,6 22 2,2 516 2,2 ­0,5 ­105 4 615 6 197 74,0 87 3,0 3 627 7,4 9 1,9 384 1,4 ­0,6 109 265 371 .. 237 8,6 2 439 ­1,1 23 1,6 206 1,0 ­0,3 .. .. .. 10,7 688 ­0,4 4 115 3,9 35 ­5,2 207 1,0 ­2,0 ­662 2 114 3 213 58,9 660 3,7 2 916 2,5 178 1,7 219 2,0 2,1 ­220 332 1 674 6,0 236 2,3 3 187 ­0,5 28 5,6 217 2,6 0,9 794 3 073 2 342 2,4 731 0,9 6 893 0,8 73 1,0 49 0,7 ­0,4 71 2 670 1 416 8,8 1 045 1,1 4 549 1,0 115 0,8 317 0,4 ­0,1 ­4 814 33 167 35 395 8,6 649 1,5 1 046 1,5 31 ­0,1 183 0,3 0,5 73 1 372 658 1,6 49 6,5 741 1,2 32 4,0 77 1,5 1,6 9 24 1 .. 165 5,4 4 716 1,4 13 2,0 22 1,0 0,8 .. .. .. 3,4 725 1,0 5 621 2,5 83 ­0,9 76 ­3,1 ­1,0 ­95 3 460 2 212 19,9 240 2,0 6 076 0,0 70 5,5 469 3,2 1,7 142 1 727 5 941 2,3 135 ­1,8 4 803 0,8 59 ­0,7 109 ­1,2 ­1,0 243 5 912 2 707 2,9 588 0,4 3 438 1,3 61 0,6 38 0,7 ­0,2 ­99 6 870 3 440 22,9 - 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Box 960, «» Herndon, VA 20172-0960, U.S.A. - . , - [ : - ( ), « », 101831, , , 9 .: . (495) 623-68-39, 623-85-68 : (495) 625-42-69 : orders@vesmirbooks.ru http:// www. vesmirbooks. ru]. - , , - - .. . 2006 ., - - . -- . 0,0 . - , . ,2008 --- - - , . . - . , . . - , . - -- . - - - - - - - - - , . . , . -' - , - - , . . . - () () , , . , , . - - - . () - , - - . - - - () - : . . -- , 30 . . 2006 . , "", () : (), 905 .; (), 8 906--3 595 .; (), 3 596--11 115 .; , 11 116 . . 371 1. ()a ()b - - . - , , - , %. . . - - . - , , 15 , , ,% . 0­14 . . ,% ,% . 2006 2000--2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005­2006 2004 2004 2000­2005 2003 3 0,4 115 26 9,3 2 960 18 5 840 4,7 73 79 99 1,0 21 1,2 3 19 738,5 35 990 699 34 060 1,4 78 83 17,8 8 0,5 100 15 326,2 39 590 289 35 130 3,0 77 82 8,7 8 0,9 103 25 15,7 1 850 51 5 960 33,1 70 75 3,5 33 1,5 14 29 101,2 3 030 230d 6 900d 1,5 70 73 70 5,1 16 2,8 13 46 32,4 1 980 39d 2 360d 11,4 40 43 67 0,6 39 1,0 14 26 201,4 5 150 602 15 390 7,4 71 79 97 3,4 3 ­0,4 107 20 5,8 1 930 18 5 890 13,7 70 76 99 1,1 144 1,9 1 109 35 69,9 480 338 2 340 4,9 63 65 47 0,3 10 ­0,5 47 15 32,8 3 380 86 8 810 10,8 63 74 6,3 10 0,4 347 17 404,7 38 600 368 35 090 3,1 77 82 9,9 9 3,1 79 44 4,7 540 10 1 160 1 1 54 56 35 0,3 8 ­0,8 71 14 30,7 3 990 78 10 140 6,7 69 76 98 5,6 9 1,9 9 38 10,3 1 100 27 2 890 2 8 63 67 87 0,9 4 0,3 76 16 11,7 2 980 5,7 72 77 97 4,9 189 1,4 22 28 892,8 4 730 1 661 8 800 2,4 67 75 89 16 - 14 3,1 50 47 6,3 460 18d 1 330d 2,9 48 49 24 0,1 8 3,1 305 45 0,8 100 6d 710d 1,3 44 46 59 0,0 60 0,2 249 18 2 425,2 40 180 2 148 35 580 2,6 77 81 .. 9,4 10 ­0,3 112 15 110,1 10 950 184 18 290 4,2 69 77 5,8 , 27 1,8 31 31 164,0 6 070 201 7 440 8,5 71 77 93 5,6 84 1,3 271 29 58,1 690 278 3 300 6,9 68 73 0,9 9 1,4 314 37 4,1 480 13d 1 490d 0,9 52 53 0,2 23 2,1 99 39 11,8 520 59d 2 640d 4,2 57 58 58 0,4 13 2,4 119 43 34,1 2 640 62d 4 800d 2,1 64 72 69 0,9 9 1,9 37 44 3,7 410 22 2 410 0,8 54 54 29 0,2 82 0,0 236 14 3 018,0 36 620 2 623 31 830 2,9 76 82 9,8 7 2,3 66 39 8,8 1 200 26d 3 540d 3,9 67 71 80 0,9 11 0,3 86 14 241,0 21 690 273 24 560 4,2 77 82 96 8,7 4 ­1,0 64 18 6,9 1 560 16 3 690 10,3 68 75 0,8 5 0,3 128 19 280,7 51 700 198 36 460 3,0 76 80 10,1 . 10 1,6 199 32 27,4 2 850 80 8 290 9,0 69 75 87 2,3 , . . 75 1,9 76 33 101,7 1 350 354 4 690 4,9 68 73 71 2,0 12 1,7 16 46 7,5 630 12 1 000 4,3 39 38 0,2 . 4 3,9 621 45 4,5 1 230 ­1,7 71 76 92 13 0,6 34 39 4,5 340 25 1 950 ­5,4 38 37 89 0,9 7 1,9 325 28 128,7 18 580 176 25 480 3,4 78 82 10,2 1 110 1,5 373 32 906,5 820 4 217d 3 800d 7,7 63 64 61 1,2 223 1,3 123 28 315,8 1 420 881 3 950 4,3 66 70 90 14 6 2,4 63 37 14,7 2 660 35 6 210 4,0 71 74 91 3,3 , . 69 1,4 42 28 207,6 3 000 587 8 490 4,4 70 73 82 5,7 4 1,7 61 20 191,9 45 580 151 35 900 4,7 77 82 10,4 44 1,3 87 14 1 200,7 27 570 1 221 28 030 3,6 77 84 7,4 59 0,5 199 14 1 875,6 32 020 1 789 30 550 2 0 78 83 98 7,7 , . 22 3,1 41 46 16,4 760 20 920 0,2 60 63 54 0,9 15 0,5 6 23 58,0 3 790 119 7 780 9,4 61 72 10,7 14 2,0 81 37 6,9 480 42d 2 920d 8,4 54 61 74 0,0 17 1,9 36 41 18,1 1 080 40 2 370 1,6 46 47 68 0,2 33 0,9 4 17 1 177,4 36 170 1 127 34 610 2,0 78 83 17,9 35 2,3 62 43 20,5 580 46 1 300 3,1 50 48 74 0,3 . 5 0,9 27 31 2,6 490 10 1 990 1,6 65 72 1,1 1 312 0,6 141 21 2 641,6 2 010 10 153e 7 740e 10,1 70 74 91 3,2 () 7 0,8 6 728 14 199,5 28 460 268 38 200 5,9 79 85 5,6 46 1,5 41 31 125,0 2 740 347d 7 620d 5,4 70 76 93 1,3 , . . 59 2,8 26 47 7,7 130 43d 720d 1,9 43 45 67 0,0 , . 4 3,0 12 47 3,8 950 4 940 3,7 52 54 85 0,4 , . 48 0,5 490 18 856,6 17 690 1 152 23 800 4,7 74 81 9,5 - 4 1,8 86 28 21,8 4 980 47d 10 770d 6,4 77 81 95 1,5 -' 18 1,6 58 42 16,0 870 29 1 550 2,3 45 47 49 0,3 3 2,9 148 24 77,7 30 630 74d 29 200 5,3 75 80 93 32,7 2 ­0,6 37 14 18,5 8 100 35 15 350 12,6 66 77 100 2,9 4 1,2 396 28 22,2 5 490 22 5 460 ­1,1 70 75 4,8 3 ­0,5 54 16 26,7 7 870 51 14 930 8,1 65 77 100 3,7 6 1,6 25 40 2,9 500 12 2 050 5,8 62 65 69 0,2 3 2,9 3 43 2,3 740 8d 2 600d 8,7 52 55 51 0,9 19 2,7 33 44 5,3 280 18 960 2,3 55 57 71 0,1 , 2 0,2 80 19 6,2 3 060 16 7 610 2,9 71 76 96 5,2 13 2,2 140 47 2,3 170 9 720 6,2 41 40 0,1 26 1,9 78 32 141,4 5 490 291 11 300 4,2 71 76 89 6,4 14 3,0 11 48 6,1 440 16 1 130 2,5 48 49 24 0,0 30 1,1 68 31 58,0 1 900 152 5 000 6,0 68 73 52 1,3 104 1,0 55 30 820,3 7 870 1 189 11 410 3,6 73 78 92 4,1 20 2,0 26 44 6,9 340 25d 1 220d 6,6 41 42 0,1 4 ­1,3 117 18 3,7 1 100g 11 2 880 5,2 65 72 99 1,8 3 1,2 2 30 2,3 880 6 2 280 7,1 65 68 98 3,2 372 1.() ()a ()b - - . - , , - , %. . . - - . , , , 15 , , ,% . 0­14 . . %2005­ ,% . 2006 2000--2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2004 2004 2000­2005 2003 2 1,3 2 41 6,6 3 230 17d 8 110d 3,6 47 47 85 1,2 28 2,1 193 39 8,1 290 45 1 630 ­0,1 62 63 49 0,1 14 3,4 11 49 3,7 260 12d 830d 0,1 45 45 29 0,1 145 2,5 159 44 92,4 640 152 1 050 3,4 46 47 69 0,4 16 0,5 483 18 698,5 42 670 615 37 580 2 6 77 82 8,7 5 1,1 43 38 5,2 1 000 21d 4 010d 1,7 68 73 77 0,8 4 1,1 15 21 112,4 27 250 112 27 220 1,1 78 82 8,7 5 0,6 15 19 308,9 66 530 203 43 820 2,5 78 83 9,9 3 1,2 8 34 23,0 9 070 37 14 570 2,2 73 76 81 12,8 159 2,4 206 38 122,3 770 398 2 500 4,1 64 65 50 0,8 3 1,8 44 30 16,1 4 890 25 7 680 6,4 73 78 92 1,9 -- 6 2,1 13 40 4,6 770 14d 2 410d 1,8 56 57 57 0,4 6 2,0 15 37 8,4 1 400 31d 5 070d 1,9 69 74 93 0,7 28 1,5 232 32 82,7 2 920 172 6 080 6,5 68 73 88 1,0 38 ­0,1 124 16 312,2 8 190 565 14 830 5,9 71 79 8,0 11 0,6 116 16 191,6 18 100 229 21 580 0,9 75 81 94 5,5 142 ­0,5 9 15 822,4 5 780 1 656 11 630 7,3 59 72 99 10,3 9 2,4 375 43 2,3 250 12d 1 270d 3,0 43 46 65 0,1 22 ­0,7 94 15 104,4 4 850 212 9 820 8,2 68 75 97 4,2 7 1,8 337 34 17,8 2 540 37d 5 340d 2,2 68 74 81 1,0 24 2,3 12 37 289,2 12 510 384d 16 620 3,8 71 75 83 13,7 12 2,4 62 42 8,9 750 22 1 840 1,0 55 58 39 0,4 7 ­0,2 84 29,0 3 910h 6,0 70k 76k 96k 4 1,5 6 376 19 128,8 29 320 139 31 710 6,6 78 82 93 11,4 . . 19 2,5 106 36 30,7 1 570 77 3 930 2,6 72 76 81 2,7 5 0,0 112 16 53,2 9 870 95 17 600 8,3 70 78 7,0 2 0,1 99 14 37,7 18 890 48 23 970 5,4 74 81 100 7,7 37 2,0 16 39 29,9 810 80d 2 160d 10,7 55 58 61 0,3 299 1,0 33 21 13 446,0 44 970 13 233 44 260 2,4 75 81 19,9 - 6 3,7 79 43 1,4 240 5 850 4,9 40 43 35 0,1 7 1,2 47 38 2,6 390 9 1 410 5,6 61 67 99 0,7 65 0,9 127 23 193,7 2 990 592 9 140 4,2 68 74 93 3,9 39 2,6 45 42 13,4 350i 29 740 3,3 46 47 69 0,1 6 2,7 116 43 2,2 350 9d 1 490d ­1,0 53 57 53 0,4 10 1,0 65 25 30,1 2 970 86 8 490 4,1 72 76 74 2,1 5 1,4 10 31 .. ..i .. .. .. 