This paper examines the welfare effects of Tanzania’s 2021 levy on mobile money transfers, a policy that sharply increased transaction costs in a country where mobile money is the primary channel for financial...
How important is government business to the private sector in developing economies? This paper uses administrative tax data on firm-to-firm transactions in Kenya to examine the effects of becoming a government...
Crafting messages is a central component of a behavior change strategy. Messages should be informed by the behaviors and audiences being targeted in line with the three steps to design a behavior change...
This glossary defines terms used in the four guidance notes of the Global Wildlife Program behavior change series. It includes concepts from behavioral science and social research offering a shared understanding...
Behavior change refers to the process of altering human actions by targeting a specific audience and using insights into the context and timing of the action, either to discourage a detrimental behavior...
Social and behavior change, is crucial for biodiversity conservation as it addresses the actions and choices of people, which drive most threats to wild species. Behavior change can support long-term conservation...
The purpose of this guidance note is to assist governments, project implementers, and wildlife management practitioners to conduct social research to support wildlife conservation interventions, such as...
This paper investigates how firms use green versus conventional debt and the associated firm- and aggregate-level environmental consequences. Employing a dataset of 127,711 global bond and syndicated loan...
This paper aims to assess the case for a significant expansion of social pension coverage in Malaysia in light of global and Malaysian experience. It first defines social pensions and their diverse objectives...
This paper provides a sweeping historical overview of how geopolitics has shaped economic development and global institutions, culminating in a forward-looking analysis of challenges facing the world in...
The labor market is undergoing major changes driven by technological, economic, and demographic factors. Climate change and climate action are contributing to these shifts, driving growth in some sectors...
Women are often portrayed in climate discourse as disproportionately vulnerable to environmental change—a reductive framing that, while grounded in evidence, can obscure their agency and leadership in...
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) play an important role in the provision of transport infrastructure and services. Many transport SOEs perform poorly, which undermines their ability to undertake needed capital...
Most African coastal nations prohibit industrial vessels from fishing near their shores; these Inshore Exclusion Zones (IEZs) reserve the most productive locations for small-scale, artisanal fishers. However...
This paper explores whether satellite imagery can be used to derive a measure to estimate conflict-induced damage to agricultural production and compare the results to those obtained using media-based...
The occurrence of unexpected shocks, such as natural disasters, that destroy physical capital could affect the perception of returns to investment in human capital. This paper tests this hypothesis using...
This paper studies the impact of geopolitical risks on international trade, using the Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index of Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) and an empirical gravity model. The impact of spikes...
This paper estimates the gender gap in the performance of firms in Peru using representative data on both formal and informal firms. On average, informal female-led firms have lower sales, labor productivity...
The Sahel — considered to include Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal for the purpose of this study — is a complex environment with high rates of poverty and gender inequality which...
This paper quantifies the short-run economic impact of 21 Atlantic hurricanes on U.S. local business activity from 2017 to 2024 using anonymized Mastercard transaction data aggregated by ZIP code. On average...
