Healthy children are better able than sick or malnourished children to go to school and learn. Developed and developing countries are increasingly concerned about how childrens health impacts their school attendance, learning, and development.
... Voir la suite For this reason, school health and school feeding policies and programs are critical components of an effective education system. School health refers to school-based interventions that have health and education outcomes, while school feeding refers to interventions involving the supply of food to school-aged children. School feeding is a part of school health, but because of the importance of the resources in school feeding, it is often treated separately. The World Banks Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) is an initiative to collect and analyze information on government policies in order to improve education systems. Based on a review of the available evidence, the SABER, school health and school feeding program identified four school health policy goals with corresponding policy levers to highlight best practices and key challenges to inform policy decisions. These goals were selected based on the initiative known as the FRESH (Focusing Resources on Effective School Health) framework that was developed in partnership with the global community to provide a set of unifying principles to guide school health policies and programs globally. The four goals are: health-related school policies, safe, supportive school environments, school-based health and nutrition services, and skills-based health education.
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's Reproductive Health Action Plan 2010-2015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... Voir la suite Delaying childbearing and preventing unintended pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to schooling, future employment, and earnings (Greene & Merrick, 2005). Early marriage often marks the beginning of exposure to the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Research has shown that adolescent marriage is associated with unplanned pregnancy, rapid repeat childbirth, inadequate use of maternal health services, and poor birth outcomes, among other negative maternal and child health outcomes (Godha, Hotchkiss, and Gage, 2013; Raj & Boehmer, 2013; Santhya, 2011). Furthermore, research in Ethiopia has found that adolescent females who marry before the age of 15 are at higher risk of intimate partner violence and coercive sex than those who marry between ages 15-18 (Erulkar, 2013). At the 65th World Health Assembly, representatives agreed that early marriage is a violation of the rights of children and adolescents. Early marriage is illegal in most of the places where it occurs. It limits young girls' autonomy, knowledge, resources, and decision-making power (World Bank, 2014). Adolescent marriage is also much more likely to affect females than males: in the developing world, 16 percent of females are married in comparison to 3 percent of males (UNFPA, 2013).
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's Reproductive Health Action Plan 2010 - 2015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... Voir la suite Delaying childbearing and preventing unplanned pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to improve health outcomes and increase opportunities for schooling, future employment, and earnings (Greene and Merrick, 2005). Delaying childbearing and preventing unplanned pregnancies improves health outcomes and increases opportunities for schooling, future employment, and earnings. A couple of key messages were relayed in this brief. An analysis of data from six countries showed that adolescent childbearing is closely tied to marital status. Around half (ranging from 42 percent in Nepal to 55 percent in Nigeria) of ever-married adolescent women have given birth. In comparison, non-marital adolescent childbearing is rare in all countries studied. In Bangladesh and Burkina Faso, childbearing among ever-married adolescent women is positively associated with rural residence, less wealth, and less education.
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's Reproductive Health Action Plan 2010 - 2015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... Voir la suite Delaying childbearing and preventing unintended pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to improve health outcomes and increase opportunities for schooling, future employment, and earnings (Greene & Merrick, 2005). The key messages relayed in this brief are as follows: Early age at sexual debut puts young people - particularly females - at an increased risk for unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, maternal mortality and morbidity; An analysis of data from six countries showed that adolescent sexual activity is closely tied to marital status. In all six countries studied, nearly all ever-married adolescent women have had sexual intercourse, but almost all those never-married have abstained, except in Burkina Faso and Nigeria where less than one quarter of never-married women have had sexual intercourse; The age at sexual debut is also closely linked to age at marriage. Over one third of ever-married women had sexual intercourse before age 15 in Nigeria (38 percent), Bangladesh (37 percent), and Niger (37 percent); In Burkina Faso and Nigeria, sexual activity is lowest among never-married adolescent women with no education (15 percent and 7 percent, respectively).
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's Reproductive Health Action Plan 2010 - 2015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... Voir la suite A couple key messages relayed in this brief as follows: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, present a serious challenge to the health and well-being of adolescents, particularly young women, who are at greater risk of infection; An analysis of data from six countries namely, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nepal, Niger, and Nigeria found that self-reported STIs and symptoms are low among adolescents. Although less than a third of adolescents in any of the countries have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS, more never-married adolescent women have comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention as compared to their ever-married counterparts. Knowledge of STIs is higher in urban than rural areas.