59 67 .. 9,2 73 1,3 95 29 393,9 5 400 661 9 060 4,8 69 74 87 3,1 30 3,4 152 50 8,9 300 45d 1 490d 1,5 49 51 67 0,1 27 1,2 62 32 16,2 610 60 2 250 5,8 64 71 4,8 47 ­0,9 80 14 90,6 1 950 350 7 520 8,3 62 74 99 6,6 3 0,1 19 24 17,6 5 310 37 11 150 6,8 72 79 1,3 85 1,8 284 35 120,2 120 506 5 980 3,5 69 73 93 1,0 5 0,3 17 17 213,6 40 650 185 35 150 5,3 76 82 13,0 61 0,6 111 18 2 297,8 36 550f 2 059 33 740 1,7 77 84 6,2 4 ­0,2 79 15 41,4 9 330 61 13 680 4,7 72 79 98 5,4 . 4 1,3 7 43 1,5 360 5d 1 280d 2,1 39 40 49 0,1 10 3,3 8 47 4,8 480 12d 1 230d ­1,1 43 45 26 0,0 10 ­0,1 132 14 129,5 12 680 219 21 470 6,2 73 79 11,4 16 1,1 22 24 114,9 6 980 185 11 270 3,0 75 81 96 3,7 7 0,6 186 16 425,9 57 230 305 40 930 2,6 79 84 5,5 9 0,3 22 17 394,2 43 580 317 35 070 4,2 78 83 5,9 - 20 0,4 306 24 25,7 1 300 99 5 010 6,6 72 77 91 0,5 13 1,4 48 32 38,1 2 840 59 4 400 3,1 72 78 91 1,8 5 4,1 45 45 0,9 200 5d 1 090d ­4,0 53 57 0,2 73 2,0 73 44 12,9 180 87d 1 190d 6,8 42 43 36 0,1 47 1,2 39 32 255,3 5 390 555d 11 710d 3,9 47 49 7,9 3 0,5 246 31 9,3 3 480 11 4 030 2,3 69 73 4,1 128 0,1 350 14 4 900,0 38 410 4 229 33 150 2,4 79 86 9,6 6 518s 1,2w 50w 28w 48 481,8t 7 439w 66 596t 10,218w 2,8w 66w 70w 82w 4,0w 2 403 1,9 85 06 1 562,3 650 6 485 2 698 6,1 58 60 61 0,8 3 086 0,9 45 25 9 415,4 3 051 24 613 7 976 6,3 68 73 90 3,5 2 276 0,9 81 25 4 635,2 207 15 977 7 020 7,9 69 73 89 2,9 810 0,8 20 25 4 789,7 5 913 8 763 10 817 4,9 66 74 94 5,3 5 489 1,3 57 0 10 977,7 2 000 31 089 5 664 6,0 64 67 79 2,4 . . 1 900 0,9 120 23 3 539,1 1 863 12 958 6 821 8,6 69 73 91 2,8 . 460 0,0 20 20 2 205,8 49 6626 4 444 9 662 6,8 64 74 98 6,8 . . . 556 1,3 28 30 2 650,3 4 767 4 891 8 798 4,2 69 76 90 2,4 . . 311 1,8 35 33 771,2 2 481 2 005 6 447 3,6 68 72 73 3,4 . 1 493 1,7 312 33 1 142,7 766 5 140 3 444 6,9 63 64 58 1,0 770 2,3 33 43 648,3 842 1 565 2 032 3,2 47 48 59 0,7 1 029 0,7 31 18 37 528,9 36 487 35 692 34 701 2,6 76 82 99 12,8 a. «» . b. -- , . - . , . d. , . e. 1986 . (Ruoen and Kai, 1995)., , , . , . f. , , . g. . h. . i - . j (906­3595 .) k. . 373 2. (%) (%) - - - - 1. 1. 2. 2. - - - - . . . ,% ,% ,% ,% 1995 68,1 2001 42,0 55,0 49,6 2001a 3,7 0,6 33,4 9,1 2002 29,6 19,8 25,4 2004a <2 <0,5 10,0 1,6 1988 16,6 7,3 12,2 1995 30,3 14,7 22,6 1995a <2 <0,5 15,1 3,8 1995 28,4 1998 29,9 2004b 6,6 2,1 17,4 7,1 1998­1999 50,8 58,3 55,1 2001 48,7 51,9 50,9 2003a <2 <0,5 31,1 7,1 1995­1996 55,2 29,4 51,0 2000 53,0 36,6 49,8 2000a 41,3 10,3 84,0 38,3 2000 41,9 2002a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1995 25,2 28,5 26,5 1999 33,0 23,3 29,0 2003a 30,9 8,2 73,7 31,7 1997 36,0 2001 12,8 2003a <2 <0,5 6,1 1,5 1997 77,3 53,8 63,2 1999 81,7 50,6 62,7 2002b 23,2 13,6 42,2 23,2 2001­2002 19,9 13,8 19,5 1998 51,4 14,7 22,0 2002­03 41,0 17,5 21,5 2004b 7,5 3,4 21,2 8,5 - 1998 61,1 22,4 54,6 2003 52,4 19,2 46,4 2003a 27,2 7,3 71,8 30,4 1990 36,0 43,0 36,4 1998a 54,6 22,7 87,6 48,9 1993 14,5 1997 17,3 2002a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 , 1989 31,3 2003b 18,5 8,9 40,1 19,2 1998 45,5 9,2 37,4 2002 35,6 6,6 28,9 1987 65,0 1995 66,0 2001b 53,9 26,6 78,0 47,4 1992 50,0 1998­99 49,9 18,6 39,5 1998­1999 44,8 17,3 78,5 40,8 1989 71,9 33,7 57,9 2000 74,5 27,1 56,2 2002b 13,5 5,5 31,9 13,8 1994 40,0 1998­1999 71,2 28,6 52,5 2004 70,4 29,5 50,7 2003b 14,9 4,4 35,7 15,1 2002 55,4 48,5 52,1 2003 52,7 56,2 54,5 2003a 6,5 2,1 25,3 8,6 . 2000 45,3 18,2 27,7 2004 55,7 34,7 42,2 2004b 2,8 0,5 16,2 4,9 , . . 1995­1996 23,3 22,5 22,9 1999­00 16,7 1999­2000 3,1 <0,5 43,9 11,3 1998 83,1 56,0 72,9 2004 78,0 53,0 68,0 2004a 63,8 32,6 87,2 55,2 . 1990­1991 35,8 3,4 25,8 1995­96 48,0 7,9 34,9 1995­1996 56,1 24,2 83,0 48,2 1993­1994 37,3 32,4 36,0 1999­00 30,2 24,7 28,6 2004­2005a 34,3 7,9 80,4 35,0 1996 15,7 1999 34,4 16,1 27,1 2002a 7,5 0,9 52,4 15,7 1997 27,0 19,7 21,3 2002 18,7 12,9 14,2 2002­03a <2 <0,5 7,0 1,5 , 1998a <2 <0,5 7,3 1,5 . , . 1998 45,0 30,8 41,8 1998 15,7 4,5 45,2 15,0 1996 39,0 30,0 34,6 2003a <2 <0,5 16,0 3,8 1997 40,1 21,1 36,1 2004 38,0 35,0 35,0 2004a 66,0 27,2 89,8 54,2 1996 59,6 41,4 53,3 2001 49,9 22,1 40,2 2001 17,1 4,1 50,6 19,3 1994 47,0 29,0 29,0 1997 53,0 49,0 52,0 1997a 22,8 5,9 58,3 23,9 . 2001 51,0 41,2 47,6 2003 41,0 2003a <2 <0,5 21,4 4,4 1996 7,9 <2 6,0 1998 4,6 <2 4,6 2004a 9,9 2,1 34,9 12,5 () 1995 79,0 48,0 60,0 1999 79,0 55,0 64,0 2003b 7,0 3,1 17,8 7,7 , . . , . , 1998b <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 - 1992 25,5 19,2 22,0 2003b 3,3 1,6 9,8 4,0 -' 2002a 14,8 4,1 48,8 18,4 2003a <2 <0,5 4,7 1,2 2003a <2 <0,5 7,8 1,8 1993 48,7 33,1 45,0 1997­1998 41,0 26,9 38,6 2002a 27,0 6,1 74,1 30,2 1996 65,5 30,1 50 2000 61,2 25,4 46,3 2000 25,9 7,6 63,1 26,8 1997 76,0 63,2 73,3 1999 76,7 52,1 71,3 2001a 61,0 27,9 85,1 51,8 , 2002 25,3 21,4 2003 22,3 21,7 2003a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1990­1991 54,0 1997­1998 66,5 54,9 65,3 2004­2005a 20,8 4,7 62,9 24,3 1989 15,5 1997b <2 <0,5 9,3 2,0 1998 75,9 30,1 63,8 2001a 36,1 12,2 72,1 34,2 . . , . 374 2. () (%) (%) - - - - 1. 1. 2. 2. - - - - . . . ,% ,% ,% ,% 1990­1991 18,0 7,6 13,1 1998­99 27,2 12,0 19,0 1998­1999 <2 <0,5 14,3 3,1 2000 42,4 12,6 24,2 2004 27,9 11,3 17,6 2004 3,0 1,4 11,6 4,2 1996­1997 71,3 62,0 69,4 2002­2003a 36,2 11,6 74,1 34,9 2001 64,1 58,0 62,4 267,2 67,2 42,6 48,5 2003a <2 <0,5 20,8 4,7 1998 32,6 39,4 35,6 2002 43,4 30,3 36,1 2002 10,8 2,2 44,6 15,1 1993b 34,9 14,0 55,8 30,4 1995­1996 43,3 21,6 41,8 2003­04 34,6 9,6 30,9 2003­2004 24,1 5,4 68,5 26,8 1989­1993 66,0 52,0 63,0 1995a 60,6 34,0 85,8 54,6 1985 49,5 31,7 43,0 1992­93 36,4 30,4 34,1 2003a 70,8 34,5 92,4 59,5 1993 76,1 31,9 50,3 1998 68,5 30,5 47,9 2001a 45,1 16,7 79,9 41,2 1993 33,4 17,2 28,6 1998­99 35,9 24,2 32,6 2002a 17,0 3,1 73,6 26,1 1997 64,9 15,3 37,3 2003b 7,4 2,1 18,0 7,5 -- 1996 41,3 16,1 37,5 1991 28,5 19,7 21,8 2003b 13,6 5,6 29,8 13,8 2001 77,1 42,0 54,3 2004 72,1 42,9 53,1 2003b 10,5 2,9 30,6 11,9 1993 23,8 2002a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1994 30,9 2002a <2 <0,5 12,1 3,1 1993 51,2 1999­00 65,7 14,3 60,3 2000a 60,3 25,6 87,8 51,5 1994 27,9 20,4 21,5 2003a <2 0,5 12,9 3,0 1995 64,8 38,9 50,6 2002 49,8 28,5 37,2 2002 19,0 9,3 40,6 17,7 2001­2001a 47,7 19,4 77,8 42,4 1992 40,4 23,7 33,4 2001a 17,0 3,6 56,2 20,9 . . 1996b <2 <0,5 2,9 0,8 1998a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 - 1989 82,8 2003­04 79,0 56,4 70,2 1989, 57,0 39,5 74,5 51,8 2003a 7,4 1,3 42,8 13,0 1994 9,8 1998 13,6 2002a <2 <0,5 25,2 6,2 1991 40,8 31,2 38,6 2000­01 38,7 29,5 35,7 2000­2001 57,8 20,7 89,9 49,3 1987­89 32,3 1990 13,1 3,5 7,4 1995 13,9 3,6 7,6 2000a <2 <0,5 6,6 1,3 1994 28,3 2002 34,5 22,0 27,0 2003a 3,4 0,8 18,7 5,7 1999­00 37,4 9,6 33,8 2002­03 41,7 12,2 37,7 2000 30,5 22,5 27,5 2003 <2 <0,5 <2 0,6 2000 34,9 31,5 2003 28,4 19,5 2003b <2 <0,5 4,9 0,9 1994 20,2 1998 24,7 2003b <2 <0,5 5,7 1,6 1994 53,1 28,0 40,6 1997 50,7 21,5 36,8 2003a 14,8 2,9 43,0 16,3 2001a <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1993a 66,6 38,1 84,0 58,4 . 