The financial sectors of the post-communist economies of Europe and Central Asia are perhaps where the most intractable problems existed and where the most difficult reforms were forced to begin. This...
The most intensive area of empirical research on transition countries has been the examination of enterprise-level data to ascertain whether enterprises have responded productively to changes in ownership...
Poverty among the Roma minority is one of the most challenging development issues facing the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Conditions have deteriorated more severely for Roma than for others...
Households in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union receive several types of utility subsidies in order to receive utility services without having to sacrifice other essential needs. This...
Informal payments in the health sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are emerging as a fundamental aspect of health care financing and a serious impediment to health care reform. Informal payments...
The upcoming enlargement of the European Union by ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEEC) and the Baltics as well as by Cyprus and Malta, with Turkey also having been given an opening for eventual...
This book addresses problems in the education systems of countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. These problems have emerged as the region adjusts to changes in the social and economic rules that...
This book is a collection of background papers to the publication entitled "Making Transition Work for Everyone: Poverty and Inequality in Europe and Central Asia". 1) The first paper focuses on the distributive...
The objective of this report is to consider one important part of the transition process for countries in Central and Eastern Europe: that is, the role that urban policy has played and continues to play...
This report presents a social protection strategy for transition economies rooted in three pillars of analysis: a conceptual framework based on risk management, an understanding of the context, and Bank...
Since the early 1990s the transition economy countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) have had to adapt their pension systems in both minor and often very major ways. Some of the changes related...
Urban air pollution is a matter of increasing concern in many of the newly independent states (NIS). This study has reviewed the current status of three principal areas closely linked to urban air quality...
Virtually all transition countries experienced a collapse in economic output in the initial years of the transition. This book explores the different responses to this collapse and their implications for...
This study reviews the use of residential institutions for the care of children, the elderly and people with disabilities (mental, physical, or sensory impairment) in the region of Central and Eastern...
The report proposes a strategy for assisting the rural, environmental, and social development in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, in compliance with the Bank's mandate to assist in alleviating poverty...
The paper is an economic analysis of how to mitigate political risk to stimulate private investment in Caspian oil and gas reserves, and explores the macroeconomic implications of risk mitigation. It reviews...
A little more than a decade has pased since the Berlin Wall came down in November 1989 and the Soviet Union dissolved. From Central Europe to Central Asia, from the Baltics to the Balkans, countries embarked...
Urban air pollution is a matter of increasing concern in many of the newly independent states (NIS). This study has reviewed the current status of three principal areas closely linked to urban air quality...