The recognition that economies are embedded within and dependent on nature is growing, with nature itself being seen as an asset to the economy. As the impacts of climate and biodiversity crises become...
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a rules-based multilateral institution that was established in 1995 as a successor to the general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT). It seeks to achieve multilateral...
How has globalization affected the relative taxation of labor and capital, and why? To address this question, this paper builds and analyzes a new database of effective macroeconomic tax rates covering...
This paper studies the growth of Chinese imports into the United States from autarky during 1950–1970 to about 15 percent of overall imports in 2008, taking advantage of the rich heterogeneity in trade...
Recent work on China's accession to the World Trade Organizations pays little attention to the wave of reforms in China in the 1980s and 1990s. These reforms created the preconditions for accession...
Kazakhstan is facing its greatest economic challenge since the global crisis. With oil prices at US$50 per barrel, the country urgently needs to adjust its economic model and find new sources of economic...
Kazakhstan is facing its greatest economic challenge since the global crisis. With oil prices at US$50 per barrel, the country urgently needs to adjust its economic model and find new sources of economic...
This paper investigates China's influence on local economic development in 37 African countries between 1997 and 2007. The analysis compares the average changes in economic growth, migration, spatial ...
Ratings for the Customs Development Project for Kazakhstan were as follows: outcomes were moderately unsatisfactory, the risk to development outcome was negligible, the Bank performance was moderately ...
As a small and open economy, Belarus' development perspectives are intrinsically linked to its ability to produce and sell goods and services competitively in the global marketplace. While Belarus is...
As a small and open economy, Belarus' development perspectives are intrinsically linked to its ability to produce and sell goods and services competitively in the global marketplace. While Belarus is...
This paper surveys empirically the broad features of trade policy in goods for 31 major economies that collectively represented 83 percent of the world's population and 91 percent of the world's GDP...
An efficient and transparent regulatory framework governing international trade is a necessary condition for countries to realize the benefits of international trade. Over the last decade, Lao PDR has...
In 2015, Lao PDR is virtually unrecognizable from what it was just a decade ago. A more open, more outward trade landscape has transformed the country from a closed-off backwater into a fast-growing ...
Suppose that when addressing the question of “what’s left for the WTO?,” tariff negotiators relied not on the agenda established in 2001 but instead on the terms-of-trade theory of trade agreements...
The main message of this report is that if Kazakhstan wants to take advantage of global integration and diversification opportunities, the government needs to improve its trade policy framework, its...
This paper examines the implications of the terms-of-trade theory for the determinants of outcomes arising under the enforcement provisions of international agreements. Like original trade agreement...
This paper provides a detailed explanation how the law of the World Trade Organization regulates environmental subsidies with a focus on renewable energy subsidies. The paper begins by discussing the ...
This report investigates the environmental impacts of Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization. A 10-region, 30-sector model of the Russian economy is developed. The model is innovative and...