1995­1996 67,0 63,0 64,0 1996b <2 <0,5 <2 <0,5 1996 19,9 1998 17,0 2003b <2 <0,5 5,6 1,3 - 1990­91 22,0 25,0 15,0 1995­96 27,0 25,0 25,0 2002a 5,6 0,8 41,6 11,9 1995 56,0 56,0 34,0 1998 69,0 30,0 46,0 1998b 17,7 7,1 40,8 17,7 1993­1994 53,0 1995­1996 47,0 33,3 45,5 1999­00 37,0 37,0 44,2 1999­2000 23,0 4,8 77,8 29,6 2000a 10,7 1,7 34,1 12,6 1995 37,0 18,7 27,5 2000 25,1 12,8 18,7 2004a <2 <0,5 14,4 3,3 a. . b. . 375 3.«,»: / . , - - - % 1.- % - 5, ,- % 5 (%) 1. 15--49 - 1990­ 2000­ () 1990­95a 2000­06a 1991 2005 1991 2005 1990 2005 2000 95a 06a 2005 1994d 5,9 101 97 10 6 8 100 99 0,1 2000d 8,6 104 95 97 10 5 4 100 0,3 2001b 7,4 7 94 100 97 105 89 94 88 0,1 2004b 8,2 14 97 96 97 45 18 55 98 1995b 7,0 13 10 79 96 83 99 69 39 140 77 96 0,1 31 35 260 260 1 700 45 3,7 2004c d 3,1 2 4 99 102 29 18 82 96 95 0,6 2003b 8,5 3 90 91 103 54 29 55 98 0,1 2000b 8,6 68 48 49 76 103 149 73 380 10 13 <0,1 2002b 8,5 95 100 100 19 12 35 100 0,3 2000d 8,5 79 101 98 10 5 10 0,3 2003b 7,4 30 21 65 49 73 185 150 850 75 1,8 2003b 8,7 85 98 99 96 19 15 32 99 <0,1 2002d 1,5 15 101 98 125 65 420 47 67 0,1 2001b 9,5 4 22 15 31 97 100 <0,1 2004d 2,8 93 105 102 60 33 260 72 97 0,5 - 2003b 6,9 33 38 21 381 62 78 210 191 1 000 42 38 1,8f 1998b 5,1 45 46 36 82 84 190 190 1 000 25 3,3 1999d 6,1 98 102 10 6 13 2002b 9,5 93 94 100 99 17 8 16 100 0,1 , 2003d 3,3 5 4 43 92 105 103 33 21 96 95 0,7 2004b 7,1 45 28 94 96 53 19 130 90 0,5m 2001d 2,4 28 17 27 95 150 120 680 20 24 3,8 1998-1999b 5,6 27 22 63 72 79 94 122 112 540 44 47 2,2f 2002d 2,9 27 23 74 92 82 43 240 34 41 0,9 2003b 7,0 27 33 17 55 46 75 234 160 740 31 56 1,5 2000d 8,5 100 94 99 99 9 5 8 0,1 2003d 3,4 18 17 65 79 108 107 59 40 110 45 56 1,5 2000d 6,7 99 100 99 99 11 5 9 0,2 2003b 5,6 87 98 101 47 45 32 92 0,2 1997d 8,3 98 99 101 102 9 5 5 0,2 . 2004d 4,0 10 5 61 92 105 65 31 150 93 99 1,0 , . . 1999-2000b 8,6 17 9 98 81 93 104 33 84 46 74 <0,1 2004b 3,6 25 23 78 93 180 182 750 51 43 15,6n . 5 98 104 40 23 97 1995-1996b 4,6 16 99 80 92 96 80 132 1 100 69 20,1 2001d 5,7 101 105 100 12 6 17 2004-2005b 8,1 53 68 90 70 89 123 74 540 34 43 0,9 2002b 8,4 34 28 91 101 93 97 91 36 230 37 72 0,1 2002-2003b 6,7 6 4 72 100 101 101 40 26 41 87 100 , . 1998b 5,1 16 91 96 85 105 72 36 76 90 0,2 2000d 7,4 98 104 103 9 6 5 100 0,2 2000d 7,0 108 104 102 9 5 4 0,6 2000d 6,5 104 100 100 99 9 4 5 0,5 , . 1998b 7,4 39 46 62 66 139 102 570 16 27 2003b 7,4 8 114 102 98 63 73 210 100 0,1 2004b 6,8 36 92 73 87 115 87 450 44 1,6 2001b 5,6 15 18 56 62 83 84 139 149 730 58 62 5,5g 2000d 7,2 99 98 8 6 6 98 98 0,3 1997b 6,0 23 20 95 94 96 97 120 1 000 45 42 6,7 . 2003b 8,9 7 97 100 80 67 110 99 0,1 2004d 4,3 13 8 103 98 87 99 49 27 56 97 0,1h () 1996d 5,3 102 110 103 95 100 2003d 2,5 8 7 70 97 107 104 35 21 130 86 96 0,6 , . . 34 31 46 39 73 205 205 990 61 3,2 , . 54 57 85 90 110 108 510 86 5,3 , . 1998d 7,9 98 101 99 100 9 5 20 98 100 <0,1 - 2003d 3,5 2 79 92 101 102 18 12 43 98 99 0,3 -' 2002b 5,2 24 17 43 65 68 157 195 690 45 68 7,1 100 97 102 16 11 5 100 2003b 6,6 89 1 00 100 18 11 42 100 100 0,8 4 90 102 37 30 150 93 0,1 2003b 6,8 89 90 99 13 9 13 100 0,2 2002b 8,1 40 40 46 76 75 84 163 79 650 19 0,1 2000b 6,2 48 32 33 45 67 98 133 125 1 000 40 57 0,7 2001b 4,9 34 42 33 58 98 168 119 550 57 51 0,5 , 2003b 6,1 98 97 99 99 38 17 23 99 <0,1 2004-2005b 7,0 30 22 28 57 81 99 221 125 1 800 55 56 14,1 1997d 4,4 20 11 91 92 101 106 22 12 41 97 0,5 2001b 6,1 33 11 38 59 75 250 218 1 200 41 1,8k 1998-1999b 6,5 10 10 47 80 70 88 89 40 220 40 63 0,1 2004b 4,3 86 100 98 101 46 27 83 83 0,3 2002-2003b 5,4 27 24 27 41 72 83 235 145 1 000 48 16,1 2003b 7,8 4 92 105 102 35 16 36 100 1,1 2002b 7,5 12 13 95 109 108 108 49 110 97 <0,1 . . , . 376 3.«,»: () / . , - - - % 1.- % - 5, ,- % 5 (%) 1. 15--49 - 1990­ 2000­ () 1990­95a 2000­06a 1991 2005 1991 2005 1990 2005 2000 95a 06a 2005 1993d 1,4 26 24 78 74 108 105 86 62 300 68 76 19,6 2003-2004b 6,0 49 45 51 76 59 93 145 74 740 7 19 0,5 1995b 2,6 43 40 17 28 57 72 320 256 1 600 15 16 1,1 2003b 5,0 39 29 80 79 85 230 194 800 31 35 3,9 1999d 7,6 100 97 98 9 5 16 0,2 2001b 5,6 11 10 44 76 109 102 68 37 230 67 0,2 1997d 6,4 100 100 104 11 6 7 100 0,1 2000d 9,6 100 99 102 100 9 4 16 0,1 23 65 93 89 98 32 12 87 91 95 2002b 9,3 38 38 63 75 130 99 500 19 31 0,1 2003d 2,5 6 86 97 101 34 24 160 86 93 0,9 -- 1996b 4,5 47 54 80 87 94 74 300 41 1,8 2003d 2,4 4 5 71 89 99 99 41 23 170 67 77 0,4 2003d 3,7 11 7 99 96 100 78 27 410 73 0,6 2002b 7,5 98 97 101 99 18 7 13 100 0,1 1997d 5,8 95 104 103 102 14 5 5 100 0,4 2002b 6,1 3 6 93 94 104 99 27 18 67 99 1,1 2000b 5,3 29 203 33 39 96 100 173 203 1 400 26 39 3,0 2003b 8,1 6 3 96 99 99 100 31 19 49 99 99 <0,1 2002d 2,7 11 10 41 87 102 98 60 27 150 51 92 0,9 15 56 85 84 98 44 26 23 93 2001b 6,6 22 23 42 50 69 91 149 119 690 47 58 0,9 2003b e 8,3 2e 28e 15e 11e 92e 0,2e 1998d 5,0 3 95 8 3 30 100 0,3 . . 13 7 89 111 85 94 39 15 160 77 70 1996d 8,8 96 94 100 14 8 3 99 <0,1 1998b 9,1 95 102 99 10 4 17 100 100 <0,1 34 41 41 50 78 89 120 90 590 86 87 1,6 2000d 5,4 1 2 100 100 11 7 17 99 0,6 - 1989b 1,1 29 27 67 80 302 282 2 000 42 1,6 2003b 7,9 102 88 115 71 100 71 0,1 2002b 6,3 18 82 95 100j 37 21 44 99 1,4 2000-2001b 7,3 29 22 61 72j 97 161 122 1 500 44 43 7,0g 35 65 59 73 152 139 570 61 3,2 2000b 6,0 9 4 74 99 86 103 52 24 120 81 90 0,1 1998b 6,1 12 97 104 31 97 <0 1 2003b 5,3 10 4 90 87 81 89 82 29 70 76 83 2002b 5,7 26 23 56 82 98 160 136 880 38 39 6,4l 2003b 7,2 8 97 94 98 79 68 24 96 0,2 2003b 9,2 1 94 95 94 26 17 35 100 1,4 2003cd 5,0 5 94 91 106 23 15 27 99 0,5 2003b 5,4 30 28 86 97 100 103 62 33 200 53 60 <0,1 2000d 9,6 97 100 109 102 7 4 6 100 100 0,1 1995d 7,2 104 102 100 9 5 17 99 0,4 2001b 8,3 1 85 91 102 101 12 7 8 100 100 <0,1 . 1993b 2,0 23 24 27 23 60 168 193 1 100 46 44 10,7 37 18 32 41 60 201 208 1 100 14 3,5 1996d 10,3 1 102 98 101 13 4 9 99 100 0,1 2003d 3,8 1 1 123 100 98 21 10 31 100 100 0,3 2000d 7,6 53 95 97 96 9 5 7 0,4 2000d 9,1 96 102 100 7 4 2 0,2 - 2002b 7,0 33 29 97 102 102 32 14 92 94 96 <0,1 1998b 3,3 12 91 101 100 57 25 130 75 0,3 44 40 19 51 72 147 78 630 21 28 2,4 1999-2000b 9,1 48 38 26 58 68 81 204 127 850 6 1,4 2000b 3,5 9 75 99 104 101 60 68 230 82 92 15,6i 2004b 5,3 5 4 90 82 102 101 20 20 87 97 1,5 1993d 10,6 101 101 100 6 4 10 100 <0,1 30w ..w ..w 88w ..w 94w 95w 75w 411w ..w 62w 0,9w 46 59 76 88 147 115 684 33 41 1,7 15 12 92 97 99 58 37 150 87 0,6 16 13 94 97 98 62 40 154 85 0,3 88 98 99 100 46 30 139 93 1,6 31 22 78 86 94 104 82 451 60 1,0 . . 20 15 99 98 99 59 33 117 87 0,2 . 5 93 95 98 96 49 33 60 94 0,6 . . . 82 98 99 101 54 31 194 73 87 0,6 . . 16 14 77 91 94 80 52 183 73 0,1 . 53 65 84 69 88 129 83 564 30 37 0,7 32 29 49 61 86 185 163 919 46 44 5,8 97 100 100 12 7 14 0,4 a. . b. , , . d. , . e. . f. 2003 . g. 2004 . h. , . i. 2002 . j. 2006 . k. 2001 . l. 2004­2005 . m. 2005 . n. 2001/2002 . 377 4. - - - - - - - - - - ,% - - - .