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Banks Reproductive Health Action Plan 20102015 (RHAP), which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... Voir la suite Delaying childbearing and preventing unintended pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to improve health outcomes and increase opportunities for schooling, future employment, and earnings (Greene & Merrick, 2005). Knowledge of family planning (FP) methods and how to access them is an important precursor to use of a method and, in turn, the prevention of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during adolescence (Agha, 2002; Piotrow, Kincaid, Rimon, Rinehart, and Samson, 1997). Communication campaigns are designed to reach men and women through use of radio, television, magazines, and other media to transmit FP information, as well as information about HIV testing and treatment, among other health issues (Hutchinson and Wheeler, 2006; Van Rossem and Meekers 2007). Health workers also share family planning information in clinic settings through community health worker models (Argaw, 2007; Lehman and Sanders, 2007; Mmari and Magnani, 2003).
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Fiche 93551 JAN 26, 2015
Cortez, Rafael; Brindis, Claire; Decker, Mara; Yarger, Jennifer
The objective of the Expressway Development Support Project for Ethiopia is to facilitate the efficient and safer movement of goods and people along selected heavily-trafficked corridors, whilst building systems to manage and finance high-capacity roads and promote the safety of the core road network.
... Voir la suite Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: acquisition of land and other assets and resettlement of people will be minimized as much as possible by identifying possible alternative project designs and appropriate social, economic, operational and engineering solutions that have the least impact on populations in the project area; the populations affected by the Project are defined as those who may stand to lose as a consequence of the project, all or part of their physical and non-physical assets, including homes, homesteads, productive lands, commercial properties, tenancy, income-earning opportunities, social and cultural activities and relationships and other losses that may be identified during the process of resettlement planning; the compensation and resettlement activities will be satisfactorily completed and rehabilitation measures in place and all encumbrances removed before the respective Governments and World Bank will approve commencement of civil works for that contract area; existing cultural and religious practices shall be respected and to the maximum extent preserved; adequate budget support will be fully committed and be made available to cover the costs of land acquisition and resettlement and rehabilitation within the agreed implementation period; and special measures shall be incorporated in the RAP and complementary mitigation and enhancement activities to protect socially and economically vulnerable groups such as women-headed families, children and elderly people without support structures and people living in extreme poverty.
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The objective of the Health System Resiliency Strengthening Project is to support Palestinian authority in securing continuity in healthcare service delivery and building its resilience to withstand future surge in demand for effective healthcare coverage.
... Voir la suite First, the immediate needs resulting from the recent conflict in Gaza for additional health financing will be addressed. Second, the fiscal health of the health system will be strengthened by rationalizing Outside Medical Referrals (OMRs), which are the main reason behind the arrears and deficit. The project consists of the following four components: (1) Emergency and rapid response window. The aim of this component is to provide timely and targeted interventions to deal with urgent needs and thus help mitigate further deterioration in the delivery of essential health services; it aims to ensure the continuation of basic healthcare services at minimum acceptable levels and avoid such services from experiencing systemic collapse. (2) Rationalizing outside medical referrals. To address the emergency situation, the project proposes to support the Palestinian Authority (PA) to institute immediate cost-cutting measures in order to improve efficiency in the current system without compromising access to needed and quality health services. (3) Supporting health coverage reform to strengthen sector resilience. While addressing immediate, emergency cost-drivers, the project will define a roadmap to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) for the Palestinian territories with a detailed calendar and planned actions in order to enhance the supply capacity to deliver needed services, reducing system losses and ensuring better quality of services to targeted populations. (4) Project management and capacity building. This component finances costs related to project management and capacity building efforts, including (i) short-term consultancies to support the management capacity of the MOH in the areas of procurement, financial management, and monitoring and evaluation; (ii) the provision of technical assistance and training to improve the capacity of the participating Ministry of Health units, cadres, and service providers; (iii) provision of essential equipment; (iv) project operating costs; and (v) external financial audits.
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Document d’évaluation du projet PAD1069 JAN 06, 2015
Cross-country comparisons have identified several enabling conditions required to ensure the sustainability of payroll tax-based systems. These are: (i) a large formal labour market; (ii) a growing economy; (iii) an administrative capacity for collection; and (iv) good regulatory and oversight structures.
... Voir la suite Political willingness is another important factor. The brief below discusses in detail the technical enabling conditions in the context to introduce and expand social health insurance in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Successful introduction of social health insurance (SHI) financing in PNG will, in part, depend on the feasibility of expanding coverage to the entire population, including the informal sector. A second important factor is how an increase in contribution rates will affect labour and capital markets. Expanding SHI coverage to the informal sector will be challenging in almost all contexts. The population in the formal sector is relatively easy to enrol and collect contributions from due to the availability of employment earnings records. The population in the informal sector is typically not affiliated with any organisation from which to enrol and collect premiums. They are also poorer and less able to afford premiums.
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This report examines three broad health financing options in PNG: (i) increasing the level of general revenue spending; (ii) introducing contributory, insurance-based health financing arrangements; and (iii) mobilizing additional resources through efficiency savings in the sector.