-. - - ,. - - . ,% 2000. % % % % ,% 2006 2000­06 1990­92 2001­03 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2000­06 768 178 3,1 22 405 31 218 3 27 70 59 18 26 ­3 3,6 322 444 1,7 12 048 20 587 2 31 68 56 18 21 5 1,6 20 122 15,6 1 085 1 033 9 67 24 30 9 38 23 7,3 9 136 5,3 773 1 314 23 22 56 90 9 26 ­24 3,8 114 727 5,0 1 911 2 067 8 61 30 33 12 30 24 8,1 44 033 11,1 183 160 7 74 19 67 ..a 8 25 68,2 214 058 3,6 6 764 9 272 9 35 56 66 8 21 5 12,2 6 406 12,6 1 428 2 645 19 47 34 71 11 30 ­13 4,3 61 961 5,6 246 308 20 28 52 76 6 25 ­7 4,1 36 945 8,1 1 977 2 513 9 43 47 51 19 30 0 31,1 392 001 1,7 21 356 36 043 1 24 75 53 23 21 2 1,9 4 775 3,8 368 578 32 13 54 78 15 20 ­13 3,3 31 483 5,6 2 493 6 313 9 32 59 69 18 32 ­19 4,4 11 163 3,3 670 746 14 26 60 61 13 13 13 6,0 11 296 5,1 5 696 10 25 64 99 26 73 ­45 2,8 1 067 962 3,0 1 507 2 790 5 31 64 60 20 17 3 9,3 - 6 205 5,7 143 163 4,0 807 2,5 110 80 35 20 45 87 28 12 ­28 7,0 2 345 015 2,4 22 506 25 876 1 26 73 65 22 17 ­4 2,5 112 899 4,3 4 134 5 080 4 31 65 66 10 23 1 5,2 , 181 862 3,4 4 548 5 899 46 77 21 22 28,2 60 884 7,6 215 290 21 41 38 64 6 35 ­5 6,3 4 961 ­0,3 17,7 12 906 5,3 302 331 38 21 41 78 14 32 ­25 21,1 35 290 2,8 2 149 2 274 23 19 58 86 4 25 ­16 7,1 3 317 2,9 149 193 13 37 50 84 5 13 ­3 17,2 2 906 681 0,9 14 025 23 475 7 30 69 59 13 17 5 0,9 9 235 4,0 976 1 110 13 30 56 77 18 30 ­26 7,8 244 951 4,4 7 563 9 114 5 21 74 67 16 24 ­7 3,4 7 550 7,8 2 388 1 404 13 26 61 79 9 29 ­17 6,2 275 237 1,6 15 157 35 696 2 25 74 48 26 21 5 2,3 . 30 581 3,9 2 254 4 108 12 26 61 75 7 24 ­6 18,6 , . . 107 484 4,0 1 531 1 975 15 36 49 71 12 19 ­2 6,4 10 907 4,9 161 205 16 25 59 67 15 27 ­9 19,6 . 4 059 0,2 95 32 27 ­54 3,2 5 010 ­5,6 244 266 22 27 51 64 26 14 ­3 286,6 123 434 1,9 59 28 18 ­5 1,3 906 268 7,4 332 381 18 28 55 58 77 33 ­3 4,1 364 459 4,9 483 556 12 42 46 67 7 24 2 9,6 14 176 6,3 1 892 1 099 3 32 66 102 16 26 ­44 2,6 , . 222 889 5,7 1 953 2 330 10 45 45 46 12 33 9 17,4 222 650 5,3 2 37 60 44 16 25 15 3,4 1 223 988 3,2 9 515 18 691 3 29 67 58 758 30 ­5 4,2 1 844 749 0,7 11 536 21 113 2 27 71 59 20 21 0 2,8 , . 19 057 3,9 273 348 13,0 77 237 10,1 1 745 1 389 7 39 54 49 13 25 13 12,9 7 193 9,4 297 34 27 39 85 4 20 ­9 3,3 18 323 3,6 389 596 20 34 46 72 10 18 ­1 2,4 1 251 463 2,6 28 224 37 590 55 20 21 4 2,5 21 186 3,8 335 327 28 17 55 76 15 17 ­9 4,6 . 2 695 3,8 676 929 33 20 47 101 19 17 ­37 5,3 2 668 071 9,8 254 368 12 47 41 44 11 41 4 3,4 () 189 798 5,0 0 9 91 58 8 22 12 ­3,1 135 836 3,9 3 406 2 951 12 34 54 72 8 19 1 6,7 , . . 8 543 4,7 186 154 46 28 27 88 7 16 ­12 35,7 , . 7 385 4,5 4 73 22 17 14 24 45 4,7 , . 888 024 4,6 5 677 9 948 3 40 57 54 15 30 1 2,0 - 22 145 4,8 3 143 4 283 9 30 61 66 14 26 ­5 9,8 -' 17 484 0,1 601 761 21 24 55 65 8 12 16 2,9 80 781 7,3 13 048 28 15 20 37 8,3 20 116 8,6 1 790 2 442 4 21 75 65 17 38 ­20 6,1 22 722 3,7 24 436 6 22 71 89 16 21 ­25 1,7 29 791 7,9 4 072 5 34 61 66 17 28 ­11 2,1 3 404 6,4 360 458 45 29 26 72 .. 32 ­4 10,3 2 663 5,0 574 385 17 44 39 62 19 23 ­5 11,4 5 499 2,7 187 179 28 15 57 78 9 25 ­11 11,5 , 6 217 2,1 2 256 2 964 13 29 58 79 19 22 ­20 2,3 2 232 4,1 72 130 36 20 45 92 17 16 ­25 14,5 148 940 5,1 3 803 4 570 8 52 40 46 13 19 23 3,7 5 929 5,7 204 227 37 24 39 79 ..a 24 ­3 3,8 57 307 4,4 1 438 1 515 17 29 54 60 21 26 ­7 1,1 839 182 2,3 2 247 2 704 4 27 69 68 12 22 ­1 6,7 7 608 8,2 108 137 22 29 49 70 10 25 ­5 11,9 3 266 6,8 1 286 725 17 21 62 104 17 31 ­51 10,9 2 689 6,6 684 21 44 35 45 15 36 4 14,2 . . , . 378 4.() - - - - - - - - - - ,% - - - .-. - - ,. - - . ,% 2000. % % % % ,% 2006 2000­06 1990­92 2001­03 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2000­06 6 372 4,7 811 1 057 11 31 58 42 24 30 4 4,9 8 052 2,7 196 208 39 21 39 79 10 30 ­19 4,5 3 544 3,7 170 172 79 12 19 ­9 2,1 114 686 5,9 592 843 23 58 19 39 22 21 18 15,7 657 590 1,0 24 056 37 337 2 24 74 49 24 19 8 2,4 5 369 3,2 1 901 19 29 51 91 8 30 ­29 7,6 103 873 3,3 20 180 26 310 59 18 25 ­1 2,2 310 960 2,1 20 055 32 649 2 43 55 42 20 21 17 3,3 24 284 3,0 1 005 1 128 2 56 42 45 23 18 14 1,8 128 830 5,4 589 691 20 27 53 81 8 20 ­9 6,8 17 097 5,1 2 363 3 557 7 16 76 66 12 20 2 1,7 -- 5 654 2,0 390 473 42 39 19 7,8 9 110 2,9 1 596 1 939 21 19 60 87 9 21 ­17 10,7 93 269 4,9 930 1 428 7 34 60 66 8 20 7 3,5 338 733 3,6 1 502 1 967 5 32 64 62 19 20 ­1 2,3 192 572 0,6 4 640 5 925 3 25 72 65 21 22 ­9 3,1 986 940 6,4 1 824 2 226 6 38 56 49 17 21 13 17,0 2 494 5,1 192 222 41 21 38 85 13 21 20 6,6 121 609 6,0 2 196 3 477 11 38 52 73 13 24 ­10 19,6 18 306 2,4 1 633 1 616 10 30 60 93 11 16 ­20 3,1 309 778 4,2 7 867 13 964 4 59 37 26 23 726 34 6,3 8 936 4,5 249 249 18 18 64 77 14 24 ­15 2,3 31 808 5,3 13 26 62 78 21 21 ­21 21,7 132 158 5,0 22 695 28 313 0 35 65 38 11 19 32 0,2 . . 34 902 4,0 2 357 3 406 25 33 42 63 14 21 2 6,8 55 049 5,1 3 999 4 32 65 57 19 29 ­5 4,4 37 303 3,7 11 310 32 311 3 34 63 54 19 27 ­1 4,8 37 565 6,9 346 707 31 35 34 70 16 25 ­11 10,0 13 201 819 2,8 20 797 36 216 1 22 77 70 16 19 ­5 2,4 - 1 443 12,3 47 25 28 89 11 15 ­15 8,3 2 811 9,1 395 379 24 26 50 87 8 15 ­9 20,3 206 247 5,4 501 586 10 46 44 61 9 29 1 2,7 b 12 784 6,5 245 283 45 17 37 70 18 19 ­7 7,3 2 206 2,3 354 404 44 24 32 85 10 28 ­13 1,0 30 298 4,6 2 431 2 431 11 28 60 62 14 24 0 2 4 10 496 1 222 20 40 40 46 13 23 18 402 710 5,6 1 788 1 764 13 22 65 67 12 27 ­6 21,8 9 322 5,6 187 230 32 25 44 78 14 25 ­17 5,4 17 178 5,7 1 274 1 524 28 29 42 47 15 26 11 27,7 106 111 7,7 1 194 1 433 10 33 57 71 14 17 ­3 12,6 19 308 2,3 5 714 6 743 9 30 11 72 11 18 ­1 10,1 116 931 4,8 905 1 017 14 33 53 84 9 15 ­7 5,2 209 445 2,8 15 425 29 735 3 30 68 54 23 20 4 1,0 2 230 721 1,5 22 234 39 220 2 21 77 57 24 20 ­1 1,9 42 653 4,7 4 748 8 957 7 31 62 59 18 30 ­8 3,7 1 486 ­0,6 290 407 54 21 25 2,1 . 6 541 14,3 179 226 21 55 25 52 6 22 21 8,6 141 801 4,0 4 564 3 39 58 49 22 27 2 2,3 145 841 4,3 3 618 4 795 6 47 48 58 647 22 9 6,8 379 758 1,2 22 228 22 348 60 12 20 7 1,0 384 927 2,6 21 463 30 116 7 28 71 48 27 17 8 1,5 - 26 967 4,8 705 737 16 26 57 76 8 27 ­11 8,8 40 800 5,1 1 686 1 486 6 46 48 64 13 24 ­1 10,4 1 085 2,7 64 17 23 60 81 42 19 ­42 15,4 13 315 5,7 149 48 13 39 94 12 20 ­26 4,6 254 992 4,1 1 796 2 391 3 30 67 64 20 20 ­4 6,5 10 533 1,8 2 013 1 944 5 31 64 69 17 30 ­16 10,6 4 340 133 1,6 20 196 33 546 2 30 68 57 18 23 2 ­1,4 48 244 879t 3,0w 753w 872w 3w 28w 69w 61w 17w 21w ft/v 1 611 831 6,5 315 363 20 28 51 63 77 29 ­4 10 049 512 5,6 530 708 9 36 55 59 13 26 2 4 734 576 7,6 388 521 12 43 45 56 11 33 1 5 316 864 3,9 2 139 2 723 6 31 63 61 15 21 3 11 661 911 5,7 444 557 10 35 55 60 13 26 2 . . 3 636 593 8,6 303 412 12 46 42 50 11 36 4 . 2 493 602 5,7 1 844 1 938 9 30 61 60 15 24 1 . . . 2 945 193 3,1 2 152 2 856 6 30 63 64 14 20 2 . . 730 103 4,1 1 581 1 928 11 41 48 58 14 26 7 . 1 142 319 6,9 340 393 18 28 54 63 10 31 ­4 709 500 4,7 304 325 15 32 52 67 17 21 04 36 583 031 2,3 14 997 24 438 2 26 72 62 18 20 0 a. , . . . b. . 379 5., - , - - - - - a . . . % %- . . . - . % .. 2006 2006 ,2005 2005 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 %2006 2000--2005 123 280 139 585 25 13 ­40 633 ­34 420 117 593 138 423 139 012 80 13 10 259 9 057 128 180 5 897 5 050 13 1 167 1 680 27 1181 18 14 ­100 791 3 049 80 1 ­671 262 102 1 839 19 49 ­110 52 822 21 005 2 i 1 081 11 16 879 21 4 ­140 35 100 11 600 5 138 ­1 304 28 11 755 59 ­4 175 46 569 34 159 31 7 8 053 4 730 3 114 335 73 31 ­100 1 004 2 194 71 1 ­254 258 64 1 861 36 8 ­100 12 050 16 100 90 0 ­176 802 9 18 935 22 58 ­500 19 739 22 323 52 3 ­1 512 305 6 4 734 20 27 0 371 953 355 919 79 9b 9 328 31 959 111 180 570 990 13 0 ­288 21 41 1 855 23c 10 99 15 030 23 048 59 5 ­5 010 2 614 80 16 786 68 43 ­43 3 863 2 819 11 9 498 ­277 63 6 390 38c 39 ­100 3 312 7 305 ­1 261 299 140 5 564 52 52 115 137 470 88 489 54 13 14 199 15 193 1 187 994 34 82 ­229 - 430 1 450 8 10 20 50 2 045 22c 14 100 55 420 6 6 ­256 1 48 1 322 131 50 192 443 358 600 833 77 28 ­79 966 158 801 179 948 73 719 76 514 84 25 ­6 212 6 436 30 66 119 69 68 65 , 63 250 29 800 9 3 27 167 2 957 2 44 201 48 13 40 39 605 44 410 53 6 217 1 954 23 19 287 38 75 ­200 476 1 875 54 10 60 1 323 24 25 ­140 3 550 5 940 12 9 ­812 107 51 6 739 26c 32 12 6 025 11 920 57 3 ­1 387 208 20 5 349 20 33 ­300 900 900 ­162 102 20 3 247 35 16 ­425 1 112 320 910 160 83 17 146 874 32 034 132 1 000 1 929 5 418 36 2 ­86 464 95 5 242 37 41 ­150 20 840 63 157 56 10 ­29 565 640 114 154 993 3 681 40 23 ­1 162 450 69 1 911 28 25 ­248 92 543 86 277 65 22 6 696 5 238 189 46 . 6 437 11 160 ­500 1 023 8 7 398 37 49 ­148 , . . 13 702 20 595 31 1 2 103 5 376 13 34 114 36 105 ­525 3 689 2 920 9 1 259 81 5 668 29 16 ­82 . 304 9 11 1 920 2 100 28 7 103 28 4 257 85 93 ­75 46 449 49 985 83 14 6 841 5 585 70 85 115 120 168 174 376 70 5 6 598 2 123 123 16 64 ­1 350 103 964 78 393 47 16 929 5 260 11 138 300 55 42 ­1 000 5 144 11 475 72 5 ­2 311 1 532 115 7 696 65 116 130 , . 75 200 51 100 9 3 30 2 21 260 13 46 ­1 250 112 882 72 347 86 ­5 331 ­29 730 180 188 206 186 318 757 77 7 ­106 344 22 789 178 2 846 409 572 436 083 85 8 ­27 724 19 585 113 1 125 , . 8 100 5 840 4 5 1 215 ­266 16 5 363 32 5 ­100 37 986 23 224 16 2 ­1 797 1 975 15 43 354 106 34 ­200 3 770 4 900 97 0 ­356 379 38 3 515 58 6 10 3 770 3 170 3 2 18 25 7 151 14c 8 6 387 551 357 274 58 14 21 441 34 146 224 1 041 3 450 7 320 21 3 ­495 21 22 6 169 29 40 25 . 780 1 694 27 2 ­203 43 52 2 032 54 12 ­75 969 073 791 614 92 31 160 818 79 127 1 281 612 14 138 ­1 900 () 322 664d 335 753 96d 34 20 575 35 897 1 135 300 24 391 26 162 36 5 ­2 909 10 375 11 37 656 43 35 ­120 , . . 2 300 2 800 402 32 10 600 123 3 ­237 , . 6 780 1 800 903 724 362 5 936 156 ­9 ­10 , . 325 681 309 309 91 32 6 093 4 339 ­1 107 ­80 - 8 216 11 520 66 38 ­959 861 7 6 223 36 45 84 -' 8 715 5 300 20 8 ­12 266 7 10 735 69 18 ­339 54 496 16 314 32 634 250 7 72 264 6 089 11 316 57 5 ­4 280 730 70 14 283 104 89 ­20 2 814 9 647 70 2 ­1 881 2 573 61 22 373 114 196 0 14 067 19 215 56 6 ­3 244 1 032 73 11 201 52 42 ­30 980 1 090 28 52 2 690 63 7 ­115 1 270 700 115 62 2 281 117c 30 830 1 380 22 7 ­554 29 50 3 465 37c 10 ­5 , 2 401 3 763 72 1 ­81 100 113 2 243 40 24 ­10 620 1 020 16 7 3 45 3 155 58c 20 ­30 160 556 130 989 75 55 19 980 3 966 1 50 981 46 125 150 1 350 1 600 ­438 159 51 2 969 30c 14 ­134 12 559 23 302 65 10 1 110 1 552 22 16 846 34 90 ­550 250 292 268 169 77 20 ­1 475 18 772 2 167 228 26 40 ­3 983 2 420 2 970 7 8 ­761 108 65 5 121 28c 8 ­20 1 033 2 585 39 3 ­399 199 49 2 053 70 35 ­250 1 529 1 489 21 0 84 182 83 1 327 63 25 ­50 2 720 2 730 41 3 634 61 66 ­1 760 2 100 74 153 2 16 3 285 34 ­100 540 800 8 3 ­231 12 37 1 972 25c 8 ­28 52 000 23 000 2 2 24 202 2 013 46 22 178 34 9 ­170 . . , . 462 083 416 121 68 30 57 448 40 416 188 110 380 5., () - , - - - - - a . . . % %- . . . - . % .. 2006 2006 ,2005 2005 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 %2006 2000--2005 1 035 2 977 11 5 ­800 241 144 5 144 46 73 ­210 22 449 26 441 31 14 ­9 373 1 979 145 102 121 505 64 120 17 17 56 074 3 285 10 84 22 340 10 730 6 2 4 717 715 12 3 472 14 35 ­150 16 917 29 825 82 2 ­3 608 2 183 11 33 675 30 42 ­1 239 1 039 4 833 9 1 ­378 1 027 6 9 765 90 91 8 -- 4 300 2 010 6 39 640 34 45 1 849 55 23 0 1 906 6 090 13 7 ­22 64 9 3 120 54 18 ­45 23 431 15 327 17 3 2 456 2 519 14 28 653 49 15 ­510 109 731 124 178 78 4 ­7 925 9 602 40 98 821 39 33 ­200 43 255 66 538 75 9 ­18 281 3 200 163 276 304 520 163 867 19 8 94 467 15 151 9 229 042 40 21 917 135 485 10 25 ­52 8 64 1 518 18c 10 43 32 458 51 160 80 3 ­8 504 6 630 42 38 694 51 27 ­270 3 513 7 628 60 4 ­786 517 29 7 088 48 47 ­143 208 867 64 995 9 1 87 131 1 47 285 1 510 3 505 43 12 ­513 54 59 3 793 34c 24 ­100 6 428 13 172 6 24 ­339 271 772d 238 652 81d 57 33 212 20 071 2 73 200 . . 8 750 9 670 11 i ­1 061 427 4 6 508 27 32 200 41 580 45 698 84 7 1 908 44 23 654 61 50 3 23 208 24 039 88 5 ­959 541 31 76 22 5 320 7 400 0 ­2 768 2 305 50 18 455 88 19 ­532 1 037 320 1 919 574 82 32 ­856 669 109 754 230 6 493 - 220 390 ­103 59 62 1 682 41c 11 472 1 401 1 680 ­21 54 37 1 022 41 15 ­345 130 575 128 600 77 27 3 230 4 527 ­3 52 266 32 101 231 1 687 3 970 14 1 ­536 473 39 7 763 22cf 11 ­345 630 1 200 58 0 ­206 3 14 1 708 74 17 ­4 11 513 14 865 78 5 ­303 723 38 17 789 69 73 ­29 5 280 3 111 62 6 1 092 16 ­10 85 142 137 032 82 2 ­23 155 9 805 6 171 059 59 59 ­30 991 2 600 17 14 ­131 257 42 4 463 29c 10 ­5 5 365 3 915 45 7 4 226 34 ­300 38 368 45 035 69 4 2 531 7 808 9 33 297 53 46 ­173 4 106 4 775 32 2 ­457 711 4 14 551 116 32 ­104 47 028 51 980 89 71 2 338 1 132 7 61 527 67 49 ­900 76 777 68 295 84 25 9 517 3 978 82 33 490 145 533 407 80 20 ­27 667 70 686 116 722 10 376 21 488 68 12 ­3 175 1 761 28 30 169 89 81 100 120 210 36 0 6 24 1 016 67 17 ­45 . 3 750 1 200 705 39 1 633 31c 5 219 95 106 93 198 88 13 ­6 052 4 454 27 39 719 51 49 67 58 996 38 490 14 5 5 256 6 667 9 45 154 52 83 30 147 457 141 373 93 22 63 494 15 420 188 100 147 266 126 301 79 17 23 643 10 679 125 152 - 6 860 10 226 70 1 ­647 272 61 11 444 48 44 ­442 12 362 11 215 9 8 ­59 1 646 16 17 129 60 18 ­400 10 400 11 81 736 57 139 229 1 050 4 710 11 0 ­1 786 265 27 6 259 21c 54 ­140 58 412 77 280 57e 7 ­16 276 6 257 15 30 632 14 83 75 1 964 5 352 66 ­1 079 682 13 6 511 93 61 ­100 647 137 577 472 92 22 170 517 3 214 302 270 12 063 483t 12 278 75w 22w 974 283s 17w ..s 167w 444t 323 706 388 830 50 4 20 522 17 379 239 55 ­4 690 3 305 551 2 934 082 64 21 260 273 15 2 363 139 77 ­14 021 1 689 269 1 480 026 73 27 150 874 19 1 146 475 103 ­9 750 1 615 598 1 450 813 57 16 109 399 3 1 216 664 53 ­4 271 3 629 251 3 323 081 64 21 280 795 20 2 742 378 74 ­18 711 . . 1 468 437 1 243 894 81 34 96 898 5 621 223 121 ­3 847 . 830 238 834 338 52 7 73 687 12 834 484 36 ­1 730 . . . 661 934 601 583 54 15 70 017 11 727 628 57 ­6 811 . . 280 881 210 805 20 3 13 765 88 152 724 52 ­2 768 . 157 727 236 737 72 4 9 869 6 191 479 61 ­2 484 232 065 201 520 33 4 16 559 43 214 841 47 ­1 070 8 435 922 8 960 432 78 22 693 488 0 195 18 604 . , . , «» . . . b. . c. , (). d. . e . (, , , ).. f. . g. , , , , . 381 6. - - - () ()b , - %- % - - - 15 , , . ,. . , - , , ., %,2000- ./., 14 . ,% 2003-- .. 