... Voir la suite While PNG might potentially increase its level of public health spending in the medium to long term, the Governments first priority should be to address the inefficiencies in spending that currently undermine service delivery and key health system goals such as equity of access. Alternatives such as social health insurance are not viable options to finance any increase in health spending given low levels of formal employment and administrative challenges.
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The Integrating Nutrition Promotion and Rural Development (INPARD) Project aims to implement and evaluate nutrition promotion activities through the on-going World Bank financed Community Livelihoods in Conflict Affected Areas Project - popularly known as Reawakening Project (RaP) - in two districts of Sri Lanka.
... Voir la suite The project focuses on identifying the pathways to promote nutrition with multiple stakeholders. This project also aims to explore the pathways and quantifying their relative contributions on food security and nutrition related outcomes. It is believed that rural development programs have an impact on multiple health related behaviors and outcomes. The study focuses primarily on nutritional outcomes, but includes several others. In addition, this project aims to provide evidence on understanding the best ways to operationalize multi-sectoral approaches and innovative multi-sectoral delivery strategies. Generating this new evidence could attract more local and national level policy makers to consider health impacts when they make decisions. The output of this study will solidify the call for inter-sectoral collaborations and whole of government approaches to improve nutrition and health, in particular in developing countries.
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Malnutrition among both women and children remains a major health issue in rural Pakistan. They also lack voice in relation to important health and nutritional decisions within their homes, for both themselves and their children, and they are systematically excluded from decision making at the community level.
... Voir la suite This study assesses the extent to which: (1) increasing the participation of women in the public sphere results in an increased use of health facilities, particularly for child and maternal needs, and in improved health outcomes; and (2) whether targeted interventions that provide information on health status and health behaviors needed for better hygiene and disease prevention are necessary for substantial improvements in health status, over and above any impacts of empowerment. This study builds upon an existing evaluation of a Pakistan poverty alleviation fund project (a World Bank supported community based development initiative) which investigates the impact of mobilizing communities into village support organizations (VSOs) and providing them with village level grants for community infrastructure development and livelihood enhancement. The health score card will provide specific information regarding minimum standards of service delivery and quality of care at the local level (basic health units (BHUs), primary health care (RHCs), and lady health workers (LHWs)). This will allow further exploration of additional impacts of increasing awareness through targeted information provision with and without a strengthening of the door to door delivery system via the LHW.
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This brief describes a small pilot designed to leverage the women's self-help group platform of a World Bank-supported livelihoods project (that is, a non-health sector project) to: (a) promote positive nutrition and health behaviors; and (b) improve, especially amongst poor and vulnerable households, the demand for and utilization of public services across many sectors to improve nutrition outcomes.
... Voir la suite This pilot is based on using a Bank-supported project platform in a non-health and nutrition sector to leverage entry points and opportunities to improve nutrition. The pilot provides a unique opportunity to build the capacity of community institutions of poor rural women to improve maternal and child nutrition. It promotes behavior change to adopt positive maternal and child health and nutrition, health, hygiene and sanitation practices, improve food security, and leverage public services to generate demand and utilize services that will ultimately improve nutrition outcomes through a community based, gender sensitive approach. Lessons learned from the full implementation of the pilot will need to be incorporated before the effort can be scaled up.
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The association between hygiene, sanitation, and health is well documented, yet thousands of children die each year from exposure to contaminated fecal matter.
... Voir la suite At the same time, evidence on the effectiveness of at-scale behavior change interventions to improve sanitation and hygiene practices is limited. This paper presents the results of two large-scale, government-led handwashing and sanitation promotion campaigns in rural Tanzania. For the campaign, 181 wards were randomly assigned to receive sanitation promotion, handwashing promotion, both interventions together, or neither. One year after the end of the program, sanitation wards increased latrine construction rates from 38.6 to 51 percent and reduced regular open defecation from 23.1 to 11.1 percent. Households in handwashing wards show marginal improvements in handwashing behavior related to food preparation, but not at other critical junctures. Limited interaction is observed between handwashing and sanitation on intermediate outcomes: wards that received both handwashing and sanitation promotion are less likely to have feces visible around their latrine and more likely to have a handwashing station close to their latrine facility relative to individual treatment groups. Final health effects on child health measured through diarrhea, anemia, stunting, and wasting are absent in the single-intervention groups. The combined-treatment group produces statistically detectable, but biologically insignificant and inconsistent, health impacts. The results highlight the importance of focusing on intermediate outcomes of take-up and behavior change as a critical first step in large-scale programs before realizing the changes in health that sanitation and hygiene interventions aim to deliver.