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005-2006 2005 2005 2004 2003 60 1,5e 298 ..f 5,1 67 0,5e 143 ..g 84 1,5 190 937 11 210 1 129 13 500 6,9 5,0 101 0,7e 533 ..g 97 21,8 8 092 ..d 28 - 327 1,4 33 28 ..g 68 74 5,9 270 0,2 628 19 ..g 73 78 4,4 740 1,6 1 042 27 10 288 14 370 13 436 18 770 5,3 73 76 87 31,0 297 2,9 13 36 1 084 3 650 1 977 6 650 2,1 69 74 2,9 - 64 0,4 1 276 ..g 76 81 7,9 1 758 0,0 3 37 10 380 5 900 21 534 12 250 4,0 35 34 81 2,3 381 2,2 72 29 ..g ­0,5 75 79 93 12,7 647 2,4 14 38 915 1 410 3 681h 5 690h 5,8 63 65 0,6 215 2,0 18 39 369 1 710 706h 3 280h 3,6 68 71 0,4 - () 109 0,0 310 24 ..g 77 80 124,3 1 406 1,7 5 40 7 032 5 00 7 465 5 310 ­0,4 53 54 84 0,9 751 0,2 4 29 849 1 130 3 515h 4 680h 4,8 61 67 2,2 1 553 2,8 155 40 488 310 3 059h 1 970h 2,1 55 58 0,2 - 1 633 3,0 58 48 307 190 1 355h 830h 1,2 44 47 0,2 108 1,1 318 478 4 420 845 7 810 4,9 2,1 57 0,2 0 ..g 10,0 172 1,7 312 30 ..g 73 78 24,9 806 2,0 35 41 857 1 060 2 046h 2 540h 3,2 52 55 0,5 72 0,2 97 287 3 960 470 6 490 3,5 2,0 74 299 1,0 3 22 15 122 50 580 10 930 36 560 1,8 79 83 7,6 - 518 2,3 129 39 1 105 3 100 3 100h 5 980h 3,7 68 74 81 0,3 - 46 2,2e 177 ..g 7,1 828 5,2 75 22 1,4 72 77 89 63,0 765 1,6 83 19 13 633 18 430 15 898 21 490 1,3 77 82 97 10,1 101 1,7 138 124 1 230 902h 8 970h 4,2 0,3 22 569 0,5 187 25 ..d 61 67 3,5 - 614 2,1 275 42 406 660 1 233h 2 010h ­1,6 61 64 0,2 11 286 0,2 103 19 5,2 75 79 100 2,3 1 789 0,0 59 38 1 839 1 030 7 764h 4 340h 3,1 34 36 82 3 380 1,6 35 47 469 140 4,7 42 43 52 0,1 5 965 2,0 3 30 44 011 7 380 3,6 72 77 84 8,9 35 0,8e 218 ..g 462 0,9 178 19 35 133 76 040 27 519 59 560 5,0 76 82 22,1 1 253 0,9 617 24 6 833 5 450 16 934 13 510 2,7 70 77 84 2,6 , - 187 3,9e 499 ..f , 463 0,7 16 422 15 ..g 16,2 78 82 91 4,1 337 2,5 1 123 40 902 2 680 16,0 68 67 96 1,4 405 0,6 1 266 17 5 491 13 610 7 517 18 630 1,9 78 81 6,2 - 65 3,6 363 196 3 000 0,6 , . 111 0,6 159 39 264 2 380 869h 7 830h ­1,2 67 69 33 0,3e 16 718 ..g 50 962 1,1 78 29 ..d 3,9 58 64 90 0,2 , - 77 0,9 134 - 184 0,7 230 22 ..g 73 80 96 22,7 238 1,9 13 28 ..g 72 78 8,3 - 150 0,4 16 ..g 76 83 4 636 5,9 55 22 103 460 23 950 103 637' 23 990h 3,4 77 82 89 33,4 20 0,8e 44 162 7 990 5,2 12,3 - 3 929 0,5 443 22 ..g 74 82 90 0,5 186 0,7 66 40 421 2 270 1 188h 6 400h 2,0 68 74 99 0,8 - 29 1,1j 477 ..g - 160 2,3 167 39 124 780 4,6 62 65 85 0,6 1 126 12 65 40 2 737 2 430 5 822 5 170 2,5 42 41 80 0,9 . - 82 2,6e 172 ..f - 86 0,9 186 741 8 650 1 420h 16 560h 3,0 92 6,6 - 120 0,5 307 29 470 3 930 839 7 010 3,6 70 75 1,7 - 48 1,5 134 428 8 840 614 12 690 3,8 2,7 - 166 1,0 272 28 848 5 110 1 157 6 970 4,1 72 76 2,0 - 489 2,6 17 40 331 680 1 062h 2 170h 2,8 62 64 0,4 8 485 3,2 14 44 ..d 47 49 452 0,7 3 30 1 446 3 200 3 667 8 120 5,3 67 73 90 5,0 - 1 029 4,5 69 41 865 840 ­6,7 56 58 0,2 102 0,4 142 35 223 2 170 879h 8 580h 1,8 71 74 1,1 1 309 0,3 255 21 17 461 13 340 21 281 16 260 12,2 67 73 98 22,1 - 48 0,2e 35 ..g 13,7 853 0,9 47 31 2 815 3 300 5 292 6 200 2,7 66 71 1,3 260 1,6 71 27 ..g 71 76 2,8 606 ­1,7 44 2 317 3 860 7,7 72 77 515 2,3 18 45 4 246 8 250 5 226h 10 150h ­7,0 42 43 87 0,3 1 341 ­0,4 32 15 15 307 15 30 23 522 17 540 11,8 67 78 100 13,5 . . , . a. «». b. -- , . . . . d , (905 . ). e. 2003­2006 . f. , (3 596­11 115 .). g. , (11 116 . ). h. , . i. , (906--3 595 .) j. 2004­2006 . 382 383 , , . , - , « , ». . . - 2007 CD-ROM, WDI Online. « - » 2007. , - - , . . , 1 6 CD-ROM - () 2007. , 2006 . - (. - , ). (World Development Indicators). , , - . . - , . () , , , () , , -- . - . - , - - . , . - - , - . . , , . . - , - 2007. . - - , - , . 2000 . . , - : . , ; , , - . ; - - , - , , . , - , , . - ( , ). - , - . - , , , , , . . . 384 2008 , , , - . - . - , - , , , , 2000 . , , - . , . , 118 , - . , , - , - 1999 .; . , 1996 ., 1993 . 1996 . , . , 1. . - - , , . , , () , - , , - . . - . , , , . (. .) ; - . . - . .) - . - , - . , , % 0­14 - . - 0­14 . . ( -- , ), 15 , , - , - , - . - . - - () . , - , - . «», . , . - , . ( «» , , . .) . - , - . ( ) - - «». . , , - (2) - . . , , - , - - , . , - 2 -- , - (), . 385 - . , , - () , - . , , . , . , - . - (World Energy Data Set), , , - , , - , . , (ement Manufacturing Data , Set), - , . . 1950 . , , . - , , , , - . - -. ( - 2. , - - ) . , 1990 - - 22 (Ravallion, Datt, and van de . , - Walle 1991). , 15 , , 1980- , . 440 , - 100 . . , : , 1,1 , 93% - , . - , - . , , , , - , . - , , . . , , - . . . 1979 . , - 20 , , . : 13 , - 1979 1981 . 100 1997 1999 . - , - 41 1999 . , - - . , , , ; , - . , . - - , 48 , , 28 . . . : http://iresearch.worldbank. org/povcalnet/. , . , - . . , - , , - . -- , , - - . 386 2008 - - -- . -- , - ? : PovcalNet - - PovcalNet, - , . - 1990 . PovcalNet -- 1 . , , , - 1985 . , (). , . - - - . , - . , - PovcalNet , (Penn World Tables) - , , . , . . , . , - , - . , - . , . , - . , , Penn World PovcalNet, Tables. - , , , 1993 . 1 . . 1985 ., 1993 ., PovcalNet - 1,08 . . . , 1 . , - - , , 1,50 3 . . - - (., . , - ) . PovcalNet , . : http://iresearch.worldbank.org/povcalnet/. , - , . -- , . - . -- , - , -- .. . , -- . -- , , , - , - , , - . -- , . . , - , , , . . 1 . , 2 . -- , - , , 1,08 2,15 , , 1993 . , - , - , . , - , . 387 -- - , , , - ( , ), - -, . , . . 3. , 5 : , , , , , . - 1 . . - () -- , 20% . , - , . - 2 5 , 0--59 . « », . , 1983 ., . - , , , . . - . - . , , , , - 100 . . () - . , , , - , , , . - , - . , , -- , , . , - , ,- . ,- . - , -- , - , - , , , (ISCED), , , -- ( . , - ) -- ( - , ) ( ). - . , - - . . , -- , , . . -- . 15 24 , . - - . . , 2005 ., - ,. . , . . - , , , , , , ; . . - 388 2008 , , , . . 4. ( - () -- , - ). - ( ), , - -, , , - . . - () , . - . - - (, , ..); . - , ; , , . ., , (), - , , , . - . - , , . - - , , . , () 1993 . , - . . -- - , - . . , -- - , - , , , , . 1995 ., . () , , - - , , . - -- . . (), . (Paasche ,- price index), - , . (), 1­5 - - . - , - , : , - , , - . -, - ( 10­45 ). . , 5­99 . 5. , -- () -- ( , , ) , (, . ), - ()--( . , -- , , -- ), , , . - . , - - (). . - , , - (): 5 (), 6 ( - . ), 7 ( ) 8 - ( , 68. 389 , - . . Global Development Finance. , , , , , - . , , - , - , . . -- - , , - (10 ) - ( , , , , , - , -. - ). , - - - , , , . , . International Finance Statistics. Balance -- - of Payments Statistics Yearbook International Financial Statistics. , .. , (), , , () -- - . , , - . - () -- World Population Prospects: ; , The 2006 Revision. -, () . 6. : ; . . 1 « - ». ; , 25% . ( - ), , - , - , 1 - ( ), . «» - , , , - , , 2 - . . -- , . - -- , , - 2 5% , . . , - . , , - . , , - . . : ln Xt = a + bt, . -- - - , , , - Xt = Xo (1 + r)t. . X-- , t-- , a = log X0, b = ln (1+r) -- , . b* -- , - b, , - -, - r [exp (b*) -- 1] . 100 . . , , . . , . - . , - «». «» , , . : . t r = ln (pn /p1)/n, : pn p1 - +eetr * 1 pt / pt S$ pt S$ / , n -- , ln -- - et = et-2 3 pt-2 pt-2 S$ +eett­1 -2 pt-1 pt-1 pt S$ . t -- . : . , , Yt = (Yt/Nt)/et*, $ , : : et* -- «» ( - (pn ­ pn­ )/pn­ . ) t; et -- 1 1 ( S$ «» ) t; pt -- t; pt -- t; Yt -- «» $ t; Yt -- ( ) t; - Nt -- t. , «». «» - - . «» - . , ( ) ,- - - - . , , (. . , , - 2007. - , «» « , . » - , . , 111, 190, 201, 313 . : ; ; ; ; , 75 , 8, 46, 267­268 , 277 , 6 , 105 : , 5­6, 22 , 22­24, , 71 260, 263­267, 277 , 46­47 , 38­39, 266­267 , 9­10, 75 , 266­267 , 60, 64 , 11, 110­112 , 168, 169, 265 , 6, 34­35 , 181 , 40­41, 265 , 8­9 , 15­17, 186­188 , 279­280 , 45 , 8­9, , 19­20 37­38 , 126 , 119­120 , 10, 57, 71, 262, 265 , 8­9, 39­40 , 60­61 , 261­263 , 292 , 263­65 , 22, 30, , 261 56­61, 75, 261 . : , 75, 261 , 3, 30, 66, 67, 183, 268, 271 , 70­71 , 84, 86, 232, 311 , 69 , 67, 70, 115, 119, 122, 129, 1450, 143, 151, 152, 184, , 10, 93­94, 244 202, 208, 234, 249, 250 : , 30­31, 230­236, 238 , 158 ­160 , 4­5, 263 , 22­24 , 94 , 119­120 , 166 , , 86­87, 154, 243­244 13­15 , 24, 25, 172­173 , 1, 22­23, 259 , 134­135, 168­169, 262­263 , 254 , 48­49 , 40­41 , 28, 47­49, 297 , 216 , 156 , 40­41 , 38, 69, . : 72, 180­182 , 7, 13­14, 30, 43, 51, 53, 61, 67, 82­86, 96­99, 105, , 93­94 120­123, 140, 145, 153, 219, 238­239,243 , 102­103, 207­208 , 51­55 , 124 , 59­61 , 165, 169­172 , 120­121 , 233­234, 241 , 246­248 , 40 , 91­93 , 41 , 31 , 263­265 , 3­4, 35, 70 , 135­136 , 1, 2­4, 11, 80­82 , 137­139, 265 , 4, 34­36 391 , 1, 3­4, 30, 34­35 , 263 , 13, 111, 119, 133, 137, 311 , 185­186 , 104 , 20,31, 68, 73, 77­78 , 60­61 , 213­216, 295 , 4 , 3, 35­36 - , 10­11, 57 , 189­191 , 243, , 17­18, 179­182 : , 232, 238 , 184 , 18­19, 57 , 299 , 5, 70, 161, 270, 274 , 151 , 181­183 ( ), 296 , 13, 111, 114­116, 296, 300 , 218 , 17, 8, 13, 38, 42, 53, 60, 67, 81­88, 96­98, 122, 158, 239, , 17, 74, 178, 181­184 266, 285 . : , 106 , 71 , 92 , 60­61 , 4 , 247 , 10, 93, 244 , 82­86 : , 230­233 , 39 , 84­85, 91 , 191 , 7, 51, 123, 162­163, 233­234, 247, 249, 292 , 41 , 184, 214 , 186 , 6 , 91 , 13 , 234­238 , 195 , 186, 296­297 , 38 , 36 : , 98 , 67 , 84­88, 142, 232, 234, 242, 272 , 252 - , 105 , 61, 59, 120­121 , 295 , 20, 31, 77­78 , 201­203 , 66 , 213 , 12 , 74, 201­202 , 120­121 , 179 , 45, 270 , 74, 183, 202 : , 94 , 201 , 274 , 16, 202 , 287, 291 , -, 13, 16, 37, 92, 98, 164, 219, 285, 311, 313 201­202 , 12, 76, 105, 119, 311 , 183 , 202­203 /, 11, 94, 256­257 , 202­203 . : , 61­63 , , 24, 268­269 292­293 , 4, 471, 205­207 , 207 , 296 , 71­72, 210­211 , 293­296 , 9, 9­10 , 295­296 , 71, 207 , 295­299 , 209­211, 218 , 298­299 , 71, 207, 209 , , 223­224 28­29, 292­293 , 211­212 , 297­301 , 266 , 300 , 19, 207­209 . : , 11, 66, 214, 235, 254­255 , 161 393 , 16­17 , 10, 71, 212­213 , 12, 127­128, 141­143, 148­149 , 97 , 217 , 9­10, 93­99 , 58­59 , 91­94 , 186­195 , 93­94 , 246­247 , 10, 158 , 127­128 : , 94­97, , 128, 130 155­156 , 127­130 , 93, 97­99 , 147­149 - , , 279­280 152­153 , 159­160 , 12, 128­129 , 23­24, 161­162 , . : 162­163 , 153 , 12, 109, 122­123 , 247­248 , 238 , 112, 109­111 , , 88 23­24, 266 , 112­114 , 287­288 , 46­47 : , 212­214 , , 14­15, 99 , 274 , 93 , 195­198 , 82 . : , 158 , 220 , 100 , 82, 91, 243, 248 , 232, 238, 241­242 , 248 , 244 1982, 27, 56, 280 , 93 , 290­291 , 3 , 92 , 56­57 , 106 , 58 , 92­94 , 151 , 23, 87­88, 232 , 56 , 239 , 31­32 , 99 , 95­98, , 270 155, 158 , 183 , 253 , 298 , 228 , 11, 14, 37, 61, 77, 95, 112, 123, 130, 135, 169­170, 180, , 214, 220 185 , 98 , 249 , 3 , 67, 214­215, 315­317, 291 , 26, 42, 268­270 , 98 , 3, 19­21, 26, 43, 80, 88, 232, 238­240, 266 , 166 , 86, 230, 233­238 , 17, 67, 205, 215, 216 , 271, 276 . : ; , 87­88 , 82­86, 231 , 161 , 244­247, 252 , 156 , 21, 33 , 133­135 , 81 , 197 , 234­237 , 163­164 , 232­233 , 198 , 238 , 197­198 , 241­242 , 234 , 4, 36 , 2235­237 ,198­199 . : , 256 , 135, 286 , 270 , 245, 252 , 230 , 58 , , 234­235 , 297 , 242 , 16, 173 , 236 , 49, 290­292 , 141 , 38 , 267 , 243­244 , 160­161, 163 , 235 , 201 , 230, 240­243 , , 242 249 , 98­91 , 65, 267 , 255­257 , 66 , 11, 255 , 230, 235, 236, 244­247 , 298 , 133­134 , 11, 255 , 102 , 11, 67, 215­217, 255­257, , 52 297 , 98­99 , 93­95 , 60 , 106 , 167 , 11, 255 , 47 , 294 , , 235 41­43 , 99 , 106 « », 32, 73, 179­181, 205 , 211­212 , 287 , 158 , 98 , 70­72, 205, 216 , , 70 195­196 , 218 , 135­136 , , 266 10, 94­98, 157 , 70­72 : , 42 , 158­160 , 239 , 265 , 245 , 93­94 , 238, 242 , 10, 158­160 , 268 , 87 , 36 , 10, 159­161 , 244 . : , 58 , 61, 94, 100, 114, 139, 151, 180, 243, 256 , 41 , 256 , 163 , 81 «», 294 , 72, 210 - , 91, , 4, 72, 178, 226­227 133­135, 163­164, 197­198 , 298­299 , 72, 226 , 20, 300 , 64 , 71­72, 296 , 255­256 , 4, 20 , 71, 207 , 207­208 , 20, 228, 296 , 10, 226 , 11 , 128 , , 95, 243­244 209­211 , 16, 186 , 57 395 , 10, 71, 208, 210 , 213 , 196­198 , 10 , 212­213 , 220­223 , 213­214 , 239 , 211­212, 265 , 219 , 211­212 , 102­103 , 218­219 , 93, 98­99 , 18, 210­212 , 92 , 18, 205, 208 , 163 . : , 105, 182, 208, 212, 311 , 115, 140, 234, 250, , 163­165, 198 , 53, 64, 123, 237 , 261 , 219 , 128 , 29, 179, , 105 183­184, 188­194, 202, 265, 296, 301­302 - , 199 , 246 , 94 , 156 , 117­172 , , 109 , 158, 289 , 249 -, 223, 234, 253 , 38 -', 113, 140 , 38­40 , , 99 195­197 , 165 , 158 , 161 , 216 , 164 , 164 , 67 : , 42­44 , 158­161 , 71 . : , 246 , 83­84 , 26 , 71 , 15­16, 186 , 248­149 , 297 , 32 , 4, 36 , 89 , 4 , 4 , 197­198 , 70 , 290 , 93­94, 245 , 244 , 183­184 : , 42,46 : , 32, 232, 238, 241 , 67 , 270 , 30­31, 46, 49, , 120, 130 59 , 6 , 58 , 59 , 367 , 31 , 201 , 114 , 74 , 285­286 , 146­147 : , 95­96 , 65 , 276 : , 33,246­247 , 2 , 158 , 219 , , 216 6­8, 31­32, 41, 46, 58­60, 74 , 20 , 59 , 39, 216, 256 , 266 , 39, 84, 106, 133 , 45­46, 111, 302 , 147 , 11, 94, 255 , 10 , 81 , 106 , 143­144 , 84 , 5­7 , 40 , , 83, 86, 151 , 167 , 134 , 272­273 , , 88 , 81 , 82, 91, 244, 248 , 292 , 90 , 271­272 , 171 , 257 , 95 , 35, 42 , 38 , 91 : , 98 , 21, 75, 80­81, 89 , 60, 77, 114, 218, 234, 253, 287 , 244 , 13, 37, 50, 58, 74, 98, 111, 119, 122, 135, 137, 172, 195, 210, , 35 212, 219, 224, 226, 253 , 42, 244 , 5, 123, 209­212, 216, 218, 253 , 89 - , 83­85 , 68 , 244­245 , , 99, 161­162 30 , 164 , 162 , , 166 92, 290 , 14, 99 , 241, 243, 245 , 164, 198 , 247­249, 252 , 195 , 167 , 74, 76, 88, 97, 120, 135, 172, 256, 263 , 194 , 163, 167, 220­222 , 67 , 224 , 110­113 , 250 , 112­114 , 156 , 113­115 , 121 , 114 , 122­123 , 290 , 12, 111­112, , 126­127, 130 284­285, 287 , 111­116 , 8­9, 102 , 110­111 - , 152­153 , 50, 116 , 25, 275 , 116, 117, 129 , 271 , 235­236 , 161­163 , 212, 252, 256 , 11­22, 101­103, : 264­265 , 4, 263, 264 , 83­86 , 102, 171­173 , 62 , 101­103 , 64, 215 , 104 , 24, 40, 267­268, 270 , 102 , 1, 3, 4­6, 30, 40, , 25­26, 49 41, 60 , 78 , 43, 272 , 101 /, 94 , 99­100 , 34 . : , 59 397 , 231 245, 246, 251, 260 , 246 , 252, 253 , 31 , 247, 248 , 204­205, 216 , 246, 247 , 68­69 , 246 . : ; , 252 , 5 , 275 , 247, 248 /, 95 , 253 , 87 -, 252 , 85, 87 , 94, 246 , 81 , 247 , 20, 21, 26 , 94 , 16­17 «», 297, 298, 302 - () , 193­194 , 174 , 16, 199 , 175­176 , 192, 299 - , 192­194 , 270 , 191­199 , 289 , 16, 17, 178, 179, 185, 186 , , 187, 191, 284, 285 193, 194 , 16, 97, 98, 174 , 191­193, 199, 290, 291 , 16, 101, 174, 175 , 16­17, 186­187, , 176­177 202 , 176 , 74­75, , 174, 176­177 266 , 174, , 186­188 176­177 , 178, 199 , 191 , 169 , 284 , 188­189 , , 185­186 289 , 194 , 16, 175, 176 «», 186­187 , 176 , 84, 86, 87, 98, 105 , 97 , 172, 173, 269 , 284 , 66, 67, 148, 214 , , 26, 27, 284, 285 105, 109, 110, 118, 119, 124, 125, 138, 266, 294 , 296­297 , 294 , 21 , 12, 18, 68, 72, 76, 81, 98, 119, 219, 220 , 293, 294 , 39, 40, 60, 87, 105, 112 , , 19, 87, 152, 157, 158, 161, 162, 198, 223, 237, 239, 249, 27, 293, 294 256 , 47, 48 , 109 , 24, 262 , 112­114 , 59, 83, 85, 87, 165, 208, 212, 213, 234, 239, 247 , , 87 197 , 139 , 65, 161, 214, 238, 247 , 215, 216 , 222­224 , , 18, 184­186, 213 , 197, 198 , 253, 264 , 176 , 252, 253 , 48­49 , 21 , 294­296, , 9­10, 253 , 11, , 246, 247, 253 129­130 , 290­291 , 204, 205, 216 , 1­2, 48­50, , 41, 43, 44 108, 115, 270, 271, 283 , 9, 206, 207 , 187­190 , 73­74 , 208, 209 , 75 , 130, 131 , 158, 159 , , 73 21, 26, 27, 261, 276, 279, 280, 283­285 , , 