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Document de travail de recherche sur les politiques WPS7164 JAN 01, 2015
Briceno, Bertha; Coville, Aidan; Martinez , Sebastian
This paper studies an innovative welfare program in Chile that combines a period of frequent home visits to households in extreme poverty, with guaranteed access to social services.
... Voir la suite Program impacts are identified using a regression discontinuity design, exploring the fact that program eligibility is a discontinuous function of an index of family income and assets. The analysis finds strong and lasting impacts of the program on the take-up of subsidies and employment services. These impacts are concentrated among families who had little access to the welfare system prior to the intervention.
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Document de travail de recherche sur les politiques WPS7180 JAN 01, 2015
Indoor air pollution (IAP), caused by the burning of solid fuels including biomass (mainly firewood and agricultural residues), animal dung, and coal in traditional cookstoves is a leading risk factor attributed to mortality and burden of disease.
... Voir la suite More than half of the worlds population still relies on solid fuels for cooking and heating. In Indonesia, where about 40 percent of households (located mainly in rural and some peri-urban areas) still depend on biomass to meet their daily cooking needs, household burning of traditional biomass for cooking is a major health-risk factor. IAP caused by burning traditional biomass is responsible for an estimated 45,000 premature deaths each year. Women and children are particularly affected since they tend to spend more time in the kitchen or cooking area. Although the share of households using biomass has declined slightly in recent years, some 24.5 million households still use biomass as their primary cooking fuel.
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Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) is one of five areas of focus of the World Bank's reproductive health action plan (RHAP) 2010-2015, which recognizes the importance of addressing ASRH as a development issue with important implications for poverty reduction.
... Voir la suite Delaying childbearing and preventing unintended pregnancies during adolescence has been shown to improve health outcomes and increase opportunities for schooling, future employment, and earnings. This brief highlights the limited contraceptive use among adolescent women and the socioeconomic disparities in family planning among this population. The results indicate the importance of investing in programs aimed at increasing access to safe and effective contraceptive methods and expanding adolescents' knowledge of modern contraception, particularly among adolescent women in rural and poor areas and or those with limited or no education, regardless of marital status. Continued investment should be made in female education and empowerment as a means to reach economic development goals, as well as related goals, such as an increase in adolescent contraceptive use to reduce the incidence of unplanned pregnancies.
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The objective of the Social Protection Project for Honduras will support the Government's objective of building an improved social protection system mainly by improving institutional capacity for designing and implementing a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program.
... Voir la suite Some of the problems identified during the governance workshops were: (i) absence of accountability and commitment of public employees, teachers, unions and donors; (ii) lack of information which results in absenteeism of teachers; (iii) inadequate administration of educational materials, including negligence to distribute existing stock; and (iv) low level of interest of academic sector and media to denounce problems. The main recommendations put forth by those being consulted were: 1) improve or create the info-technology school network at the central, department and school levels and train those collecting data; 2) install solar panels in schools lacking electricity; 3) train school staff and parents in monitoring results agreements; 4) provide training and mechanisms for systematic participation of parents, students and stakeholder tied to the Proyecto Educativo de Centro (PEC) and Proyecto Educativo de Red (PER), and social control of teachers and students performance; and 5) strengthen and promote teachers' encounters and forums on academic/developmental topics, with clear products.
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Plan de développement des populations autochtones IPP429 DEC 30, 2014
The Congo Health Sector Services Development Project received a moderately satisfactory outcome with moderate risk to development. Both the Bank and the Borrower received moderately satisfactory ratings for their performances.
... Voir la suite Component 1 was found to be too ambitious with little design built in. Thus, the objective of the component was changed from Strengthening leadership capacities of Ministry of Health, Social Services and Family Welfare (MSASF) in managing a functioning and decentralized health system to Access to a package of high priority health services aimed at addressing the three health problems that account for the largest share of the burden of disease in the Congo: malaria, maternal and child mortality, and interrupting the transmission of mother to child of the HIV virus. Component 3 would become Component 2 to provide support to new Component 1 and include rehabilitating and equipping of primary health care covered by performance based financing, and safe disposal of biomedical waste in these facilities. Activities under Component 4 were narrowed and put under the new Component 1 and delivered through a performance based financing pilot. Five lessons were learned from this project and are as follows: (1) A preliminary political economy assessment may help identify appropriate institutional frameworks for project coordination. (2) For large-scale, complex projects a dedicated team of professionals must be created for effective implementation. (3) Streamline resources to the beneficiaries. In situations where leadership and coordination remain weak at the central level, efficient and effective interventions that streamline resources to the decentralized level where services are provided to the target population should be introduced. (4) Reliance on significant counterpart and development partner financing can impede achieving project results. (5) Reinforce Monitoring and Evaluation systems through a two-pronged approach can have significant effect.
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Bilan de fin d’exécution et de résultats ICR3204 DEC 30, 2014