55­58 , 110 , 6­7, 36, 37 , 151 , 56, 76 , 213 , 270, 271 ( , 7, 46, 47 ) , 213 , 277 , 186­187, 266 , 277, 279­280 , 28, 68, 188, 297­299 , 83­84 104­105 , 270 , 73, 226 , 245 , 76­77 , 24, 40, 267­268 , 104, 105, 118 , 44 , , 10, 112­113 125­126 , 8 , 261 , 4, 34, 35, 267­269 , 104 , 268, 270 , 56, 67­77 , 269 , 286 , 67, 105 , 35 , 104­105, , 1­2, 8, 24, 40, 41, 261 267­269, 277 , 105 , 268­270 , 3, 56, 57, 86, 87, 267­269 , 67, 68 , 41, 42, 269, 270 , 65, 66 , 179, 180 , 24­26, 263­269 , 68 , 168, 169, 187, 194, : , 55, 57, 74, 75 202, 301 , 118, 119 , 77­78 , 155, 156 , , 155 , 17, 66, 214, 215 , 2, 18 , 182 , 9 , 65­66 , 155 , 67 , 155 , 57, 64 , 156 . : ; , 155, 156 , 39­40 . : , 215, 254 , 74, 261­262 , 82, 90 , 104, 105 , 117­119 , 179­180 , 19 , 157­159 , 58 , 115­117 , 150 , 42 , 84 , 154, 155 : , 4­5, 30, 33 , 94­95, 255, 256 , 298 , 104 , 56­59 , 100, 101, 268, 279 , 108­115 , 94 , 302­303 399 , 16, 187, 189, 191, 192 , 56, 58­59, 76, 261 . : , 30, 58­58 ; , 39, 268, 269 ; , 270, 271 , 65­66 , 19 : , 233­235 , 59 , 154­155 , 74­75 , 97 , 104­105 , , 178 , 226 , 178, 186 , 7, 30, 39 , 210, 219, 220, 266 , 30, 39 , 15 , , 194­195 , 45, 46, 110 , 90, 92 , 6­7 , 178, 186 , , 60­62 57 , 65 , 17, 199 , 118, 119 , 134­135 , 38 , 15 , 56 , 195­197 , 17, 18, 69, 70, 213, 224, 225 , 183, 185, . : 218­220, 224 , 12, 88, 105, 119 , 193 , 269, 270 , 207 , 139, 141 . : ; , 13, 17, 23, 65, 66 ; , 236, 237 , 149 , 27, 279, 292­293 , 148­149 , 139 , 66, 139­140, 268, 270 , 115­117 , 13, 268 , 301 , 142­149 , 186 , 148­149 , 174 , 106­108 , 187 , 95, 96, 100­101, 267­268, , 169 277­278 , 169 , 125­126, 266 , 169, 171 , 164 , 169 , 81­82 , 56 , 12, 15, 142 , 66­67, 148­149 , 74­75 , 13­15, 20, 132, 166 , 244 , 13, 14, 135 , 249 () , 99, 100 , , 22, 99, 100 , 236­237 , 262, 263 , 20, 235, 236, 283 , 234 , 20 , 162­163, 166, 167 , 90­91 , 91 , 167, 168 , 245 , 100 , 124 , 142, 274 , 31 , 7, 30, 38, , 5, 19, 230 39 . : ; , 67, 77, 256 , 37 , 63­64 , 92 , 237 , 3, 4­6, 59 , 63 , 248 , 64 , 248­249 , 287 , 92­93 , 13, 145­147, 299 , 94­99 , 93 , 70 , 94, 97­98 , 59 , 240 , 4 , 20 , 11, 94, 246 , 37­38 : , 230, 232 , 19­20 , 108 , 96­97 , 4, 19, 224, 227, 302 , 108­109 , 277­278 , 179­181 , 203 , , 242­243 135­136 , 132 , 47­48 , 105 , 290­291 , 6­7, 14, 36, 37 , 109­114 , 261­262 , 133­134 - , 132­133 , 142­143 , 132 , 287­288 , 134­135 , 286 , 13, 135, 136 , 58 , 36, 37 , 47­49, 108, 115, 269, 282 , 81­82 , , 152­153 117­119 , 192­293 , 116­117 , 286 , 38 , 48­49 , 104­105 , 47­48 , 137­139 , 125­127, 131 , 37 , 285­286 , 34­36 , 93 , 13 , 282­283, 288 , 14, 65, 66, 139­149 , 254 , 7, 13, 266 , 136­137 , 283­284 , 36, 38 , 285­286, 290, 291 , 267, 268 , 108, 130 . : , 151­153, 298 : , 3­4, 30, 32­33, 40­41 , 272, 274 , 215 , , , 85 85­87 , 61­63, 215 , 60­62, 215 , 43, 80­83, 85, 88, 230, 232, 237­239, , 76 240­243, 267­268, 272, 274­276 , , 237­239 220­222 , 94­95 , 215 , 3, 81, 232 , 61­63, 217­218 , 9­11, 94, 246, 247, 252, 253 , 218­220, 224 , 239­240 , 219, 220 , 83­86, 230, 231 , 217 401 , 216 , 42 , 216, 217 , 15­17, 170, 171, 214 , 1, 7, 21­23, 264­265 - , , 61­62, 217, 214 221­222 , 168 , 2, 24­25, 40, 270, 271, 272­274 , , 8, 27, 51, 127­128 258­259 , 11 , 92­94 , 13, 37, 58, 105, 119 , 298­302 , 14, 26, 65, 140­142, 271 , 4, 34, 261 , 45­46 , 13, 40, 57, 95, 120­121, 164, 215, 247 , 293­294 T (), 247 , 2, 280, 281­283, 286­289, 302 , 39, 81, 82, 99, 106, 138, 139, 152, 180, 197, 198, 218, , 2, 23, 24, 41­42, 265­266 239, 153, 255, 277, 291, 294, 295 , 6­7, 14, , 275, 276 37­38 , 14, 39­40 , 112, 266 , 19, 20, 39, 80­82, 230 , 100­101 , 151­153 , 112, 113 , 199 , 113, 114 , 260 , 296 , 39, 80, 81 , 258­260, 276­277 , 117­119 , 302 , 123­124 , 261, 276, 280, 302 , 211 , 80, 81, 258, 259 , 117 , 7­8, 43 , 117­124 , 20­21, 25­28, 277­278 , 13, 125­127, , 100­102 132 , 16, 26, 39, 97, 98, 147, 194 , 125­126 , 201­202, , 13, 117­124, 212, 266 131, 132 , 121­124 /, 95, 256 , 144­147 , 105 , 114­115, 131 , 11 , 11, 18 , 137­138 , 93, 97, 98 , 132, 297 , , 262 . : , 83­85, 87 , 169­170 , 72, 133 , 168 , 58, 150­151, 265 , 96 , , 262 , 167 , 133 , , 167 , 139­140 , 16 , 18, 208, 221, 247 , 166 , 16, 166­168 , 27, 38, 45, 47, 51, 81, 88, 98, 105, 116, 127, 135, 138, 155, 157, , 168­169 165, 172, 182, 188, 216, 241, 248, 253, 265, 277, 283, 288 , 166 , 4, , 72, 169, 170 31­32 , 72 , , 213 , 108­110 : , 56 , 115­117 , 169, 170 , 78 , 169­170 , 210­211 , 170 , 12 , 169, 171­172 , 129 . . : ; ; , 154 , 297­298 , 279­280 , 83, 91, 95, 115, 142, 144, 164, 183, 201, 218, 237, , 273­274 245­247, 249, 256 , 26­27, 276­277, 279, 280­282, 302 , 165 , 154, 276 , 163­164 , 298­302 , 152 , 26­27, 265, 290­292 , 164­165 , 164 , 220­221 , 159 , 293, 294 , 165 , 289­290 , 159 , 291­292 , 170 , 173, 175­176 , , 289, 291­293 159­160, 176­177 , 293 , 154­159 , 15, 159­165 , 93, 281 , 159­160 , 202­203 . : , 282 , 193, 297 , 288­289 , 192, 266 , 20, 235, 236 , 172, 297 , 18, 209, 211 , 297 , 173 , 135­136 , 135­136 , 195­196 . : ; , 113, 116, 118, 119, 124, 139 Bt-, 17, 184, 201­203 , 2. . : , , 109 , 1, 30, 54, 76, 262 , 195­197 , 291 , 4 , 254 , 69, 70 , 79, 80, 107, 120, 173 : , 230, 232 , 272 , 177­178 , 274 , 275 , 25­26, , 151­153 277­278, 286­287 , 71­72 , 273­274 , , 45­46 , 273 , 71 , 83­84 , 79, 80 , 243 , 11, 12, 118, 120, 130 , 42 , 133­134 , 12, 113­114 , 113, 114 , 275 , 205­207 , 276 , 265 , 33, 34 , 11 , 275­276 , 13, 38 , 34 , 56, 69 , 130 , 100, 101 , 3, 42, 43, 86, 270­271 , 92 , 2, 43, 270­271, 274­276 , 271­272 , 137 , 49 , 108 , 125­126, 134­135 403 , 13, 105, 111, 119 , 189, 199 , 151­152 , 223­225, 275­276 , , 205­206, 216 163­164 , 8, 150, 265 , 213, 218­219, 225, 226 , 151­153 , 184­185, , 16, 187, 189, 190­194, 199 205, 218­220, 273 , 25­26 , 271 , 274­275 , 287­288 , 208­209 , 283 , 4, 20, 223, 227, 301 , 283­284 , 11, 17­18, 204, 213, 224, 225 , 169­172 , 2, , 4, 30, 224, 225 196 . : ; . . ; ; ; , 204­205 , 30, 45, 68, 89, 102, 115, 122, 146, 175, 191, 211, 212, 233, , 71­72, 259 235, 238, 240, 253, 272, 284 . : -, 90, 98, 152, 239 , 62­63 , 105 , 20, 82, 85, 89, 91, 98, 115, 191, 249, 255, 275 , 254 , 293 , 156 , 6­7 , 75 , 3, 261 , 157 , 31­32 , 38 , 3, 7, , 105, 119 40­41 , 98 , 4, 37­38 , 216 , 7­8 , 60, 135, 164, 165, 211, 212, 249, 254 , 172, 204, 216 , 59 , 59 , 104 , 20, 79, 80 , 89 , 93 , 30 , 205 , 4 , 204, 205 , 3­4 , 295­296 , 9, 57 , 204 , 292 , , 9, 94, 246 , 213 : , 230, 232, 237 , 66 , 204­205, , 13, 30, 39, 102, 109­111, 131, 145, 160, 218, 258, 268 214 Codex Alimentarius, 297, 298 , 215­222 , 69­70 TradeNet, 135, 266 , 66, 214­215 , 214, 224, 225 63 2008: - / . . . -- : « », 2008. -- 424 c. ISBN 978­5­7777­0398­9 , , . - 2015 . - ­ . , - ­ (32% ), 417 . , , 2,2 , 7%, , 79% . , 5% . 255 39% . - . 338.43+2008+63 66.325 « » : 101000, , , , 9 .: (495) 623-68-39, 623-85-68 : (495) 625-42-69 e-mail: orders@vesmirbooks.ru http://www.vesmirbooks.ru « » . 2008 : . . : .. : .. , .. 20.01.08 . 841081/16 . . . 26,5 « » 101000, , ., 9 «» 127247, , , 107 XXI - . (2,1 2 , 880 ­ 1 ), . , , , - , 2015 . - , - .. , , , - , - , . , , : · ?- . , - , - . · ?, ­ , ­ , , . · - ? , ; ; - . - , . « » ISBN 978-5-7777